In the account from Exodus, God instructs Moses to approach Pharaoh to demand the release of the Israelites, escalating plagues that culminate in the death of Egypt's firstborns. Despite the severe consequences, Pharaoh's heart remains hardened, leading to his refusal to let the Israelites go. The passage establishes the Passover as a significant observance for the Israelites, marking their deliverance from slavery in Egypt.