The document summarizes OSHA regulations regarding bloodborne pathogens and needlestick safety. It provides a history of the regulations and updates including the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act. It outlines employer requirements to implement exposure control plans, provide training and protective equipment, conduct record keeping, and evaluate exposures to ensure employee health and safety.
Medical students with the potential for workplace exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBP), human blood, or bodily fluids should review this training prior to their preceptorship.
Occupational hazards in dentistry: An introductionHaritha RK
Occupational hazards are seen in every profession, and we as dentists have our own set of occupational hazards which needs to be understood, prevented & handled with best recent research available.
Dental occupational hazards & Safety Practices in Dental SettingsGhada Elmasuri
This ppt describes the biological, chemical, environmental, physical, and psychological workplace hazards that may apply to dentistry with specific standards to protect such exposure.
Medical students with the potential for workplace exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBP), human blood, or bodily fluids should review this training prior to their preceptorship.
Occupational hazards in dentistry: An introductionHaritha RK
Occupational hazards are seen in every profession, and we as dentists have our own set of occupational hazards which needs to be understood, prevented & handled with best recent research available.
Dental occupational hazards & Safety Practices in Dental SettingsGhada Elmasuri
This ppt describes the biological, chemical, environmental, physical, and psychological workplace hazards that may apply to dentistry with specific standards to protect such exposure.
Infection Control and Antibiotic Stewardship Symposia presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Osha worker and safety high level trainingGeorge Mentis
How health care workers can prevent exposure to bloodborne pathogens
The penalties OSHA has issued to health care organizations over the past 10 years have frequently been due to lack of adequate exposure control plans.
Dr. Prince is an experienced Microbiology teacher with 24 years of experience in teaching various medical and paramedical students.
This ppt explains the types of hospital acquired infection and their control methods.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Welcome to this session of OSHA regulations and how the bloodborne pathogen standard affects you.
In this section we will discuss how OSHA’s regulation on Bloodborne Pathogens affects you. We will discuss the history and effective dates of the regulation, the purpose of the regulation, requirements that the employer must follow and discuss the exposure control plan. With the advent of the Needlestick Prevention Act in 2000, there are some additional requirements that we’ll point out .
This is a relatively new OSHA regulation! It was first released in 1991 and most recently was updated after ten years of evolution! The bloodborne pathogen standard was first published in 1991 with an effective date of March the next year. All employees were required to have a written exposure control plan by May of the next year. In 2000, President Clinton signed into law the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act which called for a review and updated of OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogen standard to reflect changes in technology and procedures which could reduce the number of needlestick injuries in the medical field.
The purpose of the standard was to reduce the number of incidents and illnesses that were caused by diseases transmitted by blood. Specifically, Aids and Hepatitis were targeted in this regulation. The regulation only covers those instances that are work related!!
Employers are required to provide training about bloddborne diseases to any employee who has the potential to be exposed to that type of disease. Employers were required to provide equipment and protective measure and to keep records of their actions. Employers must protect their workers from these bugs!!
Originally, the thrust of the regulation was aimed at hospitals and care providers. As time went on, other workers were included in the regulation, due to their exposure to blood and body fluids that could carry nasty diseases. Still, the emphasis is on Aids and Hepatitis.
The regulation currently affects other workers who may come into contact with this type of hazard as a result of their occupation. Maintenance workers are often called in to clean up after an accident, soiled linens and towels are often found in the housekeeping area and waste handling personnel are often exposed to blood in the normal routine of their daily tasks.
Every once in a while a medical worker gets stuck with a needle. This can happen during the process of administering medication or drawing blood.
When a needlestick injury occurs you have to record it in the needlestick log. It may also be recordable on the OSHA recordkeeping log, so check with your administrator. Treat the worker in accordance with the rules of bloodborne pathogens. If the worker has not been vaccinated for hepatitis, gamma globulin may be called for. Try to find out if the blood was contaminated! Be careful of the privacy issues, too!
Bloodborne Pathogen rules are made to cover workers who normally are exposed and these workers should be trained on the hazards that they are exposed to. On the other hand, OSHA didn’t want to punish a worker for saving a fellow employees life when they become contaminated with blood. During these rare cases, a De Minimus violation citation would be issued to OSHA. This violation does not carry a fine, but does remind workers that they need to protect themselves from bloodborne pathogens. Most first responders and medical personnel are trained on the requirements of the standard, but in isolated cases a non-medical person may provide first aid who would normally not be covered by the regulation. We certainly don’t want people to stand around and watch a worker die because “OSHA won’t let me help you”,.. Do we? This rule normally does NOT apply to health care providers who are supposed to be trained. (OSHA doesn’t have too many “gimme’s”, do they?)
OSHA defines an occupational exposure as any reasonably anticipated contact with blood or any other potentially infections material that could result from the workers normal duties. In other words, it must be job related, and it must be reasonably anticipated. Most office workers do not have to be trained in this standards, but those office workers who are designated as first responders or first aid providers must be trained to this standard.
This is a list of various materials that may contain bloodborne pathogens. You can see that it is not limited to just blood.
Because of all the types of exposures out there, it is important that workers be trained on HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis. There is currently no cure for Aids, but there is treatment for Hepatitis and there is a vaccine to keep people from getting Hepatitis. Your children may have gotten this vaccination at school already!
Hepatitis is a disease that affects the liver. It causes the skin and eyes to become yellowed, or jaundices. Patients often have abdominal pain, fever and vomit. They become fatigued and their urine becomes dark.
Aids is the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and reduced the bodies ability to fight off normal diseases. Some of the symptoms of AIDS are Fever, swollen glands, diarrhea, weight loss and mental disorientation.
Needles are a primary source of bloodborne pathogen contamination. Manufacturers make safe needles and some that are not as safe. The issue of cost comes into play and your administrator has a say there, so you have to convince them that it is a wise investment to spend a little more money to get a safer needle!
Employees who may become infected on the job or exposed to these diseases must be trained in the methods in which the pathogens can get into their body.
The regulation requires employers to provide engineering controls to reduce the chances of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Some examples of engineering controls are surgical gloves and masks, sharps containers and self retracting needles.
Control methods that can keep workers safe include simple hand washing techniques and methods to recap needles without getting contaminated. Procedures for removing contaminated gloves are a good example of a work practice control.
Other types of control measures are the simple use of Personal Protective Equipment. Gloves, gowns and face shields can provide some protection for open cuts or skin abrasions and keep infected material from getting into the body through the eyes, nose or mouth.
Universal Precautions are a special measure of control. In this case, all blood or body fluids are assumed to be contaminated and workers are required to protect themselves from exposure to that blood. This is a very effective approach to infection control.
According to the Center for Disease Control, HBV Vaccinations are the most important part of HBV infection control. This is due to the fact that we still get a lot of needle sticks or workers who don’t wear their PPE all the time. The vaccination is a set of three inoculations that will protect workers from Hepatitis for a period of up to ten years!
Let’s say that a worker does get some blood on their skin. For some reason, in the normal routine of their job, they are cleaning up a machine or working on a patient, lift their hand and find some one elses blood on their hand.
The worker must report this incident to the supervisor. The company must provide a confidential medical evaluation which will include how the blood got on the worker, the status of the individual whose blood it is (if we can find that person!) and a testing of the blood sample as soon as possible. If the worker hasn’t been inoculated against Hepatitis, a post exposure vaccine may be administered. The worker may require counseling, as well! After all, how would you feel if this happened to you and you had to go home and tell your family that you may have AIDS….
Waste disposal of this type of material is critical. They must be disposed of in leak proof bags that are tagged and labeled. What type of materials are we talking about? Anything that may contain a contaminated sample that is pourable, drippable or compressible. If you squeeze the material and blood is released, you should consider it to be a regulated waste.
Your work area should be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition anyway. If you find that there is a contamination, clean the area with a VIRUCIDE. Something that will kill the virus. Normal soap won’t do it. Hospital grade virucides are available at most cleaning companies, but if you don’t have any, use a solution of 1 part bleach to ten parts of water. That has been proven to be very effective against the virus. Don’t use full strength bleach, follow the 1/10 rule!!!
We want all of our workers to know that this waste is NOT just some thing to toss into the dumpster. So we have to label the bags with labels that alert them to the hazard and the fact that this is a biological waste product.
When there is an incident, the company must document information and keep it confidential and accurate. They must record the name and social security number of the worker, include a copy of the medical records and physicians written opinion regarding the exposure on file.
For each employee with an occupational exposure incident, the employer shall maintain these records for as long as the employee works for the company. When the worker leaves the company, the records must still be maintained for a period of 30 years! These records must be kept confidential!
Whenever there is a needlestick, the incident must be recorded. Information regarding the type and brand or device that caused the incident must be recorded, along with the area or department that the incident occurred in. A brief description of how the incident happened is also required to be documented.
The employers exposure control plan must identify the methods used to determine how a bloodborne exposure could occur and how the company will train their workers. Methods of control and vaccination procedures must be documented, as well as the follow up procedures for those times when an incident does occur. Procedures to dispose of contaminated waste and the type of tags and labels used for the waste must be documented in the exposure control plan as well. Finally, a section on record keeping must be included to specify how incidents will be documented and how to maintain a sharps injury log.
The exposure control plan must be reviewed on an annual basis in order to consider the technological changes that occurred in the past year. These changes could be new types of needles or needleless systems on the market. Consideration of safer medical devices must be documented. Further, employers are required to solicit input from non-managerial employees and this solicitation must be documented in the annual exposure control plan review. In other words, once a year the people who are affected by the exposure control plan must assess it against new technology and procedures and their assessment must be documented in writing.
When President Bill Clinton signed the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act on November 6, 2000 OSHA was instructed to revise their standard on Bloodborne Pathogens. The Needlestick Law required that this revision be enacted within 6 months in order for the law to be enforceable under the Federal Safety and Health rules. Congress specifically exempted OSHA from the normal promulgations procedures for this standard. Those standards would have required OSHA to issue a proposed regulation, then a draft and then a final regulation with opportunities for public comment along each step of the way. In order for the needlestick law to be effective, this procedure was not required and OSHA developed revisions to the standard to comply with the directives from congress.
It was determined that there were four areas of the bloodborne pathogen standard that would have to be modified. New technology and procedures had introduced new terms and definitions that could be used regarding engineering controls. These new techniques would require that any existing Exposure Control Plan be updated or revised to accommodate the new technology. Input from the employees was specifically called for in the needlestick Act so that the end use of the product would have a say in the type of needles being used, since quite often the type of needle was selected by management or procurement officers who did not use the end product, but who based their decision on cost as opposed to efficacy. The intent of the revision is to require input from non-management employees responsible for direct patient care. This requirement is to be determined in a “performance oriented” method wherein the employer must demonstrate that this solicitation has been obtained. Recordkeeping has been changed to require employers to maintain a sharps injury log to identify high risk areas and for evaluating devices. This standard
The revised regulation contains three new definitions. Engineering controls means those controls that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the workplace. This could be sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devises such as sharps with engineered sharps injury protections and needleless systems. A needleless system is a device that does not use needles for the collection or withdrawal of fluids after initial venous or arterial access is established or that does not use needles for the administration of medication or fluids or any other procedure involving the potential for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens due to injuries from contaminated sharps. Sharps with engineered sharps injury protection means a nonneedle sharp or a need device used for withdrawing body fluids, accessing a vein or artery or administering medication or other fluids with a built-in safety feature or mechanism that effectively reduces the risk of an exposure incident.
Your mother was right!!! We should all wash our hands more often. A survey of different cities came up with these interesting statistics. Only 74% of women wash their hands after using the toilet. Only 61% of the men do! And those of us who do wash our hands generally place our hands on the door handles that those unclean hands were on when we leave the rest room! And how about the Atlanta Braves Baseball Game? A lot more women were washing their hands their,but the guys?? Hey, are you gonna eat that burger??? EEEuuuuuck!
Hanta Virus is another disease that we don’t know a lot about, but is becoming more and more widespread. It is a virus that is carried in the fecal droppings of mice. When the virus becomes airborne and human beings inhale it, the virus gets into the lungs, creates flu like symptoms and runs its course very quickly. It has a 50% mortality rate!