Nutritional anemia is caused by a lack of iron, protein, B12, and other vitamins and minerals that needed for the formation of hemoglobin. Folic acid deficiency is a common association of nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder.

1. Nutritional Anemia

2. Prepared By
Md. Suzauddula
B.Sc.
Nutrition and Food Engineering
Daffodil International University

3. Anemia
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4. Nutritional anemia
Nutritional anemia refers to the low concentration of
hemoglobin due to poor diet.
According to the World Health Organization, a hemoglobin
concentration below 7.5 mmol/L and 8. mmol/L for women and
men, respectively, is considered to be anemic
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5. 506

7. Caused
Nutritional anemia is caused by a lack of iron, protein,
B12, and other vitamins and minerals that needed for
the formation of hemoglobin.
Folic acid deficiency is a common association of
nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia is the
most common nutritional disorder.
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8. FATIGUE
SHORTNESS
OF BREATH
PALENESS
(H,E,F)
RAPID
PULSE
SWELLING OF
ANKLES
HAIR LOSS
CONSTIPATION DEPRESSION
MUSCLE
TWITCHING
CHEST PAIN
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9. Different types of nutritional anemia
IRON
DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN
DEFICIENCY
CHRONIC
DISEASE
APLASTIC
ANEMIA
BONE
MARROW
DISEASE
HEMOLYTIC
SICKLE
CELL
ANEMIA
OTHER
ANEMIAS
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11. Types of Anemia
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12. Iron-deficiency Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia and it has many
causes.
Symptoms are related to the overall decrease in the number of red blood
cells (RBCs) and the level of hemoglobin. If the iron deficiency anemia is
mild to moderate, there may be no signs or symptoms.
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13. Symptoms
In addition to the most common signs and symptoms, there are some that are
more unique to iron deficiency and may appear as iron stores in the body are
chronically depleted.
Brittle or spoon-shaped nails
Swollen or sore tongue
Cracks or ulcers at the corners of the mouth
Difficulty in swallowing
Craving to eat unusual non-food substances such as ice or dirt (also known as
"pica")
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14. Laboratory Tests
Initial blood tests typically include a complete blood count (CBC). Results may
show:
• Hemoglobin (Hb)—may be normal early in the disease but will decrease as anemia worsens
• Red blood cell indices—early on, the RBCs may be a normal size and color (normocytic,
normochromic) but as the anemia progresses, the RBCs become smaller (microcytic) and
paler (hypochromic) than normal.
• Average size of RBCs (mean corpuscular volume, MCV)—decreased
• Average amount of hemoglobin in RBCs (mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH)—decreased
• Hemoglobin concentration (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC)—
decreased
• Increased variation in the size of RBCs (red cell distribution width, RDW)
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15. Vitamin deficiency anemia
Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused when
One have lower than normal amounts of certain vitamins. Vitamins linked
to vitamin deficiency anemia include folate, vitamin B-12 and vitamin C
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16. Causes
• Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if One don't eat enough folate,
vitamin B-12 or vitamin C. Or vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if our
body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins.
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17. Signs and symptoms of vitamin deficiency anemi
1. Fatigue
2. Shortness of breath
3. Dizziness
4. Pale or yellowish skin
5. Irregular heartbeats
6. Weight loss
7. Numbness or tingling in Oner
hands and feet
8. Muscle weakness
9. Personality changes
10. Unsteady movements
11. Mental confusion or forgetfulness
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18. Risk factors
In general, One’s risk of vitamin deficiency is increased if:
• One diet contains little to no natural vitamin food sources,
• One pregnant, and One aren't taking a multivitamin. Folic acid supplements
are especially important during pregnancy.
• One have intestinal problems or other medical conditions that interfere
with absorption of vitamins.
• One abuse alcohol. Alcohol interferes with the absorption of folate and
vitamin C, as well as other vitamins.
• One take certain prescription medications that can block absorption of
vitamins.
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19. Pretension
• Foods rich in folate include: Dark green leafy vegetables, Nuts, Enriched grain
products, such as bread, cereal, pasta and rice
• Fruits and fruit juices:
• Foods rich in vitamin B-12 include: Eggs, Fortified foods, such as breakfast cereals,
Milk, cheese and yogurt, Red and white meats and shellfish.
• Foods rich in vitamin C include: Broccoli, Citrus fruits and juices, Strawberries, Sweet
peppers, Tomatoes
Most adults need these daily dietary amounts of the following vitamins:
• Vitamin B-12 — 2.4 micrograms (mcg)
• Folate or folic acid — 400 mcg
• Vitamin C — 75 to 90 milligrams
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20. Anemia Caused by Chronic Diseases
Some chronic (long-term) illnesses can cause anemia. Often, anemia
caused by chronic diseases goes undetected until a routine test such as
a complete blood count (CBC) reveals abnormal results. Several follow-up
tests may be used to determine the underlying cause.
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21. There are many chronic conditions and diseases that can result in anemia
• Kidney disease—red blood cells are produced by the bone marrow in
response to a hormone called erythropoietin, made primarily by the kidneys.
Chronic kidney disease can cause anemia resulting from too little production
of this hormone; the anemia can be treated by giving erythropoietin
injections.
• Anemia of chronic disease—whenever there are chronic diseases that
stimulate the body's inflammatory response, the ability of the bone marrow
to respond to erythropoietin is decreased, mainly due to impairment in body
iron regulation. For example, rheumatoid arthritis (a severe form
of joint disease caused by the body attacking its own joints, called
an autoimmune disease) can cause anemia by this mechanism. Other
diseases that can produce anemia in the same way include chronic infections
such as HIV or tuberculosis (TB).
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22. Laboratory Tests
A number of tests may be used as follow up to abnormal results of initial
tests such as a CBC and blood smear to determine the underlying cause of
chronic anemia. Some of these may include:
• Reticulocyte count—will typically be low
• Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)—used to detect evidence of
chronic disorders
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23. Tests for anemia of chronic disease
– Tests for inflammation such as CRP
– Erythropoietin—is typically mildly increased
– Tests for infections such as HIV and TB
– Iron and transferrin (TIBC)—are typically both low
– Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)—is typically normal or low
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24. Treatment
•
Treatment of anemia due to chronic conditions usually involves
determining and/or resolving the underlying disease. Blood transfusions
may be used to treat the condition in the short term.
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25. Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a rare disease caused by a decrease in the number of all
types of blood cells that bone marrow produces. Normally, the bone
marrow produces a sufficient number of new red blood cells (RBCs), white
blood cells (WBCs), and platelets for normal body function. Each type of
cell enters the blood, circulates, and then dies within a certain time frame.
For example, the normal lifespan of RBCs is about 120 days. If the bone
marrow is not able to produce enough blood cells to replace those that
die, a number of symptoms, including those due to anemia, may result.
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26. Some signs and symptoms that occur with aplastic anemia include those
due to decreased platelets
• Prolonged bleeding
• Frequent nosebleeds and bleeding gums
• Easy bruising
• Pinpoint red spots on skin
• Blood in the stool
• Heavy menstrual bleeding
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27. There may also be signs and symptoms due to a low WBC count:
• Increased frequency and severity of infections
• Fever
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28. Some factors that may be involved with bone marrow
damage and that can lead to aplastic anemia
• Exposure to toxic substances like arsenic, benzene (found in gasoline), or
pesticides
• Cancer therapy (radiation or chemotherapy)
• Autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• Viral infections such as hepatitis, HIV, EBV, or CMV
• Medicines such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic rarely used in the U.S.)
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29. Laboratory Tests
The initial test for anemia, the complete blood count (CBC), may reveal
many abnormal results.
• Hemoglobin and/or hematocrit may be low.
• RBC and WBC counts are low.
• Platelet count is low.
• Red blood cell indices are usually normal.
• The differential white blood count shows a decrease in most types of
cells but not lymphocytes.
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30. Treatment
• A physical examination or complete medical history may reveal possible
causes for aplastic anemia, such as exposure to toxins or certain drugs (e.g.,
chloramphenicol) or prior treatment for cancer. Some cases of aplastic
anemia are temporary while others have lasting damage to the bone marrow.
Therefore, the treatment depends on the cause. Reducing or eliminating
exposure to certain toxins or drugs may help resolve the condition.
Medications may be given to stimulate bone marrow production, to treat
infections, or to suppress the immune system in cases of autoimmune
disorders. Blood transfusions and a bone marrow transplant may be needed
in severe cases.
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31. Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Some of the conditions or factors involved in acquired forms of hemolytic
anemia include:
• Autoimmune disorders
• Transfusion reaction
• Infections
• Mother-baby blood group incompatibility
• Medications
• Physical destruction of RBCs
• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
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32. Laboratory Tests
•
Hemolytic anemias are often first identified by signs and symptoms, during physical
examination, and by medical history. A medical history can reveal, for example, a recent
transfusion, treatment with penicillin, or cardiac surgery. A CBC and/or blood smear may
show various abnormal results. Depending on those findings, additional follow-up tests may
be performed. Some of these may include:
• Tests for autoantibodies for suspected autoimmune disorders
• Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in the case of transfusion reaction, mother-baby blood type
incompatibility, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Haptoglobin—usually low
• Reticulocyte count—typically high
• Flow cytometry for suspected PNH
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33. Treatment
Treatments for hemolytic anemia are as varied as the causes. However, the
goals are the same: to treat the underlying cause of the anemia, to
decrease or stop the destruction of RBCs, and to increase the RBC count
and/or hemoglobin level to alleviate symptoms.
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34. Consuming
enough
balance
diet we
may stay
way out of
anemia