Special High-Level Meeting of the ECOSOC with Bretton Woods Institutions, the WTO and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
New York, USA
April 2013
This is an update of the 2012 presentation at https://www.slideshare.net/WorldResources/emerging-actors-in-development-finance-a-closer-look-at-chinas-overseas-investment
When it comes to overseas development finance, China is definitely a country to watch. Due to the country’s unprecedented economic growth, China’s overseas investments have increased exponentially in recent years. Between 2009 and 2010, two Chinese state-owned banks lent more money to other developing nations than the World Bank did. In fact, between 2002 and 2011, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) stock grew from $29 billion to more than $424 billion.
But what factors are driving all of this growth? What areas of the world are on the receiving end of China’s OFDI flows? And what sorts of social and environmental standards are in place for banks’ and enterprises’ investments? WRI answers these questions and many more in its recently updated powerpoint presentation "Chinese Development Finance: A Closer Look at Chinese Sustainable Finance."
This is an update of the 2012 presentation at https://www.slideshare.net/WorldResources/emerging-actors-in-development-finance-a-closer-look-at-chinas-overseas-investment
When it comes to overseas development finance, China is definitely a country to watch. Due to the country’s unprecedented economic growth, China’s overseas investments have increased exponentially in recent years. Between 2009 and 2010, two Chinese state-owned banks lent more money to other developing nations than the World Bank did. In fact, between 2002 and 2011, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) stock grew from $29 billion to more than $424 billion.
But what factors are driving all of this growth? What areas of the world are on the receiving end of China’s OFDI flows? And what sorts of social and environmental standards are in place for banks’ and enterprises’ investments? WRI answers these questions and many more in its recently updated powerpoint presentation "Chinese Development Finance: A Closer Look at Chinese Sustainable Finance."
A 2014 update of this presentation is available at https://www.slideshare.net/WorldResources/sustainable-finance-china-12-dec2014
When it comes to overseas development finance, China is definitely a country to watch. Due to the country’s unprecedented economic growth, China’s overseas investments have increased exponentially in recent years. Between 2009 and 2010, two Chinese state-owned banks lent more money to other developing nations than the World Bank did. In fact, between 2002 and 2011, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) stock grew from $29 billion to more than $424 billion.
But what factors are driving all of this growth? What areas of the world are on the receiving end of China’s OFDI flows? And what sorts of social and environmental standards are in place for banks’ and enterprises’ investments? WRI answers these questions and many more in its recently updated powerpoint presentation, “Emerging Actors in Development Finance: A Closer Look at China’s Overseas Investment.”
Standard Chartered Opportunity 2030 - SDG Investment MapJohn Smith
Executive summary - The USD10 trillion investment opportunity
The private sector has a critical role to play in meeting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the next decade. Not only is it expected that private investors will contribute their share, there is a clear business case for doing so as, increasingly, investors build environmental, social and governance risk into their decision-making and seek to act in the interests of a broader range of stakeholders.
This monthly newsletter provides an overview of mutual fund industry vital signs (asset growth, sales and performance), product development highlights for the month and interesting facts about our industry.
Financing for Development - Financing MSMEs for Economic Growth and DevelopmentR. M
A digital artifact aimed at proposing a financing solution to the credit issue faced by MSMEs in Nigeria. The target of this presentation is a cross section of public sector agents who can engage the development community to seek solutions to the aforementioned issue. The presentation proposes two major solutions; technical assistance to make Nigeria's business environment conducive to businesses, and a financing solution that allows for flow of much needed credit to the MSME sector through the creation of a national development bank. The importance of funding MSMEs cannot be overstated; they are drivers of not only economic growth but serve service other development agendas such as poverty eradication, reduction in wealth imbalances, employment generation etc. Consequently, it is imperative to provide support to MSMEs, especially in developing countries where they lack access to finance, if we are to achieve a key portion of the SDGs.
Nigeria global competitiveness index macroeconomic environment (2006 - 2012)statisense
The stability of the Macroeconomic Environment is important for business and, therefore, is important for the overall competitiveness of a country. It is also recognized that macroeconomic instability harms the economy. The government cannot provide services efficiently if it has to make high-interest payments on its past debts.
Asia is rapidly growing into the world’s largest stock market. In 2018, 51% of all equity capital raised through initial public offerings (IPOs) went to Asian companies. Today more than half of the world’s listed companies are from Asia. This development is reshaping global stock market in several ways: Households outside of Asia have increased their investments in Asian companies through pension funds, mutual funds and other intermediaries; it is increasingly common that listed companies are majority owned by the public sector or by other private companies; and smaller growth companies from Asia are using capital markets to raise money more extensively than smaller companies from the rest of the world.
This report provides a comprehensive and comparable analysis of world developments and the growing role of Asian capital markets since the mid-1990s. It focuses on primary equity markets, growth company listings, investment banking activities and ownership structure of publicly listed companies. It also contains a special chapter on how companies use foreign public equity markets to raise capital and to cross-list their shares.
This monthly newsletter provides an overview of the Canadian mutual fund industry vital signs (asset growth, sales and performance, product development highlights for the month and interesting facts about our industry.
A 2014 update of this presentation is available at https://www.slideshare.net/WorldResources/sustainable-finance-china-12-dec2014
When it comes to overseas development finance, China is definitely a country to watch. Due to the country’s unprecedented economic growth, China’s overseas investments have increased exponentially in recent years. Between 2009 and 2010, two Chinese state-owned banks lent more money to other developing nations than the World Bank did. In fact, between 2002 and 2011, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) stock grew from $29 billion to more than $424 billion.
But what factors are driving all of this growth? What areas of the world are on the receiving end of China’s OFDI flows? And what sorts of social and environmental standards are in place for banks’ and enterprises’ investments? WRI answers these questions and many more in its recently updated powerpoint presentation, “Emerging Actors in Development Finance: A Closer Look at China’s Overseas Investment.”
Standard Chartered Opportunity 2030 - SDG Investment MapJohn Smith
Executive summary - The USD10 trillion investment opportunity
The private sector has a critical role to play in meeting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the next decade. Not only is it expected that private investors will contribute their share, there is a clear business case for doing so as, increasingly, investors build environmental, social and governance risk into their decision-making and seek to act in the interests of a broader range of stakeholders.
This monthly newsletter provides an overview of mutual fund industry vital signs (asset growth, sales and performance), product development highlights for the month and interesting facts about our industry.
Financing for Development - Financing MSMEs for Economic Growth and DevelopmentR. M
A digital artifact aimed at proposing a financing solution to the credit issue faced by MSMEs in Nigeria. The target of this presentation is a cross section of public sector agents who can engage the development community to seek solutions to the aforementioned issue. The presentation proposes two major solutions; technical assistance to make Nigeria's business environment conducive to businesses, and a financing solution that allows for flow of much needed credit to the MSME sector through the creation of a national development bank. The importance of funding MSMEs cannot be overstated; they are drivers of not only economic growth but serve service other development agendas such as poverty eradication, reduction in wealth imbalances, employment generation etc. Consequently, it is imperative to provide support to MSMEs, especially in developing countries where they lack access to finance, if we are to achieve a key portion of the SDGs.
Nigeria global competitiveness index macroeconomic environment (2006 - 2012)statisense
The stability of the Macroeconomic Environment is important for business and, therefore, is important for the overall competitiveness of a country. It is also recognized that macroeconomic instability harms the economy. The government cannot provide services efficiently if it has to make high-interest payments on its past debts.
Asia is rapidly growing into the world’s largest stock market. In 2018, 51% of all equity capital raised through initial public offerings (IPOs) went to Asian companies. Today more than half of the world’s listed companies are from Asia. This development is reshaping global stock market in several ways: Households outside of Asia have increased their investments in Asian companies through pension funds, mutual funds and other intermediaries; it is increasingly common that listed companies are majority owned by the public sector or by other private companies; and smaller growth companies from Asia are using capital markets to raise money more extensively than smaller companies from the rest of the world.
This report provides a comprehensive and comparable analysis of world developments and the growing role of Asian capital markets since the mid-1990s. It focuses on primary equity markets, growth company listings, investment banking activities and ownership structure of publicly listed companies. It also contains a special chapter on how companies use foreign public equity markets to raise capital and to cross-list their shares.
This monthly newsletter provides an overview of the Canadian mutual fund industry vital signs (asset growth, sales and performance, product development highlights for the month and interesting facts about our industry.
The Role of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) in the 2030 AgendaMarc-Anton Pruefer
This presentation provides: i) an overview of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ii) the order of magnitude of the associated financing needs, iii) the sources of development finance, focusing on iv) Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and their financing instruments, and v) a comparison of the major MDBs. It is targeted at both laypeople and professionals and seeks to convey a “big picture” of what Development Finance is, why the SDG period (2016-2030) is different from the MDG period (2000-2015), and what the role of different MDBs could be in achieving the 2030 Agenda.
Final project unlocking investment & finance in emerging markets and develo...Damian Attah
Nigeria's GDP has been growing in a slower pace compared to the population growth rate of 2.6%. The year-on-year budget deficit and the slow growth in government revenue has continued to constrain investment in critical social and physical infrastructure that will be needed to be on the path of economic growth. The ineffective fiscal framework and erosion of social trust in government spending has resulted to a tax to GDP ratio of less than 1% compared to the minimum requirement of 15% recommended for an emerging nation like Nigeria. The country's current debt profile of over $73billion and the allocation of 23% of the annual budget to debt servicing makes additional loans quite unsustainable. Funding the critical sectors that will create a transformative growth will require the crowding in of required financing from both the public and private sources and the unlocking of investment opportunities that will attract FDI, ODA and OOF finance. Posing as a government official that is exploring the option of attracting public, private and multilateral funding, the slides seeks to address the following:
(a) What are the estimated financing needs for the country’s development?
(b) Which sources of finance are available to you international and domestically, from both public and private sources?
(c) How will the country access these?
(d) How will you work with multilateral development banks to address barriers to accessing these sources of finance?
Enabling Poor Rural People to Overcome Poverty Dr Lendy Spires
Agriculture can provide a robust pathway out of poverty, today and in the future, for many smallholder farmers and livestock producers. IFAD’s strategic framework for 2011-2015 is guiding our efforts towards realizing that future. IFAD prepared its fourth strategic framework in response to a global context characterized by persistent challenges and major changes. The challenges include massive rural poverty, and a high prevalence of food insecurity and hunger in some regions.
The changes include increasingly diverse rural livelihoods;
accelerating natural resource degradation and climate change;
growing economic importance of agriculture and rising demand for food, biofuels and other agricultural goods and services;
higher and more volatile food prices; and growing private-sector investment in agriculture.
As we move towards 2015, we continue to build on what we have learned about small-scale agriculture and rural poverty reduction in more than 30 years. At the programme and project level, this involves stepped-up efforts to:
• enhance environmental sustainability and resilience in small-scale agriculture
• promote win-win contractual arrangements to help small agricultural producers seize opportunities in agricultural value chains at lower risk
• support the development of technologies for sustainable intensification of small-scale agriculture
• increase the capacity of financial institutions to provide a broad range of inclusive services to poor rural people
• promote the capabilities of rural women and men, including young people
• capitalize on opportunities to use renewable energy sources, and promote low-cost technologies using local resources to provide energy. In terms of thematic engagement, IFAD continues to focus on:
• natural resources – land, water, energy and biodiversity .
• climate change adaptation
• improved agricultural technologies and effective production services
• a broad range of inclusive financial services
• integration of poor rural people within value chains
• rural enterprise development and non-farm employment opportunities
• technical and vocational skills development
• support to rural producers’ organizations.
Each of these areas addresses gender equality and social inclusion as cross-cutting themes, as well as household strategies to improve food security and nutrition. In delivering on strategic framework objectives, we continue to strive to improve quality and efficiency, strengthen our ability to work effectively with the private sector, step up our advocacy, and amplify the voices of poor rural women and men in decisions that affect their lives. IFAD Strategic Framework 2011-2015:
This document aims at raising awareness of college students who receive their first introductory training course on international development. At the end of this course, the students will understand the need for synergies between the public and private sectors in order to increase available fund to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is of the utmost importance that the international community mobilizes itself towards the fulfillment of the SDGs within the next 15 years. The self-explanatory figure explains the process of financing for development while the short text brings an overall explanation.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Introduction to the Post-2015 Development Agenda from the World Bank with special focus on financing for development
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE POST-2015
DEVELOPMENT AGENDA FROM THE WORLD
BANK WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON FINANCING
FOR DEVELOPMENT
SPECIAL HIGH-LEVEL MEETING OF THE ECOSOC WITH BRETTON WOODS
INSTITUTIONS, THE WTO AND THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON
TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
22 April 2013
Mahmoud Mohieldin
World Bank President’s Special Envoy
This presentation was prepared by the World Bank Group Post-2015 Working Group, with comments from UNDESA, IMF,
Asian Development Bank, and Homi Kharas, Lead Author and Executive Secretary, HLP on Post-2015.
2. Lessons from the existing MDGs framework
• The original MDGs were articulated independently of a
financing framework (Monterrey 2002).
• In a context of fiscal consolidation, discussion of post-2015 goals
must be integrated with consideration of supporting financing.
• No quantity of financing, whether grant, concessional, or non-
concessional, can achieve the development goals without
supporting policies and a credible commitment to combating
poverty.
• Costing MDGs requires too many assumptions (WDR 2004),
and is not the objective of this exercise.
2
3. A two-pronged approach to supporting a
post-2015 development framework
Increase impact of available resources
Leverage additional resources
Good policies and credible institutions enhance the impact of
available resources and leverage additional resources from
both domestic and foreign sources.
Good policies and credible institutions to:
3
4. Parameters to consider in the post-2015
financing framework
What can developing
countries do?
What can the international
community do?
• Design targeted, evidence-
based policies and support
sound institutions
• Generate more revenues
• Ensure efficient public
spending
• Promote financial deepening
and inclusion
• Maximize the impact of ODA
• Support new development
partners
• Leverage the private sector
• Tap into new sources of finance
• Deliver global public goods
4
5. Generate more revenues
Taxation capacity improving in MICs, progress needed in LICs
21.2
28.4 28.4 29.3
18.8
17.1
19 19.3
11.3
10 10.5
13.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1994 1998 2003 2009
High Income Middle Income Low Income
Tax Revenue (in % of GDP) by Income Groups, 1994-2009
Source: World Development Indicators
6. Ensure efficient public spending
Fossil fuel subsidies do not target the poor
Source: World Energy Outlook, IEA, 2011
Subsidies are an inefficient means of assisting the poor: only 8% of the $409 billion spent on
fossil-fuel subsidies in 2010 went to the poorest 20% of the population.
Fossil fuel consumption subsidies measure what developing countries spend to provide below-
cost fuel to their citizens. High-income countries offer support to energy production in the form of
tax credits or loan guarantees, which are not included in these calculations since they are
directed towards production rather than consumption of the fuel.
6
7. Financial sector development for growth
A thriving private sector creates opportunities for entrepreneurship and job creation
How do financial
institutions contribute to
economic growth?
Lower the cost of
financial and nonfinancial
transactions
Facilitate efforts to
reduce and trade risks
7
8. Financial Inclusion
Access to finance is a major constraint to growth for entrepreneurs in LICs
21
9 3 10
#Total MSMEs (formal
andinformal)
#with Checking account #with Loan/Overdraft #Unserved+
Underserved
52
25
13
27
# Total MSMEs (formal
and informal)
# with Checking account # with Loan/Overdraft # Unserved +
Underserved
20 12 6 10
#Total MSMEs (formal
andinformal)
#with Checking account #with Loan/Overdraft #Unserved+
Underserved
188
62
23
92
# Total MSMEs (formal
and informal)
# with Checking account # with Loan/Overdraft # Unserved +
Underserved
78
34
11
36
#Total MSMEs (formal
andinformal)
#with Checking account #with Loan/Overdraft #Unserved+
Underserved
40
18
4
22
# Total MSMEs (formal
andinformal)
# with Checking account # with Loan/Overdraft # Unserved+
Underserved
LAC
MNA
ECA EAP
SAR
AFR
# of MSMEs (in Mn)
# Total MSMEs
(formal and
informal)
# with Checking
account
# with
Loan/Overdraft
# Unserved +
Underserved
Source: Two trillion and counting, IFC & McKinsey, 2010
9. Source: MDG Gap Taskforce Report, 2012 and OECD
IDS 2012
Maximize the impact of ODA
Total net ODA, already short of Monterrey targets, has declined by 4% in 2012
9
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
United States
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Japan
Netherlands
Sweden
Canada
Australia
Norway
DAC Members' Official Development Assistance as a percentage of GNI,
2000-2012
2000-2001
2007
2009
2011
2012
UN Target:
0.7% of GNI
10. Collaborate with new development partners
Emerging donors, led by China, provide relatively limited aid as defined by the OECD, but
contribute to development through other external flows and in-kind assistance
Source: World Bank CFP Working Paper No. 8, Finance for Development
10
For the purpose of comparison, in 2009, net ODA from DAC members was 119.8 bn USD.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Estimated aid from BRICS, 2003-2009 (USD billion)
China India Russia Brazil South Africa
11. International flows to developing countries
International capital flows to developing countries dominated by foreign direct investment
Total capital inflows in 2012: USD 1,007 billion
11
Remittances, which are not part of capital inflows but are an important source of foreign currency for developing countries,
were an estimated USD 399 bn in 2012.
Inflows refer to flows from non-residents to developing countries. FDI inflows are net of disinvestments by non-residents.
Debt inflows are debt disbursements net of repayments. Official flows include bilateral and multilateral lending and are not
equivalent to ODA. Data on official capital inflows are “debt enhancing official assistance” and, thus, not the same as ODA,
which is concessional in character with a grant element.
Source: Long-term financing for
growth and development. G20
Umbrella Paper, Feb. 2013 and
Global Economic Prospects 2013,
World Bank.
FDI inflows, 600.1,
60%
Portfolio equity
inflows, 44.4, 4%
Bonds, 143.3,
14%
Banks, 71.5, 7%
Short-term debt
flows, 126.7, 13%
Other private, 7.1,
1%
Official (World Bank,
IMF, and other), 14.1,
1%
12. ODA and remittances are especially
critical for fragile states
12
Foreign
direct
investment
505.7, 40%
Portfolio
investment
128.4, 10%
Long-term
debt (private)
155.8, 12%
ODA grants
89, 7%
Long-term
debt
(official)
69.2, 5%
Worker
remittances
319, 25%
Net financial flows to developing
countries, 2010
Total: USD 1,267 billion
Foreign direct
investment
27.59, 22%
ODA
50.04,
40%
Worker
remittances
47.38, 38%
Gross financial flows to fragile states,
2010
Total: USD 125 billion
Source: World Bank CFP Working
Paper No. 8, Finance for Development
Source: Fragile States 2013, OECD
NB: Based on OECD definition of fragile states
13. The official sector has a particularly important
role to play in LICs and fragile states
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0.9
6.4
7.8
Net official capital flows and transfers, 2012 (% of GDP)
Emerging market countries Low-income countries Fragile states
Source: Global Monitoring Report 2013, World Bank
The classification of countries is the one used in the IMF‘s World Economic Outlook. Emerging market and developing countries are those countries that
are not designated as advanced countries. Countries that are eligible for financial assistance under the IMF‘s Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust
constitute a subset of emerging market and developing countries; these countries are denoted low-income countries although eligibility is based on other
considerations in addition to income levels. Emerging market and developing countries that are not eligible for financial assistance under the Poverty
Reduction and Growth Trust are designated as emerging market countries. Fragile states are countries included in the World Bank‘s list of Fragile and
Conflict-Affected States as of early 2013.
14. Leverage the private sector: partnerships
Well-structured initiatives with a diverse range of partners help governments raise the large
sums of capital required to meet infrastructure needs and consequently spur development
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Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu, India
CLIFF COMMUNITY SANITATION PROJECT
Total initial investment: $7.2 million
- Homeless International
- SPARC (NGO in India)
- Community-based Organizations
Kenya
PRIVATE SECTOR POWER GENERATION
PROJECT
Total initial investment: $623 million
- Kenya Power and Lighting Company
- IFC
- MIGA
- Commercial Banks
Sao Paulo, Brazil
METRO LINE 4
Total initial investment: $450 million
- Companhia do Metropolitano de Sao Paolo
- 5 Equity Sponsors
- IDB
- Commercial Banks
Lake Kivu, Rwanda
KIVU WATT
Total initial investment: $142.25 million
- ContourGlobal
- Energy Authority of Rwanda
- MIGA
- Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund
- FMO
- AfDB
- Belgian Development Bank
Source: Emerging Partnerships, IFC, 2013 and World Bank, Africa Region.
Emerging
Partnerships
15. 4%
29%
25%
13%
22%
41%
6%
14%
23%
8%
21%
24%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1 to 5 years 5 to 10 years 10+ years
Percent of international syndications to the private sector in developing countries
where an IFI participated, by income level and maturity, 2007-2010
Lower Lower middle Upper middle BRICT
Leverage the private sector: syndications
IFI participation in syndications contributes to extending maturities of private flows to
developing countries and therefore financing long-term productive investments
Source: International Finance Institutions and Development through the Private Sector, IFC, 2011
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16. Key Messages
• Promote targeted policies and support accountable, efficient institutions
• Mobilize domestic resources for development through:
▫ Broader tax coverage
▫ Increased taxation capacity
▫ Greater accountability
▫ Efficient public spending
▫ Natural resource revenue
▫ Deeper domestic financial sector
▫ A more vibrant private sector
• The international community must use ODA and other resources to:
▫ Leverage more private resources
▫ Deliver global public goods
▫ Draw on emerging and innovative sources of finance
• Financial instruments have different properties and comparative advantages. Selecting
the right combination of instruments to meet a given goal, in a given country context,
might be one of the most important tasks ahead to enable full implementation of the next
development framework post-2015.
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