The document describes several human and plant anatomical structures and systems. It defines the bladder, bones, brain, ears, endocrine system, eyes, gall bladder, heart, kidneys, large intestines, liver, lungs, mouth, muscles, nervous system, nose, pancreas, skin, small intestines, spinal cord, stomach, and tongue. It also defines plant roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissue, ground tissue, parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, fibers, tracheids, vessel elements, sieve cells, sieve tube members, companion cells, apical meristems, primary growth, secondary growth, vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary ph

1. BLADDER -A hollow muscular organ that stores urine before expelling it from the body.
BONES - The bones provide 5 functions. They protect other vital organs, i.e. ribs protect the
lungs. Support the body in an upright position. They are attached to muscles to help provide
movement of the body. Bone marrow
BRAIN -The brain is the master control center of the body. It receives information through the
senses from inside and outside of the body. It analyzes this information then sends messages to
the body that controls its functions and actions. The brain remembers past experiences, is the
source of thought, moods, and emotions.
EARS - The ear converts sound which enters the ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into
electrical signals that the brain interprets. The ear also contains a fluid that is vital for balance.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM -The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical
messages called hormones. The hormones pass through the blood to the target organ resulting in
a chemical change in the body.
EPITHELAIL TISSUE -Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells forming the
covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs.
EYES -The eyes collect light and then sends a message to the brain for integration.
GALL BLADDER -A small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver,
in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.
HEART -The chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the
arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system to supply
oxygen to the body.
KIDNEYS -A pair of organsfunctioning to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance,
regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, which are then
excreted as urine.
LARGE INTESTINES -Beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the
cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later
excreted as feces
LIVER -A large, reddish-brown, organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity
that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
LUNGS -Either of two spongy, saclike respiratory organs in most vertebrates, occupying the
chest cavity together with the heart and functioning to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and
provide it with oxygen.

2. MOUTH -The body opening through which an animal takes in food.
MUSCLES - A tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting to effect bodily movement.
NERVOUS SYSTEM -The system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body's
responses to internal and external stimuli. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor and effector organs.
NOSE -The part of the human face or the forward part of the head of other vertebrates that
contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.
PANCREAS -A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that
secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the
bloodstream.
SKIN -The membranous tissue forming the external covering or integument of an animal and
consisting of the epidermis and dermis.
SMALL INTERTINES -The upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is
practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum.
SPINAL CORD -The thick, whitish cord of nerve tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata
down through the spinal column and from which the spinal nerves branch off to various parts of
the body.
STOMACH -The enlarged, saclike canal, one of the principal organs of digestion, located
between the esophagus and the small intestine.
TONGUE -The fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the
mouth, that is the principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing and swallowing, and, in humans, an
important organ of speech

3. Chapter 35
Three Basic Plant Organs
•
Roots
•
Anchors a vascular plant
•
Absorbs Minerals & Water
•
Stores nutrients
•
Stems
•
Alternating system of nodes and internodes
•
Axillary buds
•
Terminal Bud
•
Apical Dominance
•
Leaves
•
Main photosynthetic organ
•
Blade & Petiole
•
Monocot& Dicot
vein patterns differ
Three Tissue Systems
•
Dermal Tissue
•
Outer protective covering
•
Epidermis in non-woodyplants
•
Periderm replaces epidermis in woody plants

4. •
Vascular Tissue
•
Plumbing
•
Transports materials (water & nut
rients)between roots and shoots
•
Xylem: conveys water from roots to shoots
•
Phloem: conveys organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are
needed
•
Ground Tissue
•
The rest (everything that isn’t
Dermal or Vascular Tissues)
•
Pith is internal to the vascular tissue
•
Cortex is external to the vascular tissue
•
Ground tissue is often specialized in
storage, photosynthesis and support
t
Chapter 35
Common Types of Plant Cells
•
Parenchyma Cells
•
Thin & flexible primary walls
•
Most lack secondarywalls
•
Protoplasthas a large central vacuole
•
“typical” plant cells – not very specialized
•
Perform most metabolic func
tions including photosynthesis

5. •
Generally retain the ability to differen
tiate into other types of plant cells
•
Alive at functional maturity
•
Collenchyma Cells
•
Grouped in strands or cylinders
•
Useful for supporting the
young parts of the plant
•
Unevenly thick primary cell wa
lls and no secondary cell walls
•
They are flexible
•
Alive at functional maturity
•
Scerenchyma Cells
•
Also function in support
•
Thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
•
Very specialized for support
•
Dead at functional maturity: the “skeleton” remains after the cell dies
•
Sclereids
•
Shorter than fibers and irregular in shape
•
These impart hardness to nut shells,
seed coats, and give pear fruit the
characteristic gritty texture
•
Fibers
•

6. Usually arranged in threads
•
Long slender and tapered
•
Often used for commercial purposes (for rope or cloth, for example)
Water Conducting Cells of the Xylem
•
Tracheids
•
Dead at functional maturity
•
Found in xylem of all vascular plants
•
Long thin cells with tapered ends
•
Water moves from cell to cell through pits
•
Vessel Elements
•
Dead at functional maturity
•
Generally wider, shorter and thinner walled than tracheids
•
Aligned end to end, forming pipes called “vessels”
•
Ends have perforations for water to flow through
Chapter 35
Sugar Conducting Cells of the Phloem
•
Alive at functional maturity
•
Sieve Cells
•
in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
•
Sieve Tube Members
•
in angiosperms
•
Members make up Sieve Tube

7. •
Lack organelles such as nucleus, ribosomes and vacuoles
•
Ends of the cells have sieve plates with pores that allow fluid to flow
•
Sieve Tube Members have generally have
fully functional cells associated with
them called “Companion cells”
•
Nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells
Plant Growth: Meristems
•
Primary Growth
•
produces the primary plant body
•
SecondaryGrowth
•
thickens the plant
•
generally occurs only in woodyplants
RootPrimary Growth
•
Primary Growth of Roots
•
The tip of the root is co
vered with a “rootcap”
•
Protects the tissue below called apical meristem
•
Rootcap also produces a slime that helps the root pushthrough the soil
•
Growth occurs just behind the root tip
•
Three Zones
•
Zone of Cell Division
•
Zone of Elongation
•

8. Zone of Maturation
•
Lateral roots originate from the pericycle
•
the outmost layer of the vascular cylinder
Primary Growth of Shoots
•
Shootapical meristem is not covered by a cap
•
Rapidly dividing cells in the terminal bud
•
Leaf primordia & axillary buds develop below
•
Form shoots later in life
Chapter 35
SecondaryGrowth
•
Growth in thickness
•
Produced by lateral meristems
•
Occurs in Woodyplants
•
Simultaneous with Primary Growth
•
But in different areas
•
Process is similar in Roots and Stems
SecondaryPlant Body
•
Tissues Produced by
•
Vascular Cambium
•
Adds secondaryxylem (wood)
•
Adds secondaryphloem
•
Cork Cambium
•

9. Adds a tough, thick covering
•
Mainly corkcells
Vascular Cambium
•
One cell layer thick
•
A cylinder of meristematic cells
•
Produces
•
Xylem on the inside
•
Becomes “wood”
•
Phloem on the outside
•
Usually less phloem than xylem
SecondaryXylem: Wood
•
Older layers of xylem no longer
transport water and minerals
(xylem sap)
•
This xylem is called “
heartwood
”
•
Outer layers still transport sap
•
This xylem is called “
sapwood
”
SecondaryPhloem
•
Only the youngest phloem carries phloem sap (sugar)
•
This phloem is closestto the vascular cambium
•
Older phloem is sloughed off as the diam

10. eter of the root or stem expands
Chapter 35
Cork Cambium
•
Produces two tissue types
•
phelloderm to the inside
•
Cork cells to the outside
•
Cork cells make a waxy substance
•
called suberin
•
Functions as a protective barrier
•
Cork Cambium and all these two ti
ssues it prodcues are cumulatively
called “periderm”
•
Periderm replaces epidermis
•
Periderm is air- and water- tight
Bark
•
Cork cambium does not continue to divide
•
No increase in circumference
•
It splits as the stem or root expands
•
Then loses its meristematic activity
•
A new cork cambium forms to the inside
•
Older layers of periderm are sloughed off
•
This is what we generally call “bark”
•
Bark is actually all the tissues

11. external to the vascular cambium
Vocabulary
These are some terms that I expect
you to know from this chapter.
Please DO NOT assume that these are the
only terms you should know
. I selected the
terms listed here because they have a consider
able probability of appearing on one of my
exams.
•
•
Taproot
•
Node
•
Internode
•
Terminal Bud
•
Axillary Bid
•
Fibrous rootsystem
•
Apical dominance
•
Leaf
•
Blade
•
Petiole
•
Veins
•
Tissue
•
Epidermis
•
Periderm
•

12. Cuticle
•
Xylem
•
Phloem
•
Vascular cylinder
•
Pith
•
Cortex
•
Ground Tissue
•
Parenchyma
•
Collenchyma
•
Scerenchyma
•
Primary Growth
•
SecondaryGrowth
•
Herbaceous
•
Vascular Cambium
•
Cork Cambium
•
RootHair
•
Leaf Primordia
•
Stomata
•
Guard Cells
•
Palisade Mesophyl
•

13. Spongy Mesophyl
•
Bundle Sheath
•
SecondaryPhloem
•
SecondaryXylem
•
Heartwood
•
Sapwood
•
Tracheids
•
Fibers
•
Vessel Elements
•
Sclereids
•
Vascular Tissue
•
Dermal Tissue
•
Ground Tissue
•
Sieve Tube Members
•
Bark