This document discusses black fathers' involvement in the early education of their children in South Africa and associated factors. It finds that black fathers have a high rate of non-involvement due to socioeconomic factors and HIV/AIDS mortality. While being a provider is seen as the main father role, unemployment and inability to pay bride price can discourage involvement. The consequences of absent fathers for children's development are discussed. Promoting responsible fathering is recommended to address this problem.
This document discusses the societal problem of fatherlessness and its effects on children. It notes that an increasing number of children are growing up without an involved father figure, whether due to divorce, unmarried parents, or uninvolved fathers. Research shows that children from fatherless homes are more likely to drop out of high school, abuse drugs and alcohol, become incarcerated, commit suicide, and exhibit behavioral problems. They are also more likely to live in poverty. The document examines the problem of fatherlessness across different races and classes. It explores the negative consequences of absent fathers and calls for greater father involvement in children's lives.
This document summarizes a study that examines the impacts of parental migration on cognitive development in children left behind in rural China. Using test score data from over 5,000 children in rural China, the study finds:
1) Being left behind by both parents significantly reduces children's math and Chinese test scores by around 5 percentile points, while being left behind by only one parent has smaller and insignificant impacts.
2) Only the absence of both parents is associated with lower family investments in after-school tutoring according to cross-sectional evidence.
3) The results suggest that the absence of both parents, which is common in rural China, has more serious negative consequences for children's education than the absence of a single
Homeless youth face significant barriers to completing their education. They have high rates of poverty, abuse, neglect, family conflict, substance abuse, mental health issues, pregnancy, and involvement in dangerous survival activities like drug dealing, prostitution, and sex work. As a result, homeless youth struggle academically and have much lower graduation rates than housed youth. Particular groups like LGBTQ youth and those aging out of foster care are especially vulnerable. Programs and policies aim to help homeless youth access education services and overcome challenges to complete their schooling, but many still fall through the cracks due to complex individual circumstances and systemic barriers.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This study aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. A sample of 360 students completed a self-esteem questionnaire. An independent t-test found no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between the two groups. The study concluded that a student's level of self-esteem depends more on their relationship with parents and school environment rather than family structure alone. It recommended addressing self-esteem holistically for all students rather than focusing on family type.
Steve Vitto :A Case for Tarheted Imterventions and PBISSteve Vitto
The document discusses factors that place children at risk of academic failure and identifies targeted interventions that can help support at-risk students. It notes that children from low-income families or who experience issues like poverty, lack of early literacy exposure, family instability, or behavioral/emotional problems are particularly vulnerable. The document advocates for early and individualized interventions in school, including strengthening student engagement, self-esteem, organizational skills, and relationships, to improve outcomes for at-risk children.
Gender equality in vietnam has improved signifcantly thanks to the s...tripmhs
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on social determinants of gender inequality in Vietnam. It finds that traditional gender roles assigning women as caregivers contribute significantly to inequality. Women have lower education levels and less economic opportunities due to expectations they will prioritize family caregiving over their careers or education. While gender attitudes are changing among younger, more educated people, women still do most domestic and childcare work. They also have less access to assets, social welfare programs, and decision making power within families. The study aims to better understand these social factors driving inequality in order to inform policies and programs to promote greater equality.
The document provides data on various social indicators related to child well-being in Central Falls, Rhode Island. It summarizes that in Central Falls in 2000, 48% of children lived in single-parent families, the second highest rate in the state. It also notes that 36% of new mothers in Central Falls had less than a high school diploma, more than double the state rate. Additionally, it reports that in 2008, 9% of Central Falls babies were born with risk factors of a mother under age 20, unmarried, and without a high school degree.
This document discusses the societal problem of fatherlessness and its effects on children. It notes that an increasing number of children are growing up without an involved father figure, whether due to divorce, unmarried parents, or uninvolved fathers. Research shows that children from fatherless homes are more likely to drop out of high school, abuse drugs and alcohol, become incarcerated, commit suicide, and exhibit behavioral problems. They are also more likely to live in poverty. The document examines the problem of fatherlessness across different races and classes. It explores the negative consequences of absent fathers and calls for greater father involvement in children's lives.
This document summarizes a study that examines the impacts of parental migration on cognitive development in children left behind in rural China. Using test score data from over 5,000 children in rural China, the study finds:
1) Being left behind by both parents significantly reduces children's math and Chinese test scores by around 5 percentile points, while being left behind by only one parent has smaller and insignificant impacts.
2) Only the absence of both parents is associated with lower family investments in after-school tutoring according to cross-sectional evidence.
3) The results suggest that the absence of both parents, which is common in rural China, has more serious negative consequences for children's education than the absence of a single
Homeless youth face significant barriers to completing their education. They have high rates of poverty, abuse, neglect, family conflict, substance abuse, mental health issues, pregnancy, and involvement in dangerous survival activities like drug dealing, prostitution, and sex work. As a result, homeless youth struggle academically and have much lower graduation rates than housed youth. Particular groups like LGBTQ youth and those aging out of foster care are especially vulnerable. Programs and policies aim to help homeless youth access education services and overcome challenges to complete their schooling, but many still fall through the cracks due to complex individual circumstances and systemic barriers.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This study aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. A sample of 360 students completed a self-esteem questionnaire. An independent t-test found no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between the two groups. The study concluded that a student's level of self-esteem depends more on their relationship with parents and school environment rather than family structure alone. It recommended addressing self-esteem holistically for all students rather than focusing on family type.
Steve Vitto :A Case for Tarheted Imterventions and PBISSteve Vitto
The document discusses factors that place children at risk of academic failure and identifies targeted interventions that can help support at-risk students. It notes that children from low-income families or who experience issues like poverty, lack of early literacy exposure, family instability, or behavioral/emotional problems are particularly vulnerable. The document advocates for early and individualized interventions in school, including strengthening student engagement, self-esteem, organizational skills, and relationships, to improve outcomes for at-risk children.
Gender equality in vietnam has improved signifcantly thanks to the s...tripmhs
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on social determinants of gender inequality in Vietnam. It finds that traditional gender roles assigning women as caregivers contribute significantly to inequality. Women have lower education levels and less economic opportunities due to expectations they will prioritize family caregiving over their careers or education. While gender attitudes are changing among younger, more educated people, women still do most domestic and childcare work. They also have less access to assets, social welfare programs, and decision making power within families. The study aims to better understand these social factors driving inequality in order to inform policies and programs to promote greater equality.
The document provides data on various social indicators related to child well-being in Central Falls, Rhode Island. It summarizes that in Central Falls in 2000, 48% of children lived in single-parent families, the second highest rate in the state. It also notes that 36% of new mothers in Central Falls had less than a high school diploma, more than double the state rate. Additionally, it reports that in 2008, 9% of Central Falls babies were born with risk factors of a mother under age 20, unmarried, and without a high school degree.
Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual USLGBTBIZHUB.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A severe global recession has brought heightened attention to poverty in the United States as the poverty rate rose over time, leveling off at 15.0% in 2011. Recent U.S. Census Bureau data demonstrates the persistence of higher poverty rates for African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Children, single mothers, people with disabilities, and other groups, for example. An earlier Williams Institute study and other research showed that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)
people we are also more vulnerable to being poor, and this
study updates and extends that earlier report.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Box 951476
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476
(310) 267-4382
williamsinstitute@law.ucla.edu
www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute
This paper investigates the relationship between sons' working age and their fathers' income in Turkey. In addition,
we investigated the relationship between sons' occupations and fathers' income in Turkey. It is a unique study
because no such study has been previously conducted in Turkey, which is both a Muslim country and a developing
country. Our data were acquired from the 2015 Income and Living Conditions Survey, which allows us to match the
fathers and sons in the sample. Our results suggest that there is a strong relationship between a father’s income and
his son's age when he first becomes employed. In brief, wealthier sons begin working at an older age than do poorer
sons. In addition, our results suggest that when a father's income increases, the probability of his son having the
same occupation as his father decreases. This suggests that wealthier sons have more opportunities available when
choosing their occupations
May Gadallah- Cairo University
Maia Sieverding- American University of Beirut
Rania Roushdy- Population Council Egypt
ERF Workshop on The Political Economy of Contemporary Arab Societies
Beirut, Lebanon August 24-25, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
This document provides demographic data and statistics about a community. It shows that the population is 40% Black and 38% Hispanic, compared to 17% and 23% respectively in Florida overall. Youth make up 27% of the population. Most housing is rented (85%) and overcrowded. The community has high crime and poverty rates, low educational outcomes, and poor health indicators like infant mortality and teen birth rates. English proficiency is low, per capita income is half the county rate, and many receive food stamps.
Book Reading Mosaic 1, 6th Edition By Brenda Wegmann and Miki Knezevic, Chapt...You knowwho
The document discusses changes in women's roles and childcare arrangements over time. As more women enter the workforce, they rely on daycare facilities, relatives, or hiring nannies to care for children while they work. Younger couples now also share childcare responsibilities more evenly between mothers and fathers.
Practices of child labour among parents in ekiti state, nigeria implication f...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the practices of child labor among parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria and the implications for school administrators. The study found that child labor exists in the state, particularly in the domestic sector. It revealed significant differences in the practice of child labor between male and female parents, as well as differences based on parents' marital status and employment status. However, there was no difference found based on parents' religion. The study recommends economically empowering parents to reduce poverty and involvement of children in labor, as well as enforcing laws against child labor.
Adolescent Boys and Gendered Social transitions in Ethiopia (7 September, 2015)Young Lives Oxford
"Adolescent boys and gendered social transitions: Findings From the Young Lives Study in Ethiopia" by Gina Crivello and Nikki van der Gaag.
Presented at the Annual Development Studies Association Conference, Bath, UK
7-8 September 2015
What affects boys’ trajectories through school and work, including their aspirations, agency, place, and changing roles and responsibilities within family and community contexts? What obstacles do adolescent boys face as they seek to transition into young adults?
These questions were addressed in a presentation by Gina Crivello and Nikki van der Gaag at the UK Development Studies Association conference on 7 Sept 2015.
In recent years, adolescence has risen high on the global agenda, but boys are marginalised by an overwhelming focus on female adolescence. While there has been much focus on the harms that social norms and expectations can cause for girls’ well-being, what it means to be a boy in any given time and place is also socially constructed and dynamic. This paper shows how boys too can be disadvantaged by sexual stereotypes, social norms and economic adversity, and how gender norms become more entrenched as adolescents develop into young adults. In particular, we see how boys’ aspirations decrease over time while girls’ aspirations increase, particularly after age 15.
Securing paid work is key to boys’ transitions to adulthood, and at age 19, they strive for financial independence. They consider paid work to be a ‘protective factor’ in the sense that working prevents idleness and stagnation which they fear and resist. They also see themselves as ‘in-between’ childhood and adulthood – with a growing sense of responsibility and maturity, yet lacking adult authority and access to adult networks. Focusing much less on the promises of education for boys becoming men, work promises ‘change’ and represents persistence, hope and moral fortitude. But the reality of work is usually very different; a continual struggle to provide enough for themselves, their families, and their futures.
Only two per cent of the nursery workforce is male, a figure that has not changed over the last 20 years. This paper looks the reasons for this and suggests ways forward.
This document discusses marriage and child poverty in Arizona. It shows that the percentage of children born out of wedlock in Arizona has risen sharply since 1968, with over 44% of births occurring outside of marriage by 2010. Unmarried families are much more likely to live in poverty, with single mothers nearly 4 times as likely to be poor as married couples. The document recommends providing information on the benefits of marriage, reducing penalties for marriage in welfare programs, and promoting programs to strengthen marriages.
This summary provides an overview of key findings from a 2009 Rhode Island KIDS COUNT Factbook presentation about child well-being data in West Warwick, Rhode Island. It discusses demographic information about West Warwick's child population as well as data on family characteristics, economic well-being, health, safety, and education for West Warwick children. Specifically, it notes that in 2000, 33% of West Warwick children lived in single-parent families, 15% of new mothers had less than a high school diploma, and 18.1% of children lived in poverty.
The document discusses how marriage rates have declined in Idaho over time and the impact this has had on child poverty. Some key points:
- The percentage of children born outside of marriage in Idaho has risen from 1% before WWII to 26.5% in 2010.
- Children living in single-parent families are over 5 times more likely to live in poverty than children from married, two-parent families (38.5% vs 8%).
- 59% of poor families with children in Idaho are not married, compared to 41.1% that are married.
- Out-of-wedlock births most commonly occur to young adult women between 18-29 rather than teenagers. They also most frequently
The Juxtaposition of Children's Human Right and the Constitution's Right to Privacy Act - Mary Kay Keller, MPA, PhD
Presented at the 2021 America's Conference on Ending Coercive Control.
The document discusses closing the achievement gap at Eureka Elementary school. It defines the achievement gap and factors that contribute to it such as socioeconomic status, family life, and teacher quality. The school's MAP test data shows that black and low-income students are performing below grade level. The document proposes resources the school can use to help struggling students such as tutoring, technology, and ensuring students feel safe and engaged. It also discusses the "7 correlates" of successful schools in closing the achievement gap.
This document summarizes the key findings of the report "State of America's Fathers 2016". It discusses how:
1) Fatherhood in America is changing rapidly as men are increasingly involved in caregiving, though social norms and policies have not caught up to support equitable parenting.
2) There is a large gap between what parents want in terms of support for caregiving roles and what policies currently provide, such as the U.S. being the only high-income country without paid parental leave.
3) While some large companies offer generous family policies, these are mostly only available to high-income families. Policies do little to support low-income and nonresident fathers' involvement.
4
This article examines socioeconomic inequality faced by black families in Canada. It finds that since 1986, the economic situation of black families with children has worsened compared to other Canadian families. Although educational attainment is similar for black and other Canadians, black people still experience less privilege and higher poverty rates. The article discusses factors like social stratification, power and privilege, ideology, and barriers that contribute to inequalities faced by black communities in Canada.
Marriage is America's #1 weapon against childhood poverty. This presentation details the impact of marriage on the probability of child poverty in Idaho.
The document discusses different age groups and issues faced at each stage of life, from childhood poverty and prejudice, adolescent risks like substance abuse and violence, challenges during adulthood such as marriage and careers, and stereotypes about the elderly. Risk factors are identified for problems affecting children and youth, and generational differences are outlined between Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y.
This document analyzes different types of fathers in the United States today. It notes that while the number of single fathers raising children alone has increased to 1.9 million, most fathers (24.9 million) live with and are married to the children's mother. It also discusses that the number of stay-at-home dads has risen but is still small compared to fathers who work outside the home. The document examines attitudes of fathers toward their role and debates around how much domestic work fathers report doing versus what mothers perceive.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. The study involved a sample of 360 students who completed a self-esteem questionnaire. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between students from single-parent and dual-parent families. This suggests that a student's self-esteem depends more on other factors like the parent-child relationship and school environment rather than family structure alone. The study recommends addressing self-esteem issues from a holistic perspective for all students.
This document is an integration paper analyzing the effects of father involvement on child development. It reviews literature on types of father involvement (e.g. absentee, non-residential), reasons for deficient fathering (e.g. incarceration, divorce), and how involvement impacts children (e.g. academics, relationships). Research shows father involvement is complex, with quality of involvement more important than quantity. Both positive and negative paternal influences can be passed intergenerationally. Overall, the level and type of a father's involvement significantly shapes a child's development across multiple domains.
I need an outline and thesis
Here are my sources:
Lyra, J., & Medrado, B. (2014). Pregnancy, Marriage and Fatherhood in Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature. International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy, 103-128.
This article focuses on the fact that the concept of adolescent fatherhood is not well researched on. Worse still, there are very few intervention programs that aim to understand and address the needs of adolescent fathers. Majority of these programs focus predominantly on the plight of young mothers. This has resulted in a myriad of problems including the increase in teenage men who abandon their responsibilities as fathers. The authors provide the demographics of teenage fatherhood for different countries for a number of years so that the readers can get a clear picture of how the trend is changing. They also address the issue of gender inequality when it comes to assessing and providing for the needs of teenage fathers.
Miller, D.B. (1997). Adolescent Fathers: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 14.1, 55-69.
Miller focuses on the role of the social worker when it comes to dealing with adolescent fathers. He discusses the environmental and psych-social factors that promote or inhibit adolescent fathers from taking part in child rearing. Suggestions for social workers, government lobbyists, policy makers and parents to teenage fathers are laid out in the article.
Mollborn, S., & Lovegrove, P. (2010). How Teenage Fathers Matter for Children: Evidence From the ECLS-B. Journal of Family Issues, 3-30.
Mollborn and Lovegrove point out that there is not much research undertaken on the relationship between teenage fathers and their children and how this relationship can affect the development and health of both parties. The authors used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to determine the effect of teenage fatherhood on children. They discovered that majority of the children with teenage fathers experience a multitude of social disadvantages at home and at school. They also found that there was negligible difference in father-kids relationships between adult and adolescent fathers. In addition, the authors suggest some policies to be implemented in order to curb the increase in teenage fatherhood around the world.
.
Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual USLGBTBIZHUB.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A severe global recession has brought heightened attention to poverty in the United States as the poverty rate rose over time, leveling off at 15.0% in 2011. Recent U.S. Census Bureau data demonstrates the persistence of higher poverty rates for African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Children, single mothers, people with disabilities, and other groups, for example. An earlier Williams Institute study and other research showed that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)
people we are also more vulnerable to being poor, and this
study updates and extends that earlier report.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Box 951476
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476
(310) 267-4382
williamsinstitute@law.ucla.edu
www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute
This paper investigates the relationship between sons' working age and their fathers' income in Turkey. In addition,
we investigated the relationship between sons' occupations and fathers' income in Turkey. It is a unique study
because no such study has been previously conducted in Turkey, which is both a Muslim country and a developing
country. Our data were acquired from the 2015 Income and Living Conditions Survey, which allows us to match the
fathers and sons in the sample. Our results suggest that there is a strong relationship between a father’s income and
his son's age when he first becomes employed. In brief, wealthier sons begin working at an older age than do poorer
sons. In addition, our results suggest that when a father's income increases, the probability of his son having the
same occupation as his father decreases. This suggests that wealthier sons have more opportunities available when
choosing their occupations
May Gadallah- Cairo University
Maia Sieverding- American University of Beirut
Rania Roushdy- Population Council Egypt
ERF Workshop on The Political Economy of Contemporary Arab Societies
Beirut, Lebanon August 24-25, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
This document provides demographic data and statistics about a community. It shows that the population is 40% Black and 38% Hispanic, compared to 17% and 23% respectively in Florida overall. Youth make up 27% of the population. Most housing is rented (85%) and overcrowded. The community has high crime and poverty rates, low educational outcomes, and poor health indicators like infant mortality and teen birth rates. English proficiency is low, per capita income is half the county rate, and many receive food stamps.
Book Reading Mosaic 1, 6th Edition By Brenda Wegmann and Miki Knezevic, Chapt...You knowwho
The document discusses changes in women's roles and childcare arrangements over time. As more women enter the workforce, they rely on daycare facilities, relatives, or hiring nannies to care for children while they work. Younger couples now also share childcare responsibilities more evenly between mothers and fathers.
Practices of child labour among parents in ekiti state, nigeria implication f...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the practices of child labor among parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria and the implications for school administrators. The study found that child labor exists in the state, particularly in the domestic sector. It revealed significant differences in the practice of child labor between male and female parents, as well as differences based on parents' marital status and employment status. However, there was no difference found based on parents' religion. The study recommends economically empowering parents to reduce poverty and involvement of children in labor, as well as enforcing laws against child labor.
Adolescent Boys and Gendered Social transitions in Ethiopia (7 September, 2015)Young Lives Oxford
"Adolescent boys and gendered social transitions: Findings From the Young Lives Study in Ethiopia" by Gina Crivello and Nikki van der Gaag.
Presented at the Annual Development Studies Association Conference, Bath, UK
7-8 September 2015
What affects boys’ trajectories through school and work, including their aspirations, agency, place, and changing roles and responsibilities within family and community contexts? What obstacles do adolescent boys face as they seek to transition into young adults?
These questions were addressed in a presentation by Gina Crivello and Nikki van der Gaag at the UK Development Studies Association conference on 7 Sept 2015.
In recent years, adolescence has risen high on the global agenda, but boys are marginalised by an overwhelming focus on female adolescence. While there has been much focus on the harms that social norms and expectations can cause for girls’ well-being, what it means to be a boy in any given time and place is also socially constructed and dynamic. This paper shows how boys too can be disadvantaged by sexual stereotypes, social norms and economic adversity, and how gender norms become more entrenched as adolescents develop into young adults. In particular, we see how boys’ aspirations decrease over time while girls’ aspirations increase, particularly after age 15.
Securing paid work is key to boys’ transitions to adulthood, and at age 19, they strive for financial independence. They consider paid work to be a ‘protective factor’ in the sense that working prevents idleness and stagnation which they fear and resist. They also see themselves as ‘in-between’ childhood and adulthood – with a growing sense of responsibility and maturity, yet lacking adult authority and access to adult networks. Focusing much less on the promises of education for boys becoming men, work promises ‘change’ and represents persistence, hope and moral fortitude. But the reality of work is usually very different; a continual struggle to provide enough for themselves, their families, and their futures.
Only two per cent of the nursery workforce is male, a figure that has not changed over the last 20 years. This paper looks the reasons for this and suggests ways forward.
This document discusses marriage and child poverty in Arizona. It shows that the percentage of children born out of wedlock in Arizona has risen sharply since 1968, with over 44% of births occurring outside of marriage by 2010. Unmarried families are much more likely to live in poverty, with single mothers nearly 4 times as likely to be poor as married couples. The document recommends providing information on the benefits of marriage, reducing penalties for marriage in welfare programs, and promoting programs to strengthen marriages.
This summary provides an overview of key findings from a 2009 Rhode Island KIDS COUNT Factbook presentation about child well-being data in West Warwick, Rhode Island. It discusses demographic information about West Warwick's child population as well as data on family characteristics, economic well-being, health, safety, and education for West Warwick children. Specifically, it notes that in 2000, 33% of West Warwick children lived in single-parent families, 15% of new mothers had less than a high school diploma, and 18.1% of children lived in poverty.
The document discusses how marriage rates have declined in Idaho over time and the impact this has had on child poverty. Some key points:
- The percentage of children born outside of marriage in Idaho has risen from 1% before WWII to 26.5% in 2010.
- Children living in single-parent families are over 5 times more likely to live in poverty than children from married, two-parent families (38.5% vs 8%).
- 59% of poor families with children in Idaho are not married, compared to 41.1% that are married.
- Out-of-wedlock births most commonly occur to young adult women between 18-29 rather than teenagers. They also most frequently
The Juxtaposition of Children's Human Right and the Constitution's Right to Privacy Act - Mary Kay Keller, MPA, PhD
Presented at the 2021 America's Conference on Ending Coercive Control.
The document discusses closing the achievement gap at Eureka Elementary school. It defines the achievement gap and factors that contribute to it such as socioeconomic status, family life, and teacher quality. The school's MAP test data shows that black and low-income students are performing below grade level. The document proposes resources the school can use to help struggling students such as tutoring, technology, and ensuring students feel safe and engaged. It also discusses the "7 correlates" of successful schools in closing the achievement gap.
This document summarizes the key findings of the report "State of America's Fathers 2016". It discusses how:
1) Fatherhood in America is changing rapidly as men are increasingly involved in caregiving, though social norms and policies have not caught up to support equitable parenting.
2) There is a large gap between what parents want in terms of support for caregiving roles and what policies currently provide, such as the U.S. being the only high-income country without paid parental leave.
3) While some large companies offer generous family policies, these are mostly only available to high-income families. Policies do little to support low-income and nonresident fathers' involvement.
4
This article examines socioeconomic inequality faced by black families in Canada. It finds that since 1986, the economic situation of black families with children has worsened compared to other Canadian families. Although educational attainment is similar for black and other Canadians, black people still experience less privilege and higher poverty rates. The article discusses factors like social stratification, power and privilege, ideology, and barriers that contribute to inequalities faced by black communities in Canada.
Marriage is America's #1 weapon against childhood poverty. This presentation details the impact of marriage on the probability of child poverty in Idaho.
The document discusses different age groups and issues faced at each stage of life, from childhood poverty and prejudice, adolescent risks like substance abuse and violence, challenges during adulthood such as marriage and careers, and stereotypes about the elderly. Risk factors are identified for problems affecting children and youth, and generational differences are outlined between Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y.
This document analyzes different types of fathers in the United States today. It notes that while the number of single fathers raising children alone has increased to 1.9 million, most fathers (24.9 million) live with and are married to the children's mother. It also discusses that the number of stay-at-home dads has risen but is still small compared to fathers who work outside the home. The document examines attitudes of fathers toward their role and debates around how much domestic work fathers report doing versus what mothers perceive.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. The study involved a sample of 360 students who completed a self-esteem questionnaire. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between students from single-parent and dual-parent families. This suggests that a student's self-esteem depends more on other factors like the parent-child relationship and school environment rather than family structure alone. The study recommends addressing self-esteem issues from a holistic perspective for all students.
This document is an integration paper analyzing the effects of father involvement on child development. It reviews literature on types of father involvement (e.g. absentee, non-residential), reasons for deficient fathering (e.g. incarceration, divorce), and how involvement impacts children (e.g. academics, relationships). Research shows father involvement is complex, with quality of involvement more important than quantity. Both positive and negative paternal influences can be passed intergenerationally. Overall, the level and type of a father's involvement significantly shapes a child's development across multiple domains.
I need an outline and thesis
Here are my sources:
Lyra, J., & Medrado, B. (2014). Pregnancy, Marriage and Fatherhood in Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature. International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy, 103-128.
This article focuses on the fact that the concept of adolescent fatherhood is not well researched on. Worse still, there are very few intervention programs that aim to understand and address the needs of adolescent fathers. Majority of these programs focus predominantly on the plight of young mothers. This has resulted in a myriad of problems including the increase in teenage men who abandon their responsibilities as fathers. The authors provide the demographics of teenage fatherhood for different countries for a number of years so that the readers can get a clear picture of how the trend is changing. They also address the issue of gender inequality when it comes to assessing and providing for the needs of teenage fathers.
Miller, D.B. (1997). Adolescent Fathers: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 14.1, 55-69.
Miller focuses on the role of the social worker when it comes to dealing with adolescent fathers. He discusses the environmental and psych-social factors that promote or inhibit adolescent fathers from taking part in child rearing. Suggestions for social workers, government lobbyists, policy makers and parents to teenage fathers are laid out in the article.
Mollborn, S., & Lovegrove, P. (2010). How Teenage Fathers Matter for Children: Evidence From the ECLS-B. Journal of Family Issues, 3-30.
Mollborn and Lovegrove point out that there is not much research undertaken on the relationship between teenage fathers and their children and how this relationship can affect the development and health of both parties. The authors used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to determine the effect of teenage fatherhood on children. They discovered that majority of the children with teenage fathers experience a multitude of social disadvantages at home and at school. They also found that there was negligible difference in father-kids relationships between adult and adolescent fathers. In addition, the authors suggest some policies to be implemented in order to curb the increase in teenage fatherhood around the world.
.
Causes of family breakdown and its effects on Children by David MetaloroDavid Metaloro
Abstract
The increase of family breakdown down rate in Juba City has been due to alcohol and drugs addiction, financial problems, death, plus psychological, sexual and emotional abuse, threatening diseases like HIV/AIDs and inability to resolve conflict among others.
The objective of the study was to investigate the causes of family breakdown and its effects on the children in Juba City. The effects of family breakdown on children include difficulties in school, stress, early engagement in sexual activities, insecure and afraid of the future, depression and fear of being abandoned. The forms of family breakdown identified during the study include death, separation and divorce.
The rate of the family breakage was indicating 78.3%, though the study was based in Juba city, it reflects the entire country since all of the ten states’ habitants were included in study. Some of the cultural practices were found of backing up the high rate of family breakdown and such practices include force marriage, polygamy marriage, inheritance of widowers and high bride wealth.
The study proved communication skills, creation of family laws, supporting the children of the low families, marriage preparation and parenting new initiatives and information giving and mediation are the fundamental alternative solution to family breakdown.
In conclusion, the study proved the family breakdown affects the children performance in schools in line with other effects such as; stress, depression, fear of being abandoned, insecure and afraid of the future and torn in two among others.
In the end, the study recommended that the three stakeholders; government, NGOs and the academia to play respective role suggested to them by the researcher in accordance with the findings.
Barbara cosson swinburne tweddle fathers stories of exclusion 2012 (id 1930)Tweddle Australia
This research reports on the perceptions of 27 fathers involved in fi ve focus groups which were conducted in late 2009 on behalf of Tweddle Child and Family Health Service in Melbourne. The fathers in this research highlight their encounters with services that frequently presume they are secondary or part-time parents.
Who Loves Ya Baby: Finding and Engaging Absent and Marginalized FathersEMQ FamiliesFirst
This document discusses the challenges of engaging absent and marginalized fathers. It notes that over 60% of black and Hispanic children and 28% of white children do not live with their biological father. Children of unmarried parents or with unmarried partners of their mother are more likely to live in poverty. Children from father-absent homes are also more at risk for emotional, behavioral, academic and health problems. The document provides strategies for agencies to more inclusively engage fathers, such as conducting father-friendly outreach and addressing cultural issues. It emphasizes the benefits of engaging non-resident fathers for children's well-being.
This document summarizes research on increasing the number of male childcare workers in the UK. It discusses four key issues: gender equality and challenging stereotypes, improving the low status of childcare jobs, providing role models of both genders for children, and managing risks while protecting children. It then summarizes the experiences of male childcare workers, finding they were less likely than females to choose the career from a young age and more likely to enter it later. Both male and female workers felt qualifications were important, but males tended to get teaching degrees rather than standard early childhood qualifications.
Effects of Sexuality and Career Choice on Perceived Femininity of FathersMatthew Baumann
This study examined how a man's career choice (stay-at-home caregiver or working) and sexuality (homosexual or heterosexual) affected perceptions of his femininity. 98 participants read one of four vignettes that varied these factors, and completed a survey measuring perceived femininity. Results found no significant effects - a man's perceived femininity did not differ based on his career, sexuality, or their interaction. This suggests a lack of stigma or bias related to caregiving or homosexual fathers. While the hypotheses were not supported, the findings imply that perceptions are becoming less guided by gender stereotypes.
This literature review examines research on parenting by gay and lesbian couples compared to heterosexual couples. Several studies found no significant differences in child development or well-being based on parental sexual orientation. Children of gay and lesbian parents were shown to be psychologically healthy and well-adjusted, with academic performance and relationships not impacted by family type. The research supports the hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents are just as effective as heterosexual parents.
Examining the role of parental factors on depression amongUrBetseyCalderon89
Examining the role of parental factors on depression among
Urban African American youth living in public housing
Anthony T. Estreet a,b, Dawn Thurmana, Sapphire Goodmana,b, M. Taqi Tirmazia,b,
Takisha J. Cartera, and Von Nebbittc
aSchool of Social Work, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; bHealth & Addiction Research
Training Lab, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; cGeorge Warren Brown School of Social
Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the potential risk and protective parental factors
associated with depression among African American youth living in
public housing. Utilizing a community-based participatory research
approach, 239 African-American youth surveys were collected during
2013–2014 in two urban public housing developments with low
socioeconomic profiles. Over half (52.3%) of the sample was in high
school and female (58%). 65.3% reported living with their mother
while 38% reported being employed. Bivariate analysis revealed sig-
nificant correlations between depression and maternal substance
abuse, paternal monitoring, parent-child relationship, and family
time. Results from the regression analyses indicated that higher
depression scores were significantly associated with youth who
reported poor parent-child relationships, low levels of paternal super-
vision and high levels of maternal drug abuse. These findings provide
support for claims about the importance of parent-child relationship
and paternal monitoring as a protective factor for depressive symp-
toms, particularly during adolescence. Moreover, findings suggest
that interventions which are targeted towards urban African
American youth should address parental factors as a pathway to
decrease depression among this population.
KEYWORDS
Depression; risk factors;
protective factors; African
American; youth
Introduction
Depression among African Americans youth is a major public health concern that has
been linked to substance use, heightened sex-risk and suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation and
attempts) (Breland-Noble, Burriss, & Poole, 2010; Okwumabua, Okwumabua, & Wong,
2014). Although there has been a slight increase in focus on depression among African
American youth over the last decade, this group remains understudied in mental health
research (Matlin, Molock, & Tebes, 2011). Evidence suggests that parents and family play
a critical role in the lives of their adolescent and emerging adult children (Lindsey, Joe, &
Nebbitt, 2010). It is reasonable to postulate, therefore, that parental factors are related to
the emotional well-being of urban African American youth. Using a sample of 239 African
American youth living in urban public housing, this paper contributes to the gap in
CONTACT Anthony T. Estreet [email protected] School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700
East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
2018, ...
Au Psy492 M7 A2 Need For A Father Borja Ffrankborja
The number of single fathers raising children alone has increased over 100% between 1960 and 1970. Research has found that children raised by single parents are more at risk for certain behavioral issues like substance abuse and early sexual activity. While support systems for single mothers are more developed, support for single fathers is growing with more support groups available. Future research on the impact of father absence could help more fathers recognize the important role they play in their children's lives.
The document discusses research on the importance of fathers. It finds that while mothers and fathers both contribute to childrearing, they contribute in different ways that are beneficial for child development. Fathers tend to engage in more physical play, discipline, and encourage children to take on challenges. Children who grow up with actively engaged fathers and nurturing mothers tend to have better outcomes. The absence of fathers can negatively impact child outcomes, especially for boys. Overall, the evidence suggests fathers provide unique and important benefits and are not replaceable by mothers alone.
Infertile couples in the family context variation across settingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the perceptions of family members regarding childlessness in three different ecological settings in Jammu, India. 150 family members of childless couples were interviewed. The study found that across settings, family members viewed children as important for social, emotional, and religious reasons. However, attitudes towards childless couples varied by setting, with more negative attitudes in rural and tribal areas. While infertility causes were sometimes blamed on women, men's infertility was often kept secret. The study also examined how relationships between childless couples were impacted and what solutions family members suggested.
Single Fathers Rearing Successful Children and Productive Members of SocietyJudithLhamon
This research paper was done to show proficiency in research analysis and writing. The research topic of single fathers as successful parents was chosen to show that traditional families are not the only way to view family and to study whether fathers can rear successful children in the way that mothers tend to.
This article was downloaded by [Texas Womans University]On.docxchristalgrieg
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On: 30 September 2014, At: 06:11
Publisher: Routledge
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Early Child Development and Care
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
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Comparisons of levels and predictors of
mothers' and fathers' engagement with
their preschool-aged children
Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan a , Letitia E. Kotila a , Rongfang Jia a ,
Sarah N. Lang a & Daniel J. Bower a
a Human Development and Family Science , The Ohio State
University , Columbus , OH , USA
Published online: 03 Sep 2012.
To cite this article: Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan , Letitia E. Kotila , Rongfang Jia , Sarah N. Lang &
Daniel J. Bower (2013) Comparisons of levels and predictors of mothers' and fathers' engagement
with their preschool-aged children, Early Child Development and Care, 183:3-4, 498-514, DOI:
10.1080/03004430.2012.711596
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.711596
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Comparisons of levels and predictors of mothers’ and fathers’
engagement with their preschool-aged children
Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan∗, Letitia E. Kotila, Rongfang Jia, Sarah N. Lang and
Daniel J. Bower
Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
(Received 9 December 2011; final version received 30 March 2012)
Self-report data from 112 two-parent families were used to compare levels and
predictors of four types of mothers’ and fathers’ engagement with their
preschool-aged children: socialisation, didactic, careg ...
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between family structure, specifically two-parent families, family income, and educational achievement. The study found that children from two-parent, married, biological families had better educational outcomes compared to children from other family structures, as measured by MEAP test scores. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of two-parent families in a school district and higher MEAP scores. The study also found family income was strongly correlated with MEAP scores. Interviews with teachers reinforced that two-parent families are better able to support children's education due to having more time, resources, and ability to instill important values. While not the only factor, family structure significantly influences students' academic performance and
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses engaging fathers in pregnancy centers and fatherhood initiatives. It provides an overview of a workshop on using mothers as a gateway to involve fathers more. It discusses the importance of fathers and the negative impacts of father absence, such as increased poverty, poor educational and health outcomes for children. It also notes that many fathers lack parenting skills and knowledge but want to be more involved in their children's lives.
Parents' attitudes significantly impact how they fulfill their parental roles and children's development in Uganda. Traditionally, fathers are viewed as the head of the household and decision-makers, while mothers are responsible for childrearing and domestic duties. This attitude favors sons and discourages the development of daughters. Changing social norms are challenging this view, but it remains entrenched in many communities. For children to thrive, both parents must be equally involved in caring for their physical, emotional, and intellectual needs, through open communication, quality time, and serving as positive role models.
This study examines disciplinary practices in primary schools in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa in relation to alternatives to corporal punishment. The study found:
1. Schools experienced minor offenses like truancy but disciplinary measures focused more on reactive punishment than proactive leadership.
2. Principals and teachers were ambivalent about alternatives to corporal punishment and did not fully understand them.
3. Measures used to instill discipline emphasized inflicting pain through extrinsic control rather than cultivating intrinsic self-discipline.
4. Two measures found to inflict pain were weakly associated with increased violent behavior, indicating unintended socialization consequences of some practices.
The study concludes there is a lack of consistency
The study aimed to determine the consistency between disciplinary practices in schools and the principles of Alternatives to Corporal Punishment (ATCP) strategies. The results revealed that 66.60% of the variation in the offense of vandalism was explained by predictors of ATCP. When predicting vandalism, school identification, gender, coordination of disciplinary committee meetings, communication with parents, and monitoring compliance to the disciplinary committee were found to be significant predictors. However, the results overall revealed that there was no established consistency between the disciplinary practices in schools and the principles of ATCP strategies.
The document is a 31-page research report that examines gambling prevalence among recipients of old age social grants in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It provides background on the study, including the problem statement, purpose, significance and methodology. Key findings are that most older persons gambled occasionally at casinos and spent between R50-R200 per visit. While some reported health and family issues due to gambling losses, most had a positive attitude toward gambling and understood risks. The report concludes by recommending responsible gambling programs and further research on impacts.
This document profiles Noncedo Khewu and their background and qualifications related to learner discipline, values in education, and children's rights. Khewu has conducted research on the use of corporal punishment and alternative disciplinary strategies. The summary discusses tensions between alternative disciplinary strategies promoted by the Department of Basic Education and practices still used in schools, including corporal punishment. It also notes recommendations to address implementation gaps through capacity building, developing contextually appropriate strategies, and advocacy efforts.
This document profiles Noncedo Khewu and their background and qualifications related to learner discipline, values in education, and children's rights. Khewu has conducted research on the use of corporal punishment and alternative disciplinary strategies. The summary discusses tensions between alternative disciplinary strategies promoted by the Department of Basic Education and practices still used in schools, including corporal punishment. It recommends proactive, collaborative approaches to improve learner discipline and implementation of alternative strategies.
Dr. Noncedo Khewhu gave a presentation to Central University of Technology on research aid in teaching practice. The presentation discussed the background legislations on teacher practice, including the Norms and Standards for Educators from 2000 and the Minimum Requirements for Teacher Education Qualifications from 2011. The role of research in relation to teacher practice was also examined, noting that research can provide a solid foundation for teaching, keep teachers up to date, and be rewarding and engaging for professional development.
Dr. Noncedo Khewu presented a research, culture, and leadership strategy for Engen Petroleum Ltd. to improve their service station in Queenstown. The strategy involves 4 steps: 1) Analyzing the current culture and leadership through mixed research methods at successful and struggling stations; 2) Developing Queenstown as a best practice model by building an effective culture and leaders; 3) Providing continuous mentoring and coaching; 4) Conducting ongoing monitoring and biannual evaluations. The goal is to create stations of excellence that achieve Engen's vision by implementing an evidence-based, people-focused, and context-relevant strategy.
Luxhaso Psychological Services (PTY) LTD is a 100% black owned psychological services company established in 2013 and located in East London. The company provides psychological services, occupational wellness programs, skills development training, HIV/AIDS programs, and career counseling. The Managing Director, Nondumiso Zukelwa, is a registered Counseling Psychologist with a Master's degree in Counseling Psychology and experience working for various organizations. Luxhaso Psychological Services offers a wide range of counseling, training, and psychological services to individuals, groups, communities, and organizations.
3-Manna's Leadership and Development Agency was founded in 2012 to provide educational, organizational development, and research services. The agency aims to promote quality programs that balance management and leadership, develop moral and performance character, strengthen organizational elements, and implement evidence-based strategies. Services include training, counseling, research, and consulting. The director, Dr. Noncedo Khewu, leads a team of experienced consultants with diverse qualifications to deliver innovative, context-relevant solutions.
The study aimed to determine the consistency between disciplinary practices in schools and the principles of Alternatives to Corporal Punishment (ATCP) strategies. The results revealed that 66.60% of variation in the offense of vandalism was explained by predictors of ATCP. Significant predictors of vandalism included school identification, gender, coordination of disciplinary committee meetings, communication with parents, and monitoring compliance with disciplinary committee decisions. However, the results overall suggest there is no established consistency between disciplinary practices in schools and principles of ATCP strategies.
2. 2 NONCEDO KHEWU AND EMMANUAL O. ADU
were considered to be a member of the house-
hold, 44% of these children were not co-resi-
dent with their fathers because the father was
living primarily somewhere else (Posel and De-
vey 2006; Hill 2008). Posel and Devey (2006) and
Hill (2008) further added that among children
whose mothers had died, the proportion of chil-
dren whose fathers do not belong to the same
household is significantly higher than among
non-orphans, that is, 68% compared to 49%
among non-orphans. The proportion of African
children under the age of 15 years with absent
living fathers increased from 45% to 52% be-
tween 1996 and 2009 (Eddy and Holborn 2011).
It is important to note that the absence of fa-
thers in their children’s early lives is not only a
South African social problem, many countries
are experiencing it, Garcia et al. (2008) reported
that, In Africa, fathers are absent from nearly a
third of households, after Namibia and South
Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Kenya have the
same problem… (p. 153).
Lamb and Day (2003) noted that absent fa-
thers are also very prevalent in Canada; Britain
and United States. It is also imperative to cau-
tion that in anAfrican context, fathers’involve-
ment with children may be underestimated if it is
measured only in terms of current physical co-
residence (Richter et al. 2006). Desmond and
Desmond (2006) argued that from a Black man’s
perspective responsible fathering mainly means
economic support for their children.Apopularly
held belief is that if a Black man is not financially
supporting his children, he should rather dis-
tance himself from his children (Mavungu 2013).
Rabe (2006) also interviewed mines’ workers that
were living in single-sex hostels around the gold
mines and only got home to their rural families
once a year. The interviewed mine workers con-
sidered financially supporting their children as
the core responsibility of a good father, and stat-
ed that they undertook to work in dangerous
conditions so that they could support their chil-
dren (Rabe 2006). To confirm the criticality of
the role of a Black man as a provider for his
children, in the northern KwaZulu-Natal, Hill et
al. (2008) also investigated which parents main-
ly paid for the children’s school fees and the
findings were that biological fathers were the
persons primarily responsible for paying school
fees for 47% of children between 6-17 years and
with both biological parents living. Desmond
and Desmond (2006) said that men feel like fail-
ures and are shameful when they cannot sup-
port their children, largely because they are out
of work and this often lead man to avoid being
involved fathers. Unemployment obviously ex-
acerbates this problem, one man who participat-
ed in a research study said,
As you lose your job, you start feeling the
distance, you start making the distance. All the
time when I go there, I don’t have anything. I
must stop going there. How is my child going to
look at me? What will my child say? (p. 228).
Ramphele (2006) confirmed this truth by not-
ing that,
Desertion by fathers is often prompted by
their inability to bear the burden of being pri-
mary providers. The burden of failure becomes
intolerable for those who lack the capacity to
generate enough income as uneducated and
unskilled labourers (p. 1).
As much as Black man put more emphasis
on their role as providers, Richter and Morrell
(2006) cautioned that it is critical to share ideas
about fatherhood because it is dangerous to
mostly equate fatherhood with being a provider.
Grange (2013) argued that the father’s role is not
only to provide but also to protect, care and
nurture for children. Grange (2013) added that
father’s absence can be defined as either phys-
ical or emotional-therefore whilst he may reside
at home, a father can also be emotionally unre-
sponsive to his family. Mkhize (2004) further ar-
gued that in addition to being a provider, father-
hood must also consider dimensions like access
or time spent in the presence of the child, pater-
nal engagement and direct interaction with the
child. Although, many authors agreed that pro-
viding for children is the main role of a Black fa-
ther, Rabe (2007) argued that the father’s socio-
economic status has an influence on the role Black
fathers play in their children’s lives. Rabe (2007)
reported that where work patterns and employ-
ment have been favourable, there is evidence of
working class men embracing an engaged form of
fatherhood like reading to their children and tak-
ing an interest in their schooling.
As much as the role that Black fathers claim
to play in their children’s lives is explained, that
is, to be providers, it is imperative to note that
there are a number of other factors that also in-
hibit Black fathers from being involved in their
children’s lives. Cultural practices like being
unable to afford to pay intlawulo (damages for
impregnating a girl) or lobola (bride wealth/dow-
3. BLACK FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE EARLY EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN 3
ry) cause Black men to prefer not to acknowl-
edge paternity, therefore, opting to be absent in
a child’s life (Hunter 2006). Patriarchal attitudes
related to their perceived superiority to women
and children also exacerbate the distance be-
tween fathers and their children (Grange 2013).
In addition, in an African kinship, children are
valued by the whole family and are frequently
sent to live with close relatives for varying
lengths of time to get to know the extended fam-
ily and kin and to consolidate ties, however, this
also results in fathers being absent in their chil-
dren’s early lives (Anderson 2005).
Absent fatherhood is also not a recent phe-
nomenon in South African because the apart-
heid era also had negative consequences that
also led to absent fatherhood. Social unrests
were prevalent as a result children’s schooling
was always disrupted and families were forced
to send their children to urban areas to access
better quality schools, or to rural schools to find
stability and safety from violent urban protests
and school closures (Richter et al. 2006; Ntshoe
2002). Colonial powers also forced local people
into paid work by levying taxes that required
them to earn money (Horwitz 2001), therefore, a
large number of fathers left their homes in search
of job opportunities. Posel (2003) also support-
ed the argument that the migrant labour system
contributed greatly to the alienation of fathers
from their children as he noted that a pattern of
male migration from rural to urban areas was es-
tablished with families separated for long peri-
ods of time. As women were left to raise the
children alone, as much as girls were also affect-
ed, many Black men grew up without fathers
and had no role models to teach them how to be
fathers themselves (Grange 2013). Although,
from an African perspective being a provider is
seen as an honourable role of a father, it must
also be mentioned that beside other cultural and
political factors that may lead to absent fathers,
there are also cases that are a result of heartless-
ness and indifference to the welfare of children
as well as a callous disregard for legal obliga-
tions of care. In a story set in KwaZulu-Natal in
the 1980’s, Polela (2012:3) described how,
“…his father murdered his mother and then
turned his back on him and his sister (him aged
3 and the sister 5)”
This indifference to the welfare of children
as well as the disregard for law is also highlight-
ed by the concept of social fathers that is highly
prevalent with Black fathers.Asocial father (non-
biological) may pay maintenance for a child of a
former partner with whom he has regular con-
tact or pay for his sisters or brother’s children
but may not have acknowledged a child of an-
other partner he no longer sees (Mkhize 2004;
Rabe 2007). A social father may also have little
contact with his own children in a former house-
hold because he has moved in with a woman
who has children from her previous relationship
and he has become their primary source of sup-
port (Mkhize 2004; Rabe 2007). Thus, it means
for social fathers, having a close relationship
with the mother of the child is a determinant for
the father’s closeness and support for his chil-
dren.
In explaining the consequences of absent
fatherhood, Lindegger (2006) shared that grown
men who never knew their fathers or who expe-
rienced violence, neglect or abuse through the
hands of their fathers, communicate deep sad-
ness about their experience and a longing to
have had a father or a better father than they
had, and to be themselves better fathers to their
children. Despite the negative results linked to
absent fatherhood, Morrell and Jewkes (2011)
noted that there are positive results that can be
observed if correct intervention measures are
implemented. Some boys that had fathers to care,
received affectionate care, were socialised to
understand men’s roles and were chosen to take
on the role of being a father, looking after sib-
lings, parents and/or grandparents-some of
these cases yielded very positive results.
Rationale
Grange (2013) cautioned that while father-
lessness might have become common, it should
never be regarded as “normal”-therefore redress-
ing the state of fatherlessness has become noth-
ing short of urgent, as the fallout can be devas-
tating. Grange (2013) noted that the absence of
a father in a child’s life, physically or emotional-
ly, can profoundly disadvantage the child in
adulthood. Global research has found that chil-
dren growing up without fathers are at a signif-
icant disadvantage when it comes to education,
employment, behaviour and relationships
(Grange 2013). Boys growing up in absent fa-
ther households are more likely to display “hy-
per-masculine” behaviour, including aggression,
while girls who grow up without fathers are more
4. 4 NONCEDO KHEWU AND EMMANUAL O. ADU
likely to have low self-esteem, engage in risky
sexual behaviour, and have difficulties forming
and maintaining relationships (Grange 2013).
Richter and Morrell (2006) posited that absent
fathers account for many young adults contrib-
uting directly to the health, crime and other so-
cial crises being faced today. Richter et al. (2011:
2) believed,
“Supportive fathers give girls self-confi-
dence, and help boys develop healthy mascu-
linity and clear identity. One of the biggest im-
pacts of an involved father is that he gives cred-
ibility to school work. Children stay at school
longer if their fathers support them in educa-
tion. Children benefit from the financial sup-
port, care and protection of men. A man can
make all the difference to a child’s life by pre-
venting or stopping abuse perpetrated by oth-
er men. Supportive fathers give girls self-confi-
dence and help boys develop healthy mascu-
linity and a clear identity.”
Richter et al. (2011) also noted that one of
the biggest influences of an involved father is
that he gives credibility and encouragement for
educational achievement, as a result children
stay longer at school and achieves far more if
their fathers support them in education. It is
against this background that it is critical to ex-
amine the level of Black father’s involvement in
the early education of their children and other
associated factors.
TheoreticalFramework:
Responsible Fathering
Responsible fathering in Levine and Pitt’s
theory that suggests that there “ought,” to be a
set of desired norms for evaluating fathers’ be-
haviour, therefore, there is a moral code (right/
wrong) that suggests that some fathering style
could be judged “responsible or “irresponsible”
(Levine and Pitt 1995). Responsible fathering
refers to both resident and non-resident fathers
which is a reflection of the diversity of fathers’
situations and also addresses both fathers that
are absent, that is “deadbeat,” as well as those
that are emotionally uninvolved (Doherty 1990).
McGraw and Walker (2000) noted that the re-
sponsible fathering theory applies to fathers
across all social classes and racial groups, not
narrowly to men in lower social classes or mi-
nority groups. Levine and Pitt’s (1995) explained
that a man who behaves responsibly to his child
does the following: he waits to make a baby un-
til he is prepared emotionally and financially to
support his child; he establishes his legal pater-
nity if and when he does make a baby; he active-
ly shares with the child’s mother in the continu-
ing emotional and physical care of their child,
from pregnancy onwards; and he shares with
the child’s mother in the continuing financial
support of their child, from pregnancy onwards.
In examining the extent in which Black fa-
thers are involved in their children’s early edu-
cation, and what influences their involvement, it
is clear that there are a number of moral values
Black fathers need to uphold, in order for them
to be viewed as responsible fathers. As afore-
mentioned, Desmond and Desmond (2006) not-
ed that to some Black men responsible fathering
mainly means economic support for their chil-
dren, therefore, a Black man who is not finan-
cially supporting his children should rather dis-
tance himself from his children. However, Day
and Lamb (2004) reported that there is a new
emerging breed of fathers called “new fathers”;
these fathers are both providers and caregivers
for their children. These men are willing to at-
tend health centres, walk and drive children to
and from school as well as provide care at home,
if their female partners are employed (Richter
2006; Cabrera et al. 2000). Thus, it is clear that
South Africa has two sets of Black fathers that
subscribe to different moral values and have dif-
ferent interpretations of what responsible father-
ing means. These different interpretations also
influence the way and the extent in which these
Black fathers get involved in their children’s early
education lives as well as in other factors.
CONCEPTUALISATION OFA FATHER
According to Ponzetti (2003), a “father” is a
man who has engendered a child, a male parent,
or a person who takes responsibility for protect-
ing, caring, and rearing. Kervorkian (2010) and
Stibbe (2010) noted that a biological father is
obliged to maintain contact; pay partial child
support and also support the child in other ways,
for example, morally, emotionally, academically
or physically. It must be noted that there are
people that contest the appropriateness of us-
ing the term “father”, to every man that has
impregnated a woman as Mkhize (2006) strong-
ly argued that there is no direct correspondence
between being a biological father and discharg-
5. BLACK FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE EARLY EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN 5
ing the roles of a father. Mkhize (2006) believed
that there are men who are not biological fathers
but often play critical roles in the lives of chil-
dren that they share a space with. Mkhize (2006)
further added that a father provides financial
support, constancy, presence and emotional
support. However, for the purpose of this study,
the father under discussion is a biological fa-
ther, that is a father that has engendered a child.
As aforementioned in the introductory re-
marks Desmond and Desmond (2006) shared that
from a Black man’s perspective responsible fa-
thering mainly means economic support for your
children. However, Nosseir (2003) challenged
Desmond and Desmond (2006) assertions by
noting that in a traditional African context a fa-
ther’s role is defined as a provider or breadwin-
ner, however, in addition to economic support;
fathers have a responsibility as well for moral
oversight over children and gender role model-
ling. In addition, traditionally, a father still con-
stitutes the authority figure and in consequence
he shoulders major responsibilities for the mem-
bers of his family (Nosseir 2003). In the light of
that, Lamb (2000) cautioned that due to emerg-
ing social trends, with regard to Black men in
South Africa, the traditional definition of a fa-
ther is being reviewed. Cabrera et al (2000) not-
ed that as the socio cultural contexts are chang-
ing there is an emergence of a new grouping of
Black fathers, the “new father”.A“new father”
notion has emerged with the increasing commit-
ment of men to their families and the well-being
of their children (Marsiglio and Roy 2012; Roy
2008). According to Day and Lamb (2004) the
“new father” is a man who is both a provider
and a caregiver for his children and doesn’t sub-
scribe to the belief that fathers are only sup-
posed to financial providers.
Causes ofAbsent Fathers
Various factors have been identified as caus-
al factors to absent fatherhood. Factors that have
a direct link to fathers are the following: the fa-
ther honestly doesn’t know that he is the father
of a child (Hunter 2006); the father had an ab-
sent father so fatherhood wasn’t modelled to
him (Swartz and Bhana 2009); suspicion of pa-
ternity fraud as biological links are often as-
sumed (Bellis et al. 2005); allegations of promis-
cuity and multiple partners levelled towards
mothers (Kaufman et al. 2000); young fathers
refusal of paternity due to their unpreparedness
to assume financial and social obligations of
parenthood (Kaufman et al. 2000); parents warn-
ing their young sons against claiming paternity
if that will force them to abandon education or
strain the family’s meagre resources (Swartz et
al. 2013); a poor relationship between the moth-
er and the child’s father (Swart et al. 2013); un-
employment or low earning power causing a fa-
ther to be denied access to a child or the father
deciding to keep his distance (Desmond and
Desmond 2006); fathers migration to other parts
of the country in search of employment (Richter
et al. 2011); the belief that caring for a child is a
dutyofawoman(Mavungu2013)andplainheart-
lessness and indifference to the welfare of chil-
drenaswellasacallousdisregardforlaw(Mkhize
2004; Rabe 2007). Some of the latter causes are a
reason why some fathers are called “deadbeat
fathers”. In Xhosa there is an idiom that de-
scribes a “deadbeat” father, as: “ufe ethwele
umnqwazi”, that is he is dead with his hat on,
meaning the father is as good as dead because
physically, he is walking around but economi-
cally he is useless (Magona 1990).
Craddock (2013) noted that mothers served
as gatekeepers in the father--child relationship,
both inside and outside marriage, therefore, ac-
cess to the child can be influenced by mothers
in the following ways: mother’s personal feel-
ings about the father (Richter et al. 2011; Khunou
2006); young mothers under their parents care
being dictated by their parents to deny fathers
accessto the child (Swartz et al. 2013); and wom-
en’s empowerment which challenges the notion
of men as heads of families may cause a father to
resent his family (Grange 2013).
A child’s gender, age and developmental
stage can be a cause for father absence in the
following ways: fathers find it easier to be more
involved with their sons, especially with older
ones, presumably because they can identify with
them and are more comfortable communicating
with them (Oliker 2011); fathers may not be com-
fortable with their daughters because they can-
not relate to them (Krohn et al. 2001) and lastly,
some fathers withdraw more from parent- ado-
lescent conflict than mothers do (Nielsen 2014).
Consequences ofAbsent Fatherhood
Many authors noted that absent fatherhood
have both negative and positive consequences
6. 6 NONCEDO KHEWU AND EMMANUAL O. ADU
in the lives of children. Amongst the positives
that were mentioned Desmond and Desmond
(2006) believed a household with a father in res-
idence is likely to be better off as children’s nu-
trition, health care, and schooling are likely to
be encouraged and supported, and if present,
the mother is likely to feel assisted in her role.
With regard to safety fathers protect and buffer
children against neglectful or harsh parenting
by a distant, demoralized or overburdened moth-
er and fathers can also shield their children from
potential exploitation and abuse by other men
(Guma and Henda 2004). With regard to identity,
acknowledged biological fatherhood is an im-
portant element of identity development as Black
children take their fathers clan names and be-
come part of the wider circle of family and kin
(Richter et al. 2010). Academically, researches
indicated that children whose fathers remain
present achieve better results at school and have
higher self-esteem (Carslon 2006; Richter et al.
2011).
The negative consequences of absent father-
hood is that with regard to a child’s moral and
emotional development, Ramphele (2002) be-
lieved that being considered fatherless gener-
ates in children a sense of loss and confusion
and such children are more likely to experience
emotional disturbances and depression. Absent
fatherhood is identified as one of the contribut-
ing factors to the spread of HIV/AIDS, violence
and the high incidence of rape (Grange 2013).
Richter et al. (2011) advised that girls without
fathers are prone to early pregnancy, bearing
children outside marriage, marrying early, or get-
ting divorced. Rossenberg and Bradford-Wilcox
(2006) noted that there are more consistent evi-
dences that father absence can have a negative
impact on the child’s educational attainment. In
support of that Eddy and Holborn (2011) sug-
gested that the presence of a father can contrib-
ute to cognitive development, intellectual func-
tioning, and school achievement of a child. Nu-
merous studies also found that an active and
nurturing style of fathering is associated with
better verbal skills, intellectual functioning, and
academic achievement (Rossenberg et al. 2006).
Rossenberg et al. (2006) further added that chil-
dren with involved caring fathers have better
educational outcomes as a number of studies
suggest that fathers who are nurturing and play-
ing have children with higher IQ’s as well as
better linguistic and cognitive capabilities. Palk-
ovitz (2002) also believed that toddlers with in-
volved fathers start school with higher levels of
readiness and can handle stress and frustration
associated with schooling.
THEEXTENTOF BLACK FATHERS
INVOLVEMENT INTHEIR CHILDREN’S
EARLY EDUCATION AND
OTHER FACTORS
With relation to the level of Black fathers’
involvement in the early education of their chil-
dren and associated factors, firstly, literature re-
vealed that non-involvement of Black fathers in
their children’s early lives is highly prevalent in
South Africa, the country occupies a second
position after Namibia and is also leading in low
rates of paternal maintenance and high rates of
children neglect (Hosegood and Madhavan
2012; Lamb and Day 2003).
Secondly, it was also found that, in South
Africa the father’s non-involvement in their chil-
dren’s early lives varies across racial groups;
Black fathers have a higher percentage compared
to Whites and Indians and this racial disparity
is linked to socioeconomic status and HIV/AIDS-
related mortality of Black fathers (Hill 2008).
Thirdly, some Black fathers view active in-
volvement as meaning mainly financial support
for their children but there is an emerging new
breed of fathers (new fathers) that is reviewing
the traditional view of father involvement and
are actively involved as both providers and car-
egivers and this “new fathers” emergence is
linked to work patterns and employment that is
favourable (Day and Lamb 2004; Desmond and
Desmond 2006; Mavungu 2013; Rabe 2007).
The fourth discovery is that, there are vari-
ous factors that impede father involvement, and
these factors are external and internal; external
factors are those that the child’s parents or any-
one involved has no control over them, like un-
employment and cultural prescripts and internal
factors are those linked to the decisions taken
by the child’s parents, like a mother preventing
a father to see a child because of their personal
differences (Morrell and Jewkes 2011).
The fifth thing that was unearthed was that
SouthAfrica is becoming increasingly aware of
the need to support and promote father involve-
ment through a platform of sharing ideas and
mentoring and there is a belief that the strategy
is highly effective as there are reported positive
7. BLACK FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE EARLY EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN 7
results related to its implementation despite con-
stant unsubstantiated media reports that young
fathers are choosing to be uninvolved in their
children’s lives (Grange 2013; Richter et al. 2010;
Richter and Morrell 2006; Swartz et al. 2013).
The sixth and the last discovery was that,
delayed entry into fatherhood as one moral val-
ue promoted by the responsible fathering theo-
ry produced positive results because there are
evidences that men who delay fatherhood until
their thirties and forties are more involved in
their children lives (Ponzetti 2003).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is clear from the latter dis-
cussion that, although, there is an emergence of
the “new father”, that is, the father that is will-
ing to be involved in all aspects of his child’s
development, however, there is still a concern-
ing number of Black fathers who believed that a
father’s duty is only limited to financial support.
As much there are other reasons for Black fa-
ther’s non-involvement, it has also been discov-
ered that the father’s inability to provide finan-
cial support to his child is the main source of un-
involved fatherhood, whether that is linked to
child maintenance or the cultural prescript that a
man must pay damages after impregnating a
woman. Lack of finances, thereof, causes fathers
to be hindered from accessing their children or
out of embarrassment fathers decide to keep
their distance from their children. Thus, it is a
clear the fathers financial strength is a determi-
nant for his involvement in his child’s life. In the
light of the above, there is an urgent need to
address this belief and its negative implications
on children’s growth and well-being need to be
highlighted as well.
From personal experience the author never
got to see “my father” till he passed on in 1985,
the reason shared was that when the delegation
was sent to his home, his family promised to
come and pay the “damages” - they never came
- and that was a reason he never made an at-
tempted to see me or was never allowed to see
me. The opinion shared about “my father” not
having contact with the author is a “protected”
statement because the author only heard one
side of the story (from my maternal family) and
“my father” never had an opportunity or never
gave himself time to share his reasons with the
son. It is possible that the father may have had
other reasons not to make contact with the au-
thor. However, reasons given by the author’s
maternal family or those that could be given by
“my father” can never compensate for the pain,
the disappointment, the longing, the waiting, the
questions and the hope that the author would
see his “father” one day - only to be told that
the author’s father had passed on a few years
ago.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In view of the findings of this study the re-
searchers recommend that the following be done:
Conduct research studies, firstly, to investi-
gate why there has not been an improvement
with relation to Black father’s involvement in
their children’s lives after the implementation of
policies and programs that were meant to ad-
dress poverty and unemployment in Black com-
munities and secondly, investigate whether the
“new fathers” active involvement is linked to
their favourable employment status or is it linked
to their moral obligation to be involved fathers
whether they can/cannot provide for their chil-
dren. Learn from the success stories related to
the intervention /mentoring programmes that
have been implemented for Black orphaned and
abandoned boys and to share learnt lessons with
other communities. The media can also be used
to popularize issues around responsible father-
ing as well as the success stories related to the
intervention/mentoring programs.
Review relevant policies to ensure that all
issues related to responsible fathering are main-
streamed into all policies and to implement these
policies and programs in different government
and community platforms.
Conduct community counselling with an aim
of highlighting the positives and the negatives
of “culture based” decisions and how at times
such decisions can produce “unintended” con-
sequences, children’s rights violation. Incorpo-
rate in the school curriculum issues related to
different family forms so that children can be
assisted to understand the dynamics of family
life as well as father absence and this could as-
sist in preventing problems like depression and
indiscipline that may be emanating from the
child’s anger issues. Black fathers must also be
encouraged to participate in school activities so
that they can give support aimed at improve-
ment of student achievement and inculcation of
good values.
8. 8 NONCEDO KHEWU AND EMMANUAL O. ADU
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