This literature review examines research on parenting by gay and lesbian couples compared to heterosexual couples. Several studies found no significant differences in child development or well-being based on parental sexual orientation. Children of gay and lesbian parents were shown to be psychologically healthy and well-adjusted, with academic performance and relationships not impacted by family type. The research supports the hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents are just as effective as heterosexual parents.
Risk and protective factors to adolescent fatherhoodMichela Rossetti
This article examines risk and protective factors related to adolescent fatherhood among males from four ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The study found that being married, living in poverty, living with a single father, teen substance use, and illegal activity were risk factors for adolescent fatherhood, while higher father's education and rural residence were sometimes protective factors depending on ethnicity. The risk and protective factors varied between the different ethnic groups.
Risk and protective factors to adolescent fatherhoodMichela Rossetti
This article examines risk and protective factors related to adolescent fatherhood among males from four ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The study found that being married, living in poverty, living with a single father, teen marijuana and cigarette use, and illegal activity were risk factors for adolescent fatherhood, while father's education and rural residence were protective factors depending on ethnicity. The article provides an overview of problem behavior theory and reviews literature on correlates of adolescent fatherhood such as marital status, family background, adolescent risk-taking behaviors, and self-esteem.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. The study involved a sample of 360 students who completed a self-esteem questionnaire. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between students from single-parent and dual-parent families. This suggests that a student's self-esteem depends more on other factors like the parent-child relationship and school environment rather than family structure alone. The study recommends addressing self-esteem issues from a holistic perspective for all students.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This study aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. A sample of 360 students completed a self-esteem questionnaire. An independent t-test found no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between the two groups. The study concluded that a student's level of self-esteem depends more on their relationship with parents and school environment rather than family structure alone. It recommended addressing self-esteem holistically for all students rather than focusing on family type.
10.11771066480704270150THE FAMILY JOURNAL COUNSELING AND THE.docxchristiandean12115
10.1177/1066480704270150THE FAMILY JOURNAL: COUNSELING AND THERAPY FOR COUPLES AND FAMILIES / January 2005Lambert / GAY AND LESBIAN FAMILIES
❖ Literature Review—Research
Gay and Lesbian Families:
What We Know and Where to Go From Here
Serena Lambert
Idaho State University
The author reviewed the research on gay and lesbian parents and
their children. The current body of research has been clear and con-
sistent in establishing that children of gay and lesbian parents are as
psychologically healthy as their peers from heterosexual homes.
However, this comparison approach to research design appears to
have limited the scope of research on gay and lesbian families, leav-
ing much of the experience of these families yet to be investigated.
Keywords: gay men; lesbians; parenting; families
The relationships and family lives of gay and lesbian peo-ple have been the focus of much controversy in the past
decade. The legal and social implications of gay and lesbian
parents appear to have clearly affected the direction that
researchers in the fields of psychology and sociology have
taken in regard to these diverse families. As clinicians, educa-
tors, and researchers, counselors need to be aware of and
involved with issues related to lesbian and gay family life for
several reasons. First, our professional code of ethics charges
us with the ethical responsibility to demonstrate a commit-
ment to gaining knowledge, personal awareness, sensitivity,
and skills significant for working with diverse populations
(American Counseling Association, 1995; International
Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, n.d.). Coun-
selors are also in a unique position to advocate for diverse
clients and families in their communities as well as in their
practices but must possess the knowledge to do so effectively
(Eriksen, 1999). It is believed that work in this area not only
has the potential to affect the lives of our gay and lesbian cli-
ents and their children but also influences developmental and
family theory and informs public policies for the future
(Patterson, 1995, 2000; Savin-Williams & Esterberg, 2000).
This article will review the recent research regarding fami-
lies headed by gay men and lesbians. Studies reviewed in-
clude investigations of gay or lesbian versus homosexual par-
ents, sources of diversity among gay and lesbian parents, and
the personal and sociological development of the children of
gay and lesbian parents. Implications for counselors as well
as directions for future research will also be discussed.
GAY AND LESBIAN PARENTS
How Many Are Out There?
Unfortunately, accurate statistics regarding the numbers
of families headed by gay men and lesbians in our culture are
difficult to determine. Due to fear of discrimination in one or
more aspects of their lives, many gay men and lesbians have
carefully kept their sexual orientation concealed—even from
their own children in some cases (Huggins, 1989). Patterson
(2000) noted that it is es.
Effects of Sexuality and Career Choice on Perceived Femininity of FathersMatthew Baumann
This study examined how a man's career choice (stay-at-home caregiver or working) and sexuality (homosexual or heterosexual) affected perceptions of his femininity. 98 participants read one of four vignettes that varied these factors, and completed a survey measuring perceived femininity. Results found no significant effects - a man's perceived femininity did not differ based on his career, sexuality, or their interaction. This suggests a lack of stigma or bias related to caregiving or homosexual fathers. While the hypotheses were not supported, the findings imply that perceptions are becoming less guided by gender stereotypes.
This literature review examines research on parenting by gay and lesbian couples compared to heterosexual couples. Several studies found no significant differences in child development or well-being based on parental sexual orientation. Children of gay and lesbian parents were shown to be psychologically healthy and well-adjusted, with academic performance and relationships not impacted by family type. The research supports the hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents are just as effective as heterosexual parents.
Risk and protective factors to adolescent fatherhoodMichela Rossetti
This article examines risk and protective factors related to adolescent fatherhood among males from four ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The study found that being married, living in poverty, living with a single father, teen substance use, and illegal activity were risk factors for adolescent fatherhood, while higher father's education and rural residence were sometimes protective factors depending on ethnicity. The risk and protective factors varied between the different ethnic groups.
Risk and protective factors to adolescent fatherhoodMichela Rossetti
This article examines risk and protective factors related to adolescent fatherhood among males from four ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The study found that being married, living in poverty, living with a single father, teen marijuana and cigarette use, and illegal activity were risk factors for adolescent fatherhood, while father's education and rural residence were protective factors depending on ethnicity. The article provides an overview of problem behavior theory and reviews literature on correlates of adolescent fatherhood such as marital status, family background, adolescent risk-taking behaviors, and self-esteem.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. The study involved a sample of 360 students who completed a self-esteem questionnaire. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between students from single-parent and dual-parent families. This suggests that a student's self-esteem depends more on other factors like the parent-child relationship and school environment rather than family structure alone. The study recommends addressing self-esteem issues from a holistic perspective for all students.
A comparative study of levels of self esteem among students of single and dua...Alexander Decker
This study aimed to compare levels of self-esteem among students from single-parent and dual-parent families in selected secondary schools in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. A sample of 360 students completed a self-esteem questionnaire. An independent t-test found no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels between the two groups. The study concluded that a student's level of self-esteem depends more on their relationship with parents and school environment rather than family structure alone. It recommended addressing self-esteem holistically for all students rather than focusing on family type.
10.11771066480704270150THE FAMILY JOURNAL COUNSELING AND THE.docxchristiandean12115
10.1177/1066480704270150THE FAMILY JOURNAL: COUNSELING AND THERAPY FOR COUPLES AND FAMILIES / January 2005Lambert / GAY AND LESBIAN FAMILIES
❖ Literature Review—Research
Gay and Lesbian Families:
What We Know and Where to Go From Here
Serena Lambert
Idaho State University
The author reviewed the research on gay and lesbian parents and
their children. The current body of research has been clear and con-
sistent in establishing that children of gay and lesbian parents are as
psychologically healthy as their peers from heterosexual homes.
However, this comparison approach to research design appears to
have limited the scope of research on gay and lesbian families, leav-
ing much of the experience of these families yet to be investigated.
Keywords: gay men; lesbians; parenting; families
The relationships and family lives of gay and lesbian peo-ple have been the focus of much controversy in the past
decade. The legal and social implications of gay and lesbian
parents appear to have clearly affected the direction that
researchers in the fields of psychology and sociology have
taken in regard to these diverse families. As clinicians, educa-
tors, and researchers, counselors need to be aware of and
involved with issues related to lesbian and gay family life for
several reasons. First, our professional code of ethics charges
us with the ethical responsibility to demonstrate a commit-
ment to gaining knowledge, personal awareness, sensitivity,
and skills significant for working with diverse populations
(American Counseling Association, 1995; International
Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, n.d.). Coun-
selors are also in a unique position to advocate for diverse
clients and families in their communities as well as in their
practices but must possess the knowledge to do so effectively
(Eriksen, 1999). It is believed that work in this area not only
has the potential to affect the lives of our gay and lesbian cli-
ents and their children but also influences developmental and
family theory and informs public policies for the future
(Patterson, 1995, 2000; Savin-Williams & Esterberg, 2000).
This article will review the recent research regarding fami-
lies headed by gay men and lesbians. Studies reviewed in-
clude investigations of gay or lesbian versus homosexual par-
ents, sources of diversity among gay and lesbian parents, and
the personal and sociological development of the children of
gay and lesbian parents. Implications for counselors as well
as directions for future research will also be discussed.
GAY AND LESBIAN PARENTS
How Many Are Out There?
Unfortunately, accurate statistics regarding the numbers
of families headed by gay men and lesbians in our culture are
difficult to determine. Due to fear of discrimination in one or
more aspects of their lives, many gay men and lesbians have
carefully kept their sexual orientation concealed—even from
their own children in some cases (Huggins, 1989). Patterson
(2000) noted that it is es.
Effects of Sexuality and Career Choice on Perceived Femininity of FathersMatthew Baumann
This study examined how a man's career choice (stay-at-home caregiver or working) and sexuality (homosexual or heterosexual) affected perceptions of his femininity. 98 participants read one of four vignettes that varied these factors, and completed a survey measuring perceived femininity. Results found no significant effects - a man's perceived femininity did not differ based on his career, sexuality, or their interaction. This suggests a lack of stigma or bias related to caregiving or homosexual fathers. While the hypotheses were not supported, the findings imply that perceptions are becoming less guided by gender stereotypes.
This study examined cultural socialization practices among families headed by same-sex parents. The researchers adapted a framework used to study racial and ethnic minority parents and applied it to same-sex families. They hypothesized same-sex parents would report behaviors consistent with Preparation for Bias and Cultural Socialization. A survey was administered to 95 same-sex parents to assess these dimensions as well as additional behaviors termed Proactive Parenting. Results revealed same-sex parents endorsed strategies aimed at promoting awareness of diverse family structures and preparing children for potential stigma, aligned with Preparation for Bias, Cultural Socialization, and Proactive Parenting. This contributes to understanding same-sex parenting and justifies broadening the conceptualization of cultural socialization.
This document summarizes a study that examined associations among parenting styles, beliefs about parental authority, and parent-adolescent conflict among Iranian mothers with middle adolescent children. The study found that mothers viewed parental authority as less legitimate for personal issues than for conventional or safety issues. Less educated and poorer mothers tended to have more authoritarian parenting styles and this was associated with more frequent and intense conflicts with their adolescents. Conflicts also occurred more when mothers viewed parental authority as less legitimate for safety issues or more legitimate for personal issues, especially for mothers of boys. Overall, the study found that despite variations in education and social class, conflicts reflected negotiations over boundaries between mothers' authority and adolescents' personal autonomy as they develop into young adults.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Adoles.docxmaxinesmith73660
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Adolescence
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adolescence
Young adolescents’ responsiveness to sexual communication with
their mother: Distinguishing diverse intentions
Heather A. Sears∗, Brett S. Robinson1, E. Sandra Byers
Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Responsiveness
Intentions
Sexual communication
Young adolescents
Mothers
A B S T R A C T
Introduction: It is unlikely that parents can have effective sexuality discussions with their ado-
lescent if the adolescent is not responsive to their efforts. We evaluated young adolescents’ in-
tentions of being responsive to sexual communication with their mother and whether youths who
were likely, ambivalent, or unlikely to be responsive differed on their characteristics, features of
previous sexual communication, and features of the mother-adolescent relationship.
Methods: Participants were 259 Canadian adolescents (12–14 years; 53% girls) who received and
returned a survey by mail. They completed measures of responsiveness intentions, expected
outcomes of sexual communication, extent of past sexual communication, the frequency with
which mothers encouraged questions and provided information about sexuality topics, open
communication, and mothers’ provision of warmth, structure, and autonomy support.
Results: We found that 37% of adolescents were likely to be responsive to sexual communication
with their mother, 34% were ambivalent, and 29% were unlikely to be responsive. Youths’ re-
sponsiveness intentions were general rather than topic-specific. A discriminant analysis showed
that only features of previous sexual communication separated all three groups whereas specific
mother-adolescent relationship features (open communication and structure) and one adolescent
characteristic (expected outcomes) separated the unlikely group from the other groups.
Conclusions: Young adolescents' intentions of being responsive to sexual communication from
their mother are diverse yet general in nature. Mothers' engagement in sexual communication
appears essential for youths' openness to these discussions. Enhancing specific mother-adolescent
relationship features and youths’ outcome expectations may shift adolescents who are resistant to
sexuality discussions to being more sure.
1. Introduction
Communication between parents and their adolescents about sexual health topics has the potential to be a win-win situation for
both parties. For parents, sexual communication is an opportunity to fulfill one of their acknowledged responsibilities by providing
information that can prevent negative sexual outcomes and sharing attitudes and values (Flores & Barroso, 2017; Jerman &
Constantine, 2010). For adolescents, sexual communication is an opportunity to gain factual information and practical skills from one
of their preferred sources of sexu.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Adoles.docxdickonsondorris
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Adolescence
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adolescence
Young adolescents’ responsiveness to sexual communication with
their mother: Distinguishing diverse intentions
Heather A. Sears∗, Brett S. Robinson1, E. Sandra Byers
Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Responsiveness
Intentions
Sexual communication
Young adolescents
Mothers
A B S T R A C T
Introduction: It is unlikely that parents can have effective sexuality discussions with their ado-
lescent if the adolescent is not responsive to their efforts. We evaluated young adolescents’ in-
tentions of being responsive to sexual communication with their mother and whether youths who
were likely, ambivalent, or unlikely to be responsive differed on their characteristics, features of
previous sexual communication, and features of the mother-adolescent relationship.
Methods: Participants were 259 Canadian adolescents (12–14 years; 53% girls) who received and
returned a survey by mail. They completed measures of responsiveness intentions, expected
outcomes of sexual communication, extent of past sexual communication, the frequency with
which mothers encouraged questions and provided information about sexuality topics, open
communication, and mothers’ provision of warmth, structure, and autonomy support.
Results: We found that 37% of adolescents were likely to be responsive to sexual communication
with their mother, 34% were ambivalent, and 29% were unlikely to be responsive. Youths’ re-
sponsiveness intentions were general rather than topic-specific. A discriminant analysis showed
that only features of previous sexual communication separated all three groups whereas specific
mother-adolescent relationship features (open communication and structure) and one adolescent
characteristic (expected outcomes) separated the unlikely group from the other groups.
Conclusions: Young adolescents' intentions of being responsive to sexual communication from
their mother are diverse yet general in nature. Mothers' engagement in sexual communication
appears essential for youths' openness to these discussions. Enhancing specific mother-adolescent
relationship features and youths’ outcome expectations may shift adolescents who are resistant to
sexuality discussions to being more sure.
1. Introduction
Communication between parents and their adolescents about sexual health topics has the potential to be a win-win situation for
both parties. For parents, sexual communication is an opportunity to fulfill one of their acknowledged responsibilities by providing
information that can prevent negative sexual outcomes and sharing attitudes and values (Flores & Barroso, 2017; Jerman &
Constantine, 2010). For adolescents, sexual communication is an opportunity to gain factual information and practical skills from one
of their preferred sources of sexu.
Examining the role of parental factors on depression amongUrBetseyCalderon89
Examining the role of parental factors on depression among
Urban African American youth living in public housing
Anthony T. Estreet a,b, Dawn Thurmana, Sapphire Goodmana,b, M. Taqi Tirmazia,b,
Takisha J. Cartera, and Von Nebbittc
aSchool of Social Work, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; bHealth & Addiction Research
Training Lab, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; cGeorge Warren Brown School of Social
Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the potential risk and protective parental factors
associated with depression among African American youth living in
public housing. Utilizing a community-based participatory research
approach, 239 African-American youth surveys were collected during
2013–2014 in two urban public housing developments with low
socioeconomic profiles. Over half (52.3%) of the sample was in high
school and female (58%). 65.3% reported living with their mother
while 38% reported being employed. Bivariate analysis revealed sig-
nificant correlations between depression and maternal substance
abuse, paternal monitoring, parent-child relationship, and family
time. Results from the regression analyses indicated that higher
depression scores were significantly associated with youth who
reported poor parent-child relationships, low levels of paternal super-
vision and high levels of maternal drug abuse. These findings provide
support for claims about the importance of parent-child relationship
and paternal monitoring as a protective factor for depressive symp-
toms, particularly during adolescence. Moreover, findings suggest
that interventions which are targeted towards urban African
American youth should address parental factors as a pathway to
decrease depression among this population.
KEYWORDS
Depression; risk factors;
protective factors; African
American; youth
Introduction
Depression among African Americans youth is a major public health concern that has
been linked to substance use, heightened sex-risk and suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation and
attempts) (Breland-Noble, Burriss, & Poole, 2010; Okwumabua, Okwumabua, & Wong,
2014). Although there has been a slight increase in focus on depression among African
American youth over the last decade, this group remains understudied in mental health
research (Matlin, Molock, & Tebes, 2011). Evidence suggests that parents and family play
a critical role in the lives of their adolescent and emerging adult children (Lindsey, Joe, &
Nebbitt, 2010). It is reasonable to postulate, therefore, that parental factors are related to
the emotional well-being of urban African American youth. Using a sample of 239 African
American youth living in urban public housing, this paper contributes to the gap in
CONTACT Anthony T. Estreet [email protected] School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700
East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
2018, ...
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
Parents’ Sexual Orientation And Child OutcomesCarlos Flores
The document discusses research on outcomes for children with parents who are homosexual versus heterosexual. Early research had problems with social prejudice and discrimination. More recent research shows that children with homosexual parents do not differ in their sexual or gender identities compared to those with heterosexual parents. Research also shows that children with homosexual parents have normal social and emotional adjustment and are not more likely to experience issues like problems in school, legal troubles, or becoming dysfunctional parents themselves. However, some studies have found children with homosexual parents may be slightly more at risk for issues like substance abuse. The quality of the parent-child relationship appears to be a more significant predictor of child outcomes than the parent's sexual orientation alone.
An empirical test of low self-control theory among hispanic youth (Published)Eliseo Vera
This study examines the applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime in explaining delinquency among Hispanic youth. Specifically, it tests whether key dimensions of parental monitoring and recognition of deviant behavior predict levels of self-control, and whether low self-control mediates the relationship between parenting and deviant behaviors. The study uses a sample of 277 Hispanic youth to analyze these relationships. Previous research on the theory has produced mixed findings regarding the impact of parenting on self-control and the mediating role of self-control.
Homeless youth face significant barriers to completing their education. They have high rates of poverty, abuse, neglect, family conflict, substance abuse, mental health issues, pregnancy, and involvement in dangerous survival activities like drug dealing, prostitution, and sex work. As a result, homeless youth struggle academically and have much lower graduation rates than housed youth. Particular groups like LGBTQ youth and those aging out of foster care are especially vulnerable. Programs and policies aim to help homeless youth access education services and overcome challenges to complete their schooling, but many still fall through the cracks due to complex individual circumstances and systemic barriers.
social and ethical literature aspects of sex selectionreviewMitu Khosla
This document provides a literature review and annotated bibliography on social and ethical aspects of sex selection. It summarizes the objective, search methods, key findings from attitudinal studies of the general population and medical/ancillary staff on views toward sex selection. Several general population surveys from the 1970s-1980s in the US and UK found a preference for gender balance over a single sex. Studies of couples seeking sex selection found preferences varied by culture/region.
Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward same-sex parenting: The case of PortugalPedro Alexandre Costa
1) The study examined heterosexual attitudes toward same-sex parenting in Portugal, finding some differences compared to attitudes toward opposite-sex parenting.
2) Men and religious Catholics expressed more negative views of same-sex parenting than women and atheists. Both men and women anticipated social victimization of children with same-sex parents.
3) While evaluations of parenting ability did not significantly differ between same- and opposite-sex couples, same-sex parents were seen as posing more emotional and social risks to children. The study highlights concerns over discrimination facing children with same-sex parents.
Violence prevention programs an exploratory study of the chojas18
This document summarizes a study that examined characteristics of youth who participated in a court diversion program for family violence offenses to determine what characteristics prevented completion. The study found that delinquency characteristics like prior violent arrests and school truancy significantly impacted completion rates. Specifically, youth with these risk factors were less likely to successfully complete the program. The findings suggest a more tailored intervention approach is needed for high-risk, multi-problem youth to address recidivism.
Research Proposal - Perceived Parenting StylesThomas Epling
This study aims to determine the parenting styles most associated with homelessness by surveying 100 homeless and 100 non-homeless individuals. It will use a validated questionnaire measuring Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. The researcher predicts permissive parenting will be most correlated with homelessness and that significant differences will exist between the two groups' perceived parenting. Findings could help social workers better understand and treat homeless populations.
This document summarizes a study that examined attitudes towards same-sex marriage among 150 undergraduate students in South Africa. The study found that approximately 44% of students felt homosexuality should not be socially acceptable. Additionally, over half of students believed marriage should only be between a man and woman. However, 55% also thought same-sex couples deserved legal protections as a human right. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that many people hold a traditional view of marriage as only between opposite sexes.
This document summarizes a study that examined attitudes towards same-sex marriage among 150 undergraduate students in South Africa. The study found that approximately 44% of students felt homosexuality should not be socially acceptable. Additionally, over half of students believed marriage should only be between a man and woman. However, 55% also thought same-sex couples deserved legal protections as a human right. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that many people hold a traditional view of marriage as only between opposite sexes.
This document summarizes research on child sexual abuse across cultures. It begins by reviewing prevalence studies from around the world that show rates of child sexual abuse ranging from 7-36% for females and 3-29% for males. A few exceptions outside these ranges are noted from studies among Native Canadians, South Africans, and Malaysians. The document then provides a more detailed review of recent prevalence studies and report data on child sexual abuse in various world regions, including the Americas, Western Europe, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific. The goal is to broaden understanding of child sexual abuse beyond Western cultures and address this issue inclusively across all societies.
This document summarizes literature on teen pregnancy and how family dynamics can affect rates of teen pregnancy. It finds that rates of teen pregnancy have increased in the last two decades, especially among African American females aged 15-19. Strong, engaged fathering contributes positively to child well-being while family stressors like single parenthood can increase risky behaviors. Interviews with teen mothers and grandparents explored how extended family relationships impact adolescent parenting skills and outcomes.
Steve Vitto :A Case for Tarheted Imterventions and PBISSteve Vitto
The document discusses factors that place children at risk of academic failure and identifies targeted interventions that can help support at-risk students. It notes that children from low-income families or who experience issues like poverty, lack of early literacy exposure, family instability, or behavioral/emotional problems are particularly vulnerable. The document advocates for early and individualized interventions in school, including strengthening student engagement, self-esteem, organizational skills, and relationships, to improve outcomes for at-risk children.
CCC Hook Ups Among the Youths and Adolescents Discussion.docxwrite12
This document discusses trends in casual sexual behavior, known as "hooking up", among adolescents and young adults. It finds that while most teens have their first sexual experience in a dating relationship, over 60% will eventually have sex with someone they are not dating. College students often participate in hook ups, with over half of men and a third of women reporting intercourse from a hook up. Psychological factors like low self-esteem and unrestrictive personalities correlate with increased hook up behavior. Various risks can arise from hook ups like STIs, unplanned pregnancy, and negative psychological effects. Education on relationships and preventative measures from families can help address these issues.
…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young .docxanhlodge
“…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young people the skills, knowledge, and critical awareness to become productive members of a diverse and democratic society, a broadly conceptualize multicultural education can have a decisive influence.” Textbook page 338.
What steps do you think schools can or should take to promote our democracy in today’s very diverse country?
Food festivals and celebrating a cultural holiday will not be accepted as an answer. Those are examples of tokenism to make the dominant culture feel like they are doing something. These two activities are fun and interesting, but not how we will strengthen our democracy.
.
✍Report OverviewIn this assignment, you will Document an.docxanhlodge
✍
Report Overview
In this assignment, you will
Document and reflect on your university education and on learning experiences outside of the university;
Articulate how your upper-level coursework is an integrated and individualized curriculum built around your interests; and
Highlight the experiences, skills, and projects that show what you can do.
A successful report submission will be the product of many hours of work over several weeks.
A report earning maximum available points will be a carefully curated and edited explanation of your work that provides tangible evidence of—and insights into—your competencies and capabilities over time. In each section of this report, you are (1) telling a story about your own abilities, and (2) providing specific examples and evidence that illustrate and support your claims.
✍
Required Report Sections
Here the sections are listed as they must appear in your final graded submission. You’ll arrange the sections in this order when
submitting
the final report BUT you won’t follow this order when
writing
drafts of each section.
Note that each section description contains a Pro Tip that tells you how to proceed with the work – what to attempt first, second, and third, etc.
❖ I. Statement of Purpose ❖
Step 1.
Read these four very different
examples of successful Statement of Purpose sections
.
Step 2.
Consider the differences in tone, style, level of detail etc. Your own statement of purpose may resemble one of these. Indeed, writing a first draft based on an example or combination of examples is a good idea. BUT don’t let these examples limit your thinking or personal expression. You may want to begin with a quote from a famous person, use a quote from your mom, or skip the quote. You may want to discuss your personal motivations or get right down to the facts. You may want to list your classes or discuss how your work-life led you to this path.
Step 3.
Write a rough draft – let’s call that Statement of Purpose 1.0. Write Statement of Purpose 1.0 as quickly as you can and then put it away until after you have completed most of the report. Forget about Statement of Purpose 1.0 until most of your report is at least in draft form.
Step 4.
Once you have a draft of all sections of your report, you are in a good position to revise Statement of Purpose 1. You are ready for Step 4. Take Statement of Purpose 1.0 out its dusty vault and hold it up to the sun. Ah. Now read your report draft and compare it to the claims you made in Statement of Purpose 1.0. Ask yourself these questions:
Does Statement of Purpose 1.0. accurately introduce my report?
Are there important ideas or representative experiences in the report that should be highlighted in the Statement of Purpose but aren’t? Remember this isn’t a treasure hunt where its your reader’s job to figure out what matters. It’s your job to show the reader what matters.
If Statement of Purpose 1.0. isn’t the best map it can be for th.
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Similar to Scanned by CamScannerJournal of Human Behavior in th.docx
This study examined cultural socialization practices among families headed by same-sex parents. The researchers adapted a framework used to study racial and ethnic minority parents and applied it to same-sex families. They hypothesized same-sex parents would report behaviors consistent with Preparation for Bias and Cultural Socialization. A survey was administered to 95 same-sex parents to assess these dimensions as well as additional behaviors termed Proactive Parenting. Results revealed same-sex parents endorsed strategies aimed at promoting awareness of diverse family structures and preparing children for potential stigma, aligned with Preparation for Bias, Cultural Socialization, and Proactive Parenting. This contributes to understanding same-sex parenting and justifies broadening the conceptualization of cultural socialization.
This document summarizes a study that examined associations among parenting styles, beliefs about parental authority, and parent-adolescent conflict among Iranian mothers with middle adolescent children. The study found that mothers viewed parental authority as less legitimate for personal issues than for conventional or safety issues. Less educated and poorer mothers tended to have more authoritarian parenting styles and this was associated with more frequent and intense conflicts with their adolescents. Conflicts also occurred more when mothers viewed parental authority as less legitimate for safety issues or more legitimate for personal issues, especially for mothers of boys. Overall, the study found that despite variations in education and social class, conflicts reflected negotiations over boundaries between mothers' authority and adolescents' personal autonomy as they develop into young adults.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Adoles.docxmaxinesmith73660
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Adolescence
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adolescence
Young adolescents’ responsiveness to sexual communication with
their mother: Distinguishing diverse intentions
Heather A. Sears∗, Brett S. Robinson1, E. Sandra Byers
Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Responsiveness
Intentions
Sexual communication
Young adolescents
Mothers
A B S T R A C T
Introduction: It is unlikely that parents can have effective sexuality discussions with their ado-
lescent if the adolescent is not responsive to their efforts. We evaluated young adolescents’ in-
tentions of being responsive to sexual communication with their mother and whether youths who
were likely, ambivalent, or unlikely to be responsive differed on their characteristics, features of
previous sexual communication, and features of the mother-adolescent relationship.
Methods: Participants were 259 Canadian adolescents (12–14 years; 53% girls) who received and
returned a survey by mail. They completed measures of responsiveness intentions, expected
outcomes of sexual communication, extent of past sexual communication, the frequency with
which mothers encouraged questions and provided information about sexuality topics, open
communication, and mothers’ provision of warmth, structure, and autonomy support.
Results: We found that 37% of adolescents were likely to be responsive to sexual communication
with their mother, 34% were ambivalent, and 29% were unlikely to be responsive. Youths’ re-
sponsiveness intentions were general rather than topic-specific. A discriminant analysis showed
that only features of previous sexual communication separated all three groups whereas specific
mother-adolescent relationship features (open communication and structure) and one adolescent
characteristic (expected outcomes) separated the unlikely group from the other groups.
Conclusions: Young adolescents' intentions of being responsive to sexual communication from
their mother are diverse yet general in nature. Mothers' engagement in sexual communication
appears essential for youths' openness to these discussions. Enhancing specific mother-adolescent
relationship features and youths’ outcome expectations may shift adolescents who are resistant to
sexuality discussions to being more sure.
1. Introduction
Communication between parents and their adolescents about sexual health topics has the potential to be a win-win situation for
both parties. For parents, sexual communication is an opportunity to fulfill one of their acknowledged responsibilities by providing
information that can prevent negative sexual outcomes and sharing attitudes and values (Flores & Barroso, 2017; Jerman &
Constantine, 2010). For adolescents, sexual communication is an opportunity to gain factual information and practical skills from one
of their preferred sources of sexu.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Adoles.docxdickonsondorris
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Adolescence
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adolescence
Young adolescents’ responsiveness to sexual communication with
their mother: Distinguishing diverse intentions
Heather A. Sears∗, Brett S. Robinson1, E. Sandra Byers
Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Responsiveness
Intentions
Sexual communication
Young adolescents
Mothers
A B S T R A C T
Introduction: It is unlikely that parents can have effective sexuality discussions with their ado-
lescent if the adolescent is not responsive to their efforts. We evaluated young adolescents’ in-
tentions of being responsive to sexual communication with their mother and whether youths who
were likely, ambivalent, or unlikely to be responsive differed on their characteristics, features of
previous sexual communication, and features of the mother-adolescent relationship.
Methods: Participants were 259 Canadian adolescents (12–14 years; 53% girls) who received and
returned a survey by mail. They completed measures of responsiveness intentions, expected
outcomes of sexual communication, extent of past sexual communication, the frequency with
which mothers encouraged questions and provided information about sexuality topics, open
communication, and mothers’ provision of warmth, structure, and autonomy support.
Results: We found that 37% of adolescents were likely to be responsive to sexual communication
with their mother, 34% were ambivalent, and 29% were unlikely to be responsive. Youths’ re-
sponsiveness intentions were general rather than topic-specific. A discriminant analysis showed
that only features of previous sexual communication separated all three groups whereas specific
mother-adolescent relationship features (open communication and structure) and one adolescent
characteristic (expected outcomes) separated the unlikely group from the other groups.
Conclusions: Young adolescents' intentions of being responsive to sexual communication from
their mother are diverse yet general in nature. Mothers' engagement in sexual communication
appears essential for youths' openness to these discussions. Enhancing specific mother-adolescent
relationship features and youths’ outcome expectations may shift adolescents who are resistant to
sexuality discussions to being more sure.
1. Introduction
Communication between parents and their adolescents about sexual health topics has the potential to be a win-win situation for
both parties. For parents, sexual communication is an opportunity to fulfill one of their acknowledged responsibilities by providing
information that can prevent negative sexual outcomes and sharing attitudes and values (Flores & Barroso, 2017; Jerman &
Constantine, 2010). For adolescents, sexual communication is an opportunity to gain factual information and practical skills from one
of their preferred sources of sexu.
Examining the role of parental factors on depression amongUrBetseyCalderon89
Examining the role of parental factors on depression among
Urban African American youth living in public housing
Anthony T. Estreet a,b, Dawn Thurmana, Sapphire Goodmana,b, M. Taqi Tirmazia,b,
Takisha J. Cartera, and Von Nebbittc
aSchool of Social Work, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; bHealth & Addiction Research
Training Lab, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; cGeorge Warren Brown School of Social
Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the potential risk and protective parental factors
associated with depression among African American youth living in
public housing. Utilizing a community-based participatory research
approach, 239 African-American youth surveys were collected during
2013–2014 in two urban public housing developments with low
socioeconomic profiles. Over half (52.3%) of the sample was in high
school and female (58%). 65.3% reported living with their mother
while 38% reported being employed. Bivariate analysis revealed sig-
nificant correlations between depression and maternal substance
abuse, paternal monitoring, parent-child relationship, and family
time. Results from the regression analyses indicated that higher
depression scores were significantly associated with youth who
reported poor parent-child relationships, low levels of paternal super-
vision and high levels of maternal drug abuse. These findings provide
support for claims about the importance of parent-child relationship
and paternal monitoring as a protective factor for depressive symp-
toms, particularly during adolescence. Moreover, findings suggest
that interventions which are targeted towards urban African
American youth should address parental factors as a pathway to
decrease depression among this population.
KEYWORDS
Depression; risk factors;
protective factors; African
American; youth
Introduction
Depression among African Americans youth is a major public health concern that has
been linked to substance use, heightened sex-risk and suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation and
attempts) (Breland-Noble, Burriss, & Poole, 2010; Okwumabua, Okwumabua, & Wong,
2014). Although there has been a slight increase in focus on depression among African
American youth over the last decade, this group remains understudied in mental health
research (Matlin, Molock, & Tebes, 2011). Evidence suggests that parents and family play
a critical role in the lives of their adolescent and emerging adult children (Lindsey, Joe, &
Nebbitt, 2010). It is reasonable to postulate, therefore, that parental factors are related to
the emotional well-being of urban African American youth. Using a sample of 239 African
American youth living in urban public housing, this paper contributes to the gap in
CONTACT Anthony T. Estreet [email protected] School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700
East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
2018, ...
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
Parents’ Sexual Orientation And Child OutcomesCarlos Flores
The document discusses research on outcomes for children with parents who are homosexual versus heterosexual. Early research had problems with social prejudice and discrimination. More recent research shows that children with homosexual parents do not differ in their sexual or gender identities compared to those with heterosexual parents. Research also shows that children with homosexual parents have normal social and emotional adjustment and are not more likely to experience issues like problems in school, legal troubles, or becoming dysfunctional parents themselves. However, some studies have found children with homosexual parents may be slightly more at risk for issues like substance abuse. The quality of the parent-child relationship appears to be a more significant predictor of child outcomes than the parent's sexual orientation alone.
An empirical test of low self-control theory among hispanic youth (Published)Eliseo Vera
This study examines the applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime in explaining delinquency among Hispanic youth. Specifically, it tests whether key dimensions of parental monitoring and recognition of deviant behavior predict levels of self-control, and whether low self-control mediates the relationship between parenting and deviant behaviors. The study uses a sample of 277 Hispanic youth to analyze these relationships. Previous research on the theory has produced mixed findings regarding the impact of parenting on self-control and the mediating role of self-control.
Homeless youth face significant barriers to completing their education. They have high rates of poverty, abuse, neglect, family conflict, substance abuse, mental health issues, pregnancy, and involvement in dangerous survival activities like drug dealing, prostitution, and sex work. As a result, homeless youth struggle academically and have much lower graduation rates than housed youth. Particular groups like LGBTQ youth and those aging out of foster care are especially vulnerable. Programs and policies aim to help homeless youth access education services and overcome challenges to complete their schooling, but many still fall through the cracks due to complex individual circumstances and systemic barriers.
social and ethical literature aspects of sex selectionreviewMitu Khosla
This document provides a literature review and annotated bibliography on social and ethical aspects of sex selection. It summarizes the objective, search methods, key findings from attitudinal studies of the general population and medical/ancillary staff on views toward sex selection. Several general population surveys from the 1970s-1980s in the US and UK found a preference for gender balance over a single sex. Studies of couples seeking sex selection found preferences varied by culture/region.
Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward same-sex parenting: The case of PortugalPedro Alexandre Costa
1) The study examined heterosexual attitudes toward same-sex parenting in Portugal, finding some differences compared to attitudes toward opposite-sex parenting.
2) Men and religious Catholics expressed more negative views of same-sex parenting than women and atheists. Both men and women anticipated social victimization of children with same-sex parents.
3) While evaluations of parenting ability did not significantly differ between same- and opposite-sex couples, same-sex parents were seen as posing more emotional and social risks to children. The study highlights concerns over discrimination facing children with same-sex parents.
Violence prevention programs an exploratory study of the chojas18
This document summarizes a study that examined characteristics of youth who participated in a court diversion program for family violence offenses to determine what characteristics prevented completion. The study found that delinquency characteristics like prior violent arrests and school truancy significantly impacted completion rates. Specifically, youth with these risk factors were less likely to successfully complete the program. The findings suggest a more tailored intervention approach is needed for high-risk, multi-problem youth to address recidivism.
Research Proposal - Perceived Parenting StylesThomas Epling
This study aims to determine the parenting styles most associated with homelessness by surveying 100 homeless and 100 non-homeless individuals. It will use a validated questionnaire measuring Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. The researcher predicts permissive parenting will be most correlated with homelessness and that significant differences will exist between the two groups' perceived parenting. Findings could help social workers better understand and treat homeless populations.
This document summarizes a study that examined attitudes towards same-sex marriage among 150 undergraduate students in South Africa. The study found that approximately 44% of students felt homosexuality should not be socially acceptable. Additionally, over half of students believed marriage should only be between a man and woman. However, 55% also thought same-sex couples deserved legal protections as a human right. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that many people hold a traditional view of marriage as only between opposite sexes.
This document summarizes a study that examined attitudes towards same-sex marriage among 150 undergraduate students in South Africa. The study found that approximately 44% of students felt homosexuality should not be socially acceptable. Additionally, over half of students believed marriage should only be between a man and woman. However, 55% also thought same-sex couples deserved legal protections as a human right. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that many people hold a traditional view of marriage as only between opposite sexes.
This document summarizes research on child sexual abuse across cultures. It begins by reviewing prevalence studies from around the world that show rates of child sexual abuse ranging from 7-36% for females and 3-29% for males. A few exceptions outside these ranges are noted from studies among Native Canadians, South Africans, and Malaysians. The document then provides a more detailed review of recent prevalence studies and report data on child sexual abuse in various world regions, including the Americas, Western Europe, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific. The goal is to broaden understanding of child sexual abuse beyond Western cultures and address this issue inclusively across all societies.
This document summarizes literature on teen pregnancy and how family dynamics can affect rates of teen pregnancy. It finds that rates of teen pregnancy have increased in the last two decades, especially among African American females aged 15-19. Strong, engaged fathering contributes positively to child well-being while family stressors like single parenthood can increase risky behaviors. Interviews with teen mothers and grandparents explored how extended family relationships impact adolescent parenting skills and outcomes.
Steve Vitto :A Case for Tarheted Imterventions and PBISSteve Vitto
The document discusses factors that place children at risk of academic failure and identifies targeted interventions that can help support at-risk students. It notes that children from low-income families or who experience issues like poverty, lack of early literacy exposure, family instability, or behavioral/emotional problems are particularly vulnerable. The document advocates for early and individualized interventions in school, including strengthening student engagement, self-esteem, organizational skills, and relationships, to improve outcomes for at-risk children.
CCC Hook Ups Among the Youths and Adolescents Discussion.docxwrite12
This document discusses trends in casual sexual behavior, known as "hooking up", among adolescents and young adults. It finds that while most teens have their first sexual experience in a dating relationship, over 60% will eventually have sex with someone they are not dating. College students often participate in hook ups, with over half of men and a third of women reporting intercourse from a hook up. Psychological factors like low self-esteem and unrestrictive personalities correlate with increased hook up behavior. Various risks can arise from hook ups like STIs, unplanned pregnancy, and negative psychological effects. Education on relationships and preventative measures from families can help address these issues.
Similar to Scanned by CamScannerJournal of Human Behavior in th.docx (20)
…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young .docxanhlodge
“…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young people the skills, knowledge, and critical awareness to become productive members of a diverse and democratic society, a broadly conceptualize multicultural education can have a decisive influence.” Textbook page 338.
What steps do you think schools can or should take to promote our democracy in today’s very diverse country?
Food festivals and celebrating a cultural holiday will not be accepted as an answer. Those are examples of tokenism to make the dominant culture feel like they are doing something. These two activities are fun and interesting, but not how we will strengthen our democracy.
.
✍Report OverviewIn this assignment, you will Document an.docxanhlodge
✍
Report Overview
In this assignment, you will
Document and reflect on your university education and on learning experiences outside of the university;
Articulate how your upper-level coursework is an integrated and individualized curriculum built around your interests; and
Highlight the experiences, skills, and projects that show what you can do.
A successful report submission will be the product of many hours of work over several weeks.
A report earning maximum available points will be a carefully curated and edited explanation of your work that provides tangible evidence of—and insights into—your competencies and capabilities over time. In each section of this report, you are (1) telling a story about your own abilities, and (2) providing specific examples and evidence that illustrate and support your claims.
✍
Required Report Sections
Here the sections are listed as they must appear in your final graded submission. You’ll arrange the sections in this order when
submitting
the final report BUT you won’t follow this order when
writing
drafts of each section.
Note that each section description contains a Pro Tip that tells you how to proceed with the work – what to attempt first, second, and third, etc.
❖ I. Statement of Purpose ❖
Step 1.
Read these four very different
examples of successful Statement of Purpose sections
.
Step 2.
Consider the differences in tone, style, level of detail etc. Your own statement of purpose may resemble one of these. Indeed, writing a first draft based on an example or combination of examples is a good idea. BUT don’t let these examples limit your thinking or personal expression. You may want to begin with a quote from a famous person, use a quote from your mom, or skip the quote. You may want to discuss your personal motivations or get right down to the facts. You may want to list your classes or discuss how your work-life led you to this path.
Step 3.
Write a rough draft – let’s call that Statement of Purpose 1.0. Write Statement of Purpose 1.0 as quickly as you can and then put it away until after you have completed most of the report. Forget about Statement of Purpose 1.0 until most of your report is at least in draft form.
Step 4.
Once you have a draft of all sections of your report, you are in a good position to revise Statement of Purpose 1. You are ready for Step 4. Take Statement of Purpose 1.0 out its dusty vault and hold it up to the sun. Ah. Now read your report draft and compare it to the claims you made in Statement of Purpose 1.0. Ask yourself these questions:
Does Statement of Purpose 1.0. accurately introduce my report?
Are there important ideas or representative experiences in the report that should be highlighted in the Statement of Purpose but aren’t? Remember this isn’t a treasure hunt where its your reader’s job to figure out what matters. It’s your job to show the reader what matters.
If Statement of Purpose 1.0. isn’t the best map it can be for th.
☰Menu×NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population H.docxanhlodge
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Menu
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NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health
Back to Course Home
Course Calendar
Syllabus
Course Information
Resource List
Support, Guidelines, and Policies
Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
Module 5
Module 6
.
▪ Learning Outcomes1.Understand the basic concepts and termin.docxanhlodge
▪
Learning Outcomes:1.
Understand the basic concepts and terminology used in Strategic Management. (Lo 1.2)2.
Understand the Corporation Social Responsibility
(Lo 1.4).3.
Explain how executive leadership is an important part of strategic management (Lo 3.4)
✓
Question 1
: How does strategic management typically evolve in a corporation? (
1Mark)
✓
Question 2
: Discuss the influence of globalization, social responsibility and environmental sustainability on strategic management of a corporation.(
2 Marks
)
✓
Question 3:
In what ways can a corporation’s structure and culture be internal strengths or weaknesses? Justify your answer by examples from real market. (
1Mark)
✓
Question 4:
When does a corporation need a board of directors? Justify your answer by an example from Saudi market.
(1 Mark)
Notes:
-
Your answers
(for the
4
questions)
MUST include at least
three scholarly peer-reviewed references
,
using a proper referencing style (APA).
Keep in mind that these scholarly references
can be found
in the
Saudi Digital Library (SDL).
-
Make sure to support your statements with logic and argument, citing all sources referenced.
Your answers should not include m
.
● What are some of the reasons that a MNE would choose internationa.docxanhlodge
● What are some of the reasons that a MNE would choose international expansion through an acquisition? An IJV? An alliance?
● What are the variables that would influence the decision?
● Which choice do you believe is best for the likely benefit of the firm? (Cite and reference).
.
▶︎ Prompt 1 Think about whether you identify with either Blue or .docxanhlodge
▶︎ Prompt 1:
Think about whether you identify with either Blue or Red or "Left vs. Right" characteristics of conservative or liberal, left or right America. Do you see yourself, or the people in the place you grew up, on either side of the divide, or perhaps in a different political category? Share some ways in which you identify with some of the descriptions, or ways in which they seem foreign to you.
I'll attach the picture below
.
⁞ InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options .docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options below and, in your post, write a paraphrase that avoids plagiarism of the paragraph you have chosen. Your paraphrase can be as long as the excerpt you have chosen, but should not duplicate any phrasing from the excerpt. If you must, you can quote up to three words in a phrase.
Choose to paraphrase ONE of the excerpts below:
Option 1
Morrison began writing Sula in 1969, a time of great activism among African Americans and others who were working toward equal civil rights and opportunities. The book addresses issues of racism, bigotry, and suppression of African Americans; it depicts the despair people feel when they can't get decent jobs, and the determination of some to survive. Eva, for example, cuts off her leg in order to get money to raise her family. Morrison shows how, faced with racist situations, some people had to grovel to whites simply to get by, as Helene does on a train heading through the South. Others, however, fought back, as Sula does when she threatens some white boys who are harassing her and Nel.
or
Option 2
In 1993, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, and thus became the first African American and only the eighth woman ever to win the award. According to Maureen O'Brien in Publishers Weekly, Morrison said, "What is most wonderful for me personally is to know that the Prize has at last been awarded to an African American. I thank God that my mother is alive to see this day." In 1996, she received the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
.
⁞ InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options below.docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options below and, in your post, write a paraphrase that avoids plagiarism of the paragraph you have chosen. Your paraphrase can be as long as the excerpt you have chosen, but should not duplicate any phrasing from the excerpt. If you must, you can quote up to three words in a phrase.
When you are done posting your paraphrase, reply to at least one classmate’s paraphrase, commenting on what s/he has done well and what s/he can improve with the wording. Your response should be written in no fewer than 75 words.
Choose to paraphrase ONE of the excerpts below:
Option 1
Morrison began writing Sula in 1969, a time of great activism among African Americans and others who were working toward equal civil rights and opportunities. The book addresses issues of racism, bigotry, and suppression of African Americans; it depicts the despair people feel when they can't get decent jobs, and the determination of some to survive. Eva, for example, cuts off her leg in order to get money to raise her family. Morrison shows how, faced with racist situations, some people had to grovel to whites simply to get by, as Helene does on a train heading through the South. Others, however, fought back, as Sula does when she threatens some white boys who are harassing her and Nel.
or
Option 2
In 1993, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, and thus became the first African American and only the eighth woman ever to win the award. According to Maureen O'Brien in Publishers Weekly, Morrison said, "What is most wonderful for me personally is to know that the Prize has at last been awarded to an African American. I thank God that my mother is alive to see this day." In 1996, she received the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
Your discussion post will be graded according to the following criteria:
- Clear paraphrase the selected text in your own words with minimal use of quotations
.
⁞ InstructionsAfter reading The Metamorphosis by Frank .docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions
After reading
The Metamorphosis
by Frank Kafka , choose
one
of the following assertions and write a 200-word response supporting why you agree or disagree with it.
Gregor’s transformation highlights his isolation and alienation before his metamorphosis.
Or
Despite having become an insect, Gregor is more humane and sensitive than his family.
Or
If Gregor had been a stronger person, he would have been able to avoid all of the suffering and alienation he endures.
.
⁞ InstructionsAfter reading all of Chapter 5, please se.docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions:
After reading all of
Chapter 5
, please select
ONE
of the following
primary source readings
:
“Utilitarianism” by John Stuart Mill
(starting on page 111)
-or-
“A Theory of Justice” by John Rawls
(starting on page 115)
-or-
“The Entitlement Theory of Justice” by Robert Nozick
(starting on page 122)
Write a short, objective summary of
250-500 words
which summarizes the main ideas being put forward by the author in this selection. Your summary should include no direct quotations from any author. Instead, summarize in your own words, and include a citation to the original. Format your Reading Summary assignment according to either MLA or APA formatting standards, and attach as either a .doc, .docx, or .rtf filetype. Other filetypes, or assignments that are merely copy/pasted into the box will be returned ungraded.
.
⁞ InstructionsAfter reading all of Chapter 2, please select.docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions:
After reading all of
Chapter 2
, please select
ONE
of the following
primary source readings
:
“Anthropology and the Abnormal” by Ruth Benedict
(starting on page 33)
-or-
“Trying Out One’s New Sword” by Mary Midgley
(starting on page 35)
Write a short, objective summary of
250
which summarizes the main ideas being put forward by the author in this selection.
Write a short summary that identifies the thesis and outlines the main argument.
Reading summaries are not about your opinion or perspective – they are expository essays that explain the content of the reading.
All reading summaries must include substantive content based on the students reading of the material.
Reading Material: Doing Ethics
ORIGINIAL WORK. NO PLAGIARISM
.
⁞ Instructions After reading all of Chapter 9, please .docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions:
After reading all of
Chapter 9
, please select the following
primary source reading
:
“A Defense of Abortion” by Judith Jarvis Thomson
(starting on page 237)
Write a short, objective summary of
250-500 words
which summarizes the main ideas being put forward by the author in this selection. Your summary should include no direct quotations from any author. Instead, summarize in your own words, and include a citation to the original. Format your Reading Summary assignment according to either MLA or APA formatting standards, and attach as either a .doc, .docx, or .rtf filetype. Other filetypes, or assignments that are merely copy/pasted into the box will be returned ungraded.
.
…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capac.docxanhlodge
“…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capacities; learning styles describe an individual’s traits that relate to where and how one best learns” (textbook quote, [H2] Learning Styles].
This week you’ve read about the importance of getting to know your students in order to create relevant and engaging lesson plans that cater to multiple intelligences and are multimodal.
Assignment Instructions:
A. Using
SurveyMonkey
, create a survey that has:
At least five questions based on Gardner’s theory
Five questions on individual learning style inventory
A specific targeted student population grade level (elementary/ middle/ high school/adults)
Include the survey link for your peers
B. Post a minimum 150 word introduction to your survey, using at least one research-based article (cited in APA format) explaining how it will:
Evaluate students’ readiness
Assist in the creation of differentiated lesson plans.
.
••• JONATHAN LETHEM CRITICS OFTEN USE the word prolifi.docxanhlodge
- Jonathan Lethem is known for publishing many novels, stories, essays and other works across different genres. He is described as a "protean" or shape-shifting writer.
- Lethem believes creativity comes from influence and interaction with other works, not isolated originality. He celebrates the "ecstasy of influence" where culture is built upon what came before through borrowing and remixing.
- Many artists, including musicians, visual artists and writers, engage in practices that borrow and reuse elements from other works but these practices are seen as essential to creativity rather than plagiarism. Appropriation and remixing are at the core of cultural production.
•••••iA National Profile ofthe Real Estate Industry and.docxanhlodge
•••••i
A National Profile of
the Real Estate Industry and
the Appraisal Profession
by J. Reid Cummings and Donald R. Epley, PhD, MAI, SRA
FEATURES
T
J- he
he real estate industry has been devastated on many fronts' in the years
following the Great Recession, whieh began in 2007^ due to the bursting of the
housing bubble and the subsequent finaneial crisis relating to the mortgage
market meltdown.' The implosion of the mortgage markets initially began when
two Bear Stearns mortgage-backed securities hedge funds, holding nearly $10
billion in assets, disintegrated into nothing.* Panie quickly spread to financial
institutions that could not hide the extent of their toxic, subprime exposures, and
a massive, worldwide credit squeeze ensued; outright fear soon replaced panic.
Subsequent eredit tightening and substantial illiquidity in the financial markets
rapidly and severely affected the housing and construction markets.' Throughout
the United States, properties of all kinds saw dramatic value declines.
In thousands of cases, real estate foreclosures disrupted people's lives,
forced businesses to close, eaused financial institutions to falter, capsized wbole
market segments, devastated entire industries, and squeezed municipal and state
government budgets dependent upon use and property tax revenues.* While the
effeets of property value declines and the waves of foreclosures in markets across
the country captured most of the headlines, one significant impact of the upheaval
in US real estate markets has gone largely unreported: its impact on employment
in the real estate industry, and specifically, the real estate appraisal profession.
This article presents a
current employment
profile of the US real
estate industry, with
special attention given
to appraisal profes-
sionals. It serves as an
informative picture of
the appraisal profession
for use as a benchmark
for future assessment
of growth. As a
component of the real
estate industry, the
appraisal profession
ranks as the smallest
in employment, is
highly correlated to
movements in empioy-
ment of brokers and
agents, and relies on
commerciai banking,
credit, and real estate
lessors and managers
to deliver its products.
1. James R. DeLisle, "At the Crossroads of Expansion and Recession," TheAppraisalJournal 75, no. 4 (Fall 2007):
314-322; James R. DeLisle, "The Perfect Storm Rippiing Over to Reai Estate," The Appraisal Journal 76, no,
3 (Summer 2008): 200-210.
2. Randaii W. Eberts, "When Wiii US Empioyment Recover from tiie Great Recession?" International Labor Brief
9, no. 2 (2011): 4-12 (W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research): Chad R. Wilkerson, "Recession and
Recovery Across the Nation: Lessons from History," Economic Review 94, no. 2 (2009): 5-24.
3. Kataiina M. Bianco, The Subprime Lending Crisis: Causes and Effects of the Mortgage Meltdown (New York:
CCH, inc., 2008): Lawrence H. White, "Fédérai Reserve Policy and the Housing Bubbie," in Lessons Fro.
Let us consider […] a pair of cases which I shall call Rescue .docxanhlodge
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1. What would Mill tell the rescuer to do, in Rescue I and Rescue II, according to his theory of utilitarianism? Be clear in explaining Mill’s recommendation, and how he would justify it. In doing so, you must include a discussion of the following:
o The Principle of Utility and how it would specifically apply in this situation—who gets “counted” and how?
2. What would Kant tell the rescuer to do, in Rescue I and Rescue II, according to his deontological theory? Be clear in explaining Kant’s recommendation and how he would justify it. In doing so, you must include a discussion of the following:
o The first version of the Categorical Imperative and how it would specifically apply in these two situations (hint, you have to say what the maxim would be and what duty would be generated according to it).
o The second version of the Categorical Imperative and how it would specifically apply in this situation.
3. Explain one criticism of both Mill and Kant. Afterward, argue for which ethical approach, on your view is superior. Be specific and provide reasons for your claim.
.
• Enhanced eText—Keeps students engaged in learning on th.docxanhlodge
• Enhanced eText—Keeps students engaged in learning on their own time,
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• Reporting Dashboard—View, analyze, and re.
• Here’s the approach you can take for this paperTitle.docxanhlodge
This document outlines the structure for a 15-20 page paper on risk management for an organization. It should include an introduction providing background on the selected organization, descriptions of 3 risks with their impacts and recommendations for managing each risk, a conclusion, and references. The paper needs a title page and should follow APA style formatting.
•Your team will select a big data analytics project that is intr.docxanhlodge
•Your team will select a big data analytics project that is introduced to an organization of your choice … please address the following items:
•Provide a background of the company chosen.
•Determine the problems or opportunities that that this project will solve. What is the value of the project?
•Describe the impact of the problem. In other words, is the organization suffering financial losses? Are there opportunities that are not exploited?
•Provide a clear description regarding the metrics your team will use to measure performance. Please include a discussion pertaining to the key performance indicators (KPIs).
•Recommend a big data tool that will help you solve your problem or exploit the opportunity, such as Hadoop, Cloudera, MongoDB, or Hive.
•Evaluate the data requirements. Here are questions to consider: What type of data is needed? Where can you find the data? How can the data be collected? How can you verify the integrity of the data?
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.
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How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. thers participating in a community-based fatherhood program.
Demographic factors, risk behaviors, and service requests were
gathered at program entry. The results indicated that each group
demonstrated distinct patterns associated with family structure,
sexual risk behaviors, substance use, and criminal behavior. In
comparison to African American fathers, Hispanic fathers were
younger and were more likely to be married and present at the
delivery of their child. African American fathers reported
having
more children than Hispanic fathers. Disparities in school-
related
measures were also found, with African American fathers
having
higher high school graduation rates than Hispanic fathers. The
impact of marriage on risk behaviors had mixed results.
Services
requests were similar for both groups. The finding that different
ethnic groups have specific patterns of risk behaviors highlights
the
importance of considering the ethnic composition of a
population
3. when developing future research and interventions.
KEYWORDS Adolescent fathers, service needs, marital status,
eth-
nicity, risk behaviors
Address correspondence to Maxine L. Weinman, Graduate
College of Social Work,
University of Houston, 237 Social Work Building, Houston, TX
77204-4492, USA. E-mail:
[email protected]
773
774 L. Nevarez et al.
INTRODUCTION: ISSUES OF YOUNG FATHERS
Numerous studies have shown that adolescent fathers have
lower education
and higher rates of poverty, school dropout, and unemployment
in compar-
ison to adolescents who are not fathers (Hernandez, 2002; Jones
& Jewel,
1998; Murnane, Willett, & Boudett; 1999; Nock, 1998;
Thornberry, Smith &
Howard, 1997). Studies also indicate that unwed adolescent
fathers engage
in risk behaviors such as tobacco, drug, and alcohol use and
activities that
result in incarceration (Fagot, Pears, Capaldi, Crosby, & Leve,
1998; Hernandez;
Robertson, 1997; Unruh, Bullis, & Yovanoff, 2004). As an
example, Guagliardo,
4. Huang, and D’Angelo (1999) found that adolescent fathers are
more than
five times as likely to report a history of sexually transmitted
infection (STI),
more than three times as likely to test positive for drugs, and
almost 2.5
times as likely to be inconsistent or non-users of condoms
ascompared to
males without a pregnancy history. In a group of 506 youths
ages 13 to 19 in
which 50% were African American and 50% were Caucasian, a
dose-response
relationship was found between delinquency and age of onset of
sexual activity
(Wei, Loeber, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 2002). By age 19, almost
half (46.7%)
of serious delinquents had caused a pregnancy, and a third
(31.4%) had fa-
thered children. Repeat serious delinquents were also more
likely to father
multiple children and display low school achievement. Zayas,
Schinke, and
Casareno (1987) found that African American adolescent fathers
were less
likely to attend school, more likely to be unemployed, and less
likely to use
contraceptives as compared to African American adolescents
who were not
fathers. A recent longitudinal study by Miller-Johnson, Winn,
Coie, Malone,
and Lochman (2004) showed that among an urban sample of 335
African
American males, those who were aggressive in third to fifth
grades were at
a particularly high risk for getting a female pregnant. This risk
was height-
5. ened if they used illegal substances and were part of a deviant
peer group.
Numerous studies have found that low school achievement is a
sig-
nificant predictor of teen fatherhood. Data form the Carolina
Longitudinal
Study showed that among 460 subjects, 13% of African
American males and
7% of European American males became adolescent fathers
(Xie, Cairns, &
Cairns, 2001). The major factors that predicted fatherhood were
low academic
competency and older age for grade. In addition, high
aggression was found
among the adolescent fathers and their peer groups. Using data
from the
National Child Development Study, Bunting and McAuley
(2004) reported
that the characteristics of teen fathers were similar in both the
United States
and the United Kingdom. Low educational attainment was the
most powerful
single factor associated with young fatherhood, and these
academic difficul-
ties predated fatherhood by as much as a decade. Similarly, the
longitudinal
Oregon Youth Study, which followed 206 at-risk boys from age
9 to age
20, found that boys who became adolescent fathers had more
arrests and
substance use history than non-fathers (Fagot et al., 1998).
Again, the most
predictive variable of young fatherhood was boys’ poor school
performance.
6. Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure 775
One of the primary areas of research among young fathers is
fam-
ily structure. Florsheim, Moore, Zollinger, MacDonald, and
Sumida (1999)
studied 35 adolescent expectant couples in Salt Lake City and
35 living in
Chicago. Their findings suggested that risk factors associated
with adolescent
fatherhood were antisocial behaviors and personal hostility.
These traits af-
fected their relationships with both their partners and children
and produced
parenting stress. A qualitative study of 25 low income urban
young fathers
in which 52% were African American, 24% Hispanic, and 24%
Caucasian,
showed that only one young man was married although 48%
were currently
living with the young mothers (Glikman, 2004). Reflecting on
their family
of origin, neighborhoods, work, and school, these young fathers
described
their neighborhoods as painful places to grow-up. Forty-eight
percent were
raised by their mothers, whom they regarded as warm and
positive, but they
were not as positive about their own fathers, whom they rarely
knew. They
voiced concerns about how they could be better fathers when
they had
not known their own father. Many studies suggest that minority
adolescents
7. and particularly African American fathers remain single and do
not live with
their children (Hernandez, 2002; Hofferth, 2003; Philliber,
Brooks, Lehrer,
Oakley, & Waggoner, 2003). Results of a series of focus groups
among 26
African American male partners of adolescent parenting females
indicated
that pregnancy was not desired by 61% of the group and most
grew up
themselves in a father absent household (Davies et al., 2004).
Fagot et al.
(1998) found that by age 24, 40% of adolescent fathers had no
contact with
their children and these fathers came from families with
parental antisocial
behaviors and poor parental discipline. Barth, Claycomb, and
Loomis (1988)
reported that of the 121 adolescent fathers sampled in their
study, only 10%
indicated they were married to their child’s mother. Bunting and
McAuley
(2004) point out that in both America and Britain, teen fathers
might be
initially involved with teen mothers but that few marriages
result and, over
time, there is relationship breakdown and decreasing parental
contact.
Some studies suggest that minority fathers frequently
acknowledge that
their children were not planned but are highly motivated and
feel obligated
to participate in the fathering experience. Christmon’s (1990)
research among
43 African American adolescent fathers suggested that there
8. was a positive
relationship between adolescent fathers’ willingness to take
responsibility for
their children and their own self-image and self-awareness. In
another qual-
itative study, Dallas (2004) found that among unmarried African
American
adolescents, both paternal and maternal grandmothers were
instrumental in
providing access to their children. Both sets of grandmothers
were described
as loving and supportive although paternal grandmothers felt
that maternal
grandmothers acted as gate keepers to their grandchildren.
Miller’s (1997)
review of the literature showed that African American
adolescent fathers
reported increased involvement in care giving with their
children when they
were assisted by family members. Using qualitative information
gathered
from 38 African American adolescent fathers, Saleh, Buzi,
Weinman, and
776 L. Nevarez et al.
Smith (2005) showed that adolescent fathers felt involved with
their children
but their sense of involvement reflected adolescent emotional
development
rather than adult fathers’ view of involvement.
Though teen fathers have only recently been the topic of
research
9. interests, research that focuses on ethnic differences between
teen fathers
is sparse. Those studies that do consider ethnic differences are
mainly from
the majority-minority perspective. For example, researchers
routinely look at
differences between African American and Caucasian or
differences between
Hispanic and Caucasian (Hernandez, 2002). There have been
relatively few if
any studies that examined differences or similarities that may
exist between
two ethnic minority groups of teen fathers. This is a relevant
topic consid-
ering that in the 2003 U.S. Census, 12% of the total population
was African
American, whereas Hispanics accounted for 13% of the
population (U.S.
Census Bureau, 2003). In Texas, 13% of the population was
accounted for by
African American teens, and 39% was accounted for by
Hispanic teens (Na-
tional Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2004).
Furthermore, although
there has been a decline in the rates of teen pregnancy
nationally, among
Hispanics rates have declined only slightly. This means that in
actuality ‘‘the
gap between birthrates for teenage Hispanics and other women
is widening,
which makes teen childbearing/pregnancy a continuing concern
for Hispanic
communities, especially Mexican American communities’’
(Hernandez, p. 8).
The steady increase in the number of minorities in the general
10. popula-
tion, the continued high rates of teen pregnancy among certain
populations,
and concerning trends regarding risk behaviors among
adolescent parents
make the topic of young minority fathers a significant issue.
The purpose of
the present study was to examine the impact of ethnic and
marital status on
family structure, risk behaviors, and service requests among
African American
and Hispanic adolescents who were enrolled in a fatherhood
program. This
study attempts to address the interaction of these variables and
the extent
they affect service and programming needs.
METHODS
Participants
The target population consisted of inner-city young males who
resided in
a metropolitan city in the southwest part of the United States.
The majority
of participants were African American. This reflects the ethnic
composition
of the neighborhood. Over the last few years, there has been an
increase in
Hispanic male attendance. Therefore, although the sample size
of Hispanic
males is small, the increasing presence of a more diverse clinic
population
was one of the impetus for studying both groups. A convenience
sample was
taken of all young fathers who were interested in enrolling in a
11. community-
Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure 777
based male involvement program. Called the Fatherhood
Initiative, the male
involvement program was funded by the Office of Population
Affairs/Office
of Family Planning (OPA/OFP/DSHS/TDH; Office of
Population Affairs Of-
fice of Family Planning, 2000). The main goals of the
Fatherhood Initiative
were to develop skills and behaviors that reinforce messages of
pregnancy
prevention, strengthen vulnerable families, promote a healthy
lifestyle, pre-
vent school dropout, and encourage self-sufficiency. A variety
of services
such as employment opportunities, fatherhood development,
health aware-
ness and enhancement, information on reproductive health and
HIV, and
referral information on agencies for future use were provided to
male par-
ticipants. The program recruited participants from the
community and was
also linked to two schools. Case managers visited the schools
weekly and
met with fathers in a group format. The case managers were also
available
to provide case management services as needed.
Instruments
12. The program included an assessment of participants’ current
behaviors and
their service needs at entry to the program. The questionnaire
for this study
included three main sections. The first section queried
participants about
their demographic and background information. This included
ethnicity,
school and employment status, living arrangements, language
preferences,
fatherhood and marital status, and paternity establishment. The
second sec-
tion included questions about various risk behaviors. Risky
sexual behaviors
were measured by questions about consistent contraceptive and
condom use
and a history of STIs. Substance use was ascertained by asking
questions re-
lated to drug and alcohol use and cigarette smoking.
Participants were asked
to identify the frequency of these behaviors. To identify illegal
behaviors,
participants were asked to report whether they had contact with
the legal
system and what the reason for this contact was. The third
section included
a list of nine services, and participants were asked to indicate
the services
that they need. They could respond with ‘‘no’’, ‘‘yes’’, and
‘‘unsure’’. The
list included services such as educational-vocational services,
social services,
substance abuse services, and assistance with child support.
Procedures
13. The case managers administered questionnaires to young fathers
upon en-
rollment to the program. Each participant signed an informed
consent prior to
entering the program. The program protocol was approved by
the affiliated
academic institutions’ institutional review boards. After the
assessment, all of
the young males who enrolled in the program were assigned a
case man-
ager who was responsible for coordinating the needed services,
providing
referrals, and monitoring progress.
778 L. Nevarez et al.
RESULTS
Demographic Information
The data analysis used Chi-square for categorical data and t-test
for con-
tinuous data. As shown in Table 1, there was a statistically
significant dif-
ference between the mean age of African American and
Hispanic fathers.
On average, African American fathers were about 2 years older
when they
first enrolled in the program. However, both groups were at
about 18 years
of age when they first became fathers. The majority of African
American
fathers were living in single-parent homes, whereas the majority
of Hispanic
14. fathers were living with family. There were more married
Hispanic fathers
than African American fathers, a difference that was
statistically significant.
There was also a statistically significant difference that showed
that more
Hispanic fathers were present at the delivery of their children
than African
American fathers. Hispanic fathers also declared paternity at a
slightly higher
rate than African American fathers, although African American
fathers were
more likely to report that they provided financial support for
their children.
African American fathers had more children than Hispanic
fathers. School
status showed a statistically significant difference between
groups. Although
more Hispanic than African American fathers were in school,
fewer of them
graduated.
Health Risk Behaviors by Ethnicity
As seen in Table 2, a statistically significant relationship was
found in re-
gard to consistent condom use. African American fathers had
higher rates
of always using condoms as compared to Hispanic fathers.
Additionally,
African American fathers had higher rates of always using
contraceptives
as compared to Hispanic fathers. Despite this, the rate of STIs
was almost
three times higher among African American fathers as compared
to Hispanic
15. fathers. There were higher rates of cigarette use and drug use
among African
American fathers as compared to Hispanic fathers. However,
alcohol use
was higher among Hispanic fathers. Hispanic fathers also had
twice as many
problems with the law as compared to African American fathers.
Services Requested
As seen in Table 3, both African American and Hispanic fathers
requested
similar services, with the exception of GED classes in which
more than half
of Hispanic fathers expressed interest as compared to about a
third of African
American fathers. In order of preference, employment was
overwhelmingly
the most requested service by both groups. This was followed
by about 40%
requesting educational-vocational services, social services, and
preventive
Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure 779
TABLE 1 Demographics by Ethnicity
Variable
African American
(%)
Hispanic
(%)
16. Marital statusa
Single 121 (76.1) 14 (48.3)
Married 38 (23.9) 15 (51.7)
Living arrangements
Single parent 73 (46.5) 11 (37.9)
Family 46 (29.3) 14 (48.3)
Others 38 (24.2) 4 (13.8)
Number of children
One or less 111 (68.5) 25 (83.3)
Two or more 51 (31.5) 5 (16.7)
Employed
Yes 39 (25.2) 3 (11.1)
No 116 (74.8) 24 (88.9)
Present at delivery of childb
Yes 82 (61.2) 16 (88.9)
No 52 (38.8) 2 (11.1)
Declared paternity
Yes 56 (46.7) 9 (52.9)
No 64 (53.3) 8 (47.1)
Financially support children
Yes 105 (81.4) 11 (64.7)
No 24 (18.6) 6 (35.3)
Language spoken at home
English 156 (99.4) 11 (36.7)
Spanish 1 (0.6) 8 (26.7)
English and Spanish 0 (0) 11 (36.7)
17. Primary language
English 156 (99.4) 23 (79.3)
Spanish 1 (0.6) 5 (17.2)
English and Spanish 0 (0) 1 (3.4)
School statusc
In school 30 (18.5) 11 (36.7)
Dropped out 83 (51.2) 15 (50.0)
Graduated 49 (30.2) 4 (13.3)
Age of father d 162 21.35 yr
SD D 2.983
30 19.23 yr
SD D 3.070
Age first became a father 136 18.97 yr
SD D 2.593
18 18.17 yr
SD D 2.813
Note. SD D standard deviation.
aSignificant effect of marital status and ethnicity (�2 D 9.390;
p D .01).
bSignificant effect of present at the delivery of a child and
ethnicity (�2 D 5.134 ; p D .05).
cSignificant effect of school status and ethnicity (�2 D 6.535; p
D .05).
dSignificant effect between age of father (independent t-test D
12.579; p D.001).
18. 780 L. Nevarez et al.
TABLE 2 Risk Behaviors by Ethnicity at Program Entry
Variable Response
African American
(%)
Hispanic
(%)
Contraceptive use Always 40 (25.5) 4 (14.3)
Sometimes 58 (36.9) 10 (35.7)
Never 36 (22.9) 11 (39.3)
Abstinent 23 (14.6) 3 (10.7)
Condom use* Always 58 (36.5) 5 (16.7)
Sometimes 51 (32.1) 8 (26.7)
Never 32 (20.1) 13 (43.3)
Abstinent 18 (11.3) 4 (13.3)
Cigarette use Yes 83 (51.6) 10 (33.3)
No 78 (48.4) 20 (66.7)
Drug use Yes 50 (31.1) 7 (23.3)
No 111 (68.9) 23 (76.7)
Alcohol use Yes 57 (35.6) 15 (50.0)
No 103 (64.4) 15 (50.0)
Problems with the law Yes 18 (11.7) 6 (21.4)
No 136 (88.3) 22 (78.6)
STI in past 3 months Yes 19 (11.9) 1 (3.4)
No 141 (88.1) 28 (96.6)
19. Note. STI D sexually transmitted infection.
*Significant effect of condom use and ethnicity (�2 D 9.005; p
D .05).
health care. Slightly more than a third of each group requested
child support
services, and slightly fewer than a third requested mental health
counseling.
About 20% of both groups requested STI screening. The least
requested
service was substance abuse programs.
Effect of Marital Status on Risk Behaviors
CONTRACEPTIVE USE
As shown in Table 4, married African American fathers were
almost twice
as likely to sometimes use contraceptives as compared to single
fathers.
Additionally, married African American fathers were almost
three times less
likely to report they always used condoms as compared to single
fathers.
Married Hispanic fathers reported never using condoms at more
than twice
the rate of single fathers.
PATERNITY
Married Hispanic fathers were three times more likely to
declare paternity
for their children as compared to single fathers. Single and
married African
20. American fathers declared paternity at about the same rate.
Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure 781
TABLE 3 Services Requested by Ethnicity
African American Hispanic
Variable N (%) N (%)
Educational-vocational
Yes 96 (70.6) 17 (68.0)
No 33 (24.3) 6 (24.0)
Not sure 7 (5.1) 2 (8.0)
STI screening
Yes 25 (21.7) 5 (20.0)
No 87 (75.7) 20 (80.0)
Not sure 3 (2.6) 0 0
Mental health counseling
Yes 33 (27.7) 7 (28.0)
No 79 (66.4) 16 (64.0)
Not sure 7 (5.9) 2 (8.0)
Child support services
Yes 45 (37.2) 9 (36.0)
No 75 (62.0) 15 (60.0)
Not sure 1 (0.8) 1 (4.0)
Substance abuse programs
Yes 9 (7.8) 2 (8.0)
No 100 (86.2) 22 (88.0)
Not sure 7 (6.0) 1 (4.0)
21. Preventive health care
Yes 51 (41.8) 11 (44.0)
No 62 (50.8) 13 (52.0)
Not sure 9 (7.4) 1 (4.0)
Social services
Yes 61 (48.8) 13 (52.0)
No 57 (45.6) 11 (44.0)
Not sure 7 (5.6) 1 (4.0)
Employment
Yes 135 (95.7) 22 (84.6)
No 6 (4.3) 4 (15.4)
Not sure 0 0 0 0
GED classes
Yes 40 (34.5) 13 (54.2)
No 74 (63.8) 11 (45.8)
Not sure 2 (1.7) 0 0
Note. STI D sexually transmitted infection, GED D general
equivalency diploma.
SUBSTANCE USE
Cigarette use was highest among married African American
fathers and low-
est among married Hispanic fathers. Drug use was lowest among
married
African American fathers and highest among married Hispanic
fathers. A sta-
tistically significant relationship was found between alcohol use
and marital
status. Almost three times as many married Hispanic fathers
used alcohol as
22. compared to single Hispanic fathers.
782 L. Nevarez et al.
TABLE 4 Effect of Marital Status on Health Behaviors When
Controlling for Ethnicity
African American Hispanic
Variable Single Married Single Married
Contraceptive use in past 3 months
Always 31 (26.5%) 9 (24.3%) 1 (8.3%) 3 (20.0%)
Sometimes 38 (32.5%) 19 (51.4%) 4 (33.3%) 5 (33.3%)
Never 26 (22.2%) 8 (21.6%) 6 (50.0%) 5 (33.3%)
Abstinent 22 (18.8%) 1 (2.7%) 1 (8.3%) 2 (13.3%)
Condom use in past 3 months
Always 52 (43.7%) 5 (13.2%) 3 (21.4%) 2 (13.3%)
Sometimes 29 (24.4%) 21 (55.3%) 5 (35.7%) 2 (13.3%)
Never 22 (18.5%) 10 (26.3%) 4 (28.6%) 9 (60.0%)
Abstinent 16 (13.4%) 2 (5.3%) 2 (14.3%) 2 (13.3%)
Declared paternity
Yes 43 (48.3%) 13 (44.8%) 2 (25.0%) 7 (77.8%)
No 46 (76.8%) 16 (55.2%) 6 (75.0%) 2 (22.2%)
Cigarette use in past 3 months
Yes 60 (50.0%) 23 (60.5%) 5 (35.7%) 5 (33.3%)
No 60 (50.0%) 15 (39.5%) 9 (64.3%) 10 (66.7%)
Drug use in past 3 months
Yes 41 (34.2%) 9 (23.7%) 2 (14.3%) 5 (33.3%)
No 79 (65.8%) 29 (76.3%) 12 (85.7%) 10 (66.7%)
23. Alcohol use in past 3 monthsa
Yes 44 (37.0%) 12 (31.6%) 4 (28.6%) 11 (73.3%)
No 75 (63.0%) 26 (68.4%) 10 (71.4%) 4 (26.7%)
School status
In school 25 (20.7%) 4 (10.5%) 7 (50.0%) 3 (20.0%)
Dropped out 61 (50.4%) 20 (52.6%) 5 (35.7%) 10 (66.7%)
Graduated 35 (28.9%) 14 (36.8%) 2 (14.3%) 2 (13.3%)
Problems with the law
Yes 15 (13.2%) 3 (8.1%) 3 (23.1%) 3 (21.4%)
No 99 (86.8%) 34 (91.9%) 10 (76.9%) 11 (78.6%)
aSignificant effect of alcohol use and marital status among
Hispanic fathers (�2 D 5.81; p D .05).
School Status
About half of both single and married African American fathers
dropped
out of school. Single African American fathers had higher rates
of school
attendance than married African American fathers. Notably,
married African
American fathers had a slightly higher rate of high school
graduation as
compared to single fathers. Single Hispanic fathers were more
than twice
as likely to be in school as compared to married fathers.
Married Hispanic
fathers had about twice the rate of school dropout as compared
to single
fathers.
24. Problems With the Law
A higher percentage of single African American fathers reported
having
problems with the law as compared to their married
counterparts. Among
Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure 783
Hispanic fathers, the rates of reported problems with the law
were more
comparable between single and married fathers.
DISCUSSION
This study examined ethnic and marital status differences in
family structure,
risk behaviors, and service requests among a group African
American and
Hispanic adolescents who were enrolled in a fatherhood
program. Both
African American and Hispanic fathers demonstrated problem
behavior char-
acteristics (in which alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and drug
use were
all highly prevalent). However, each group demonstrated
distinct patterns
associated with sexual risk behaviors, substance use, and
criminal behavior
histories. In comparison to Hispanic fathers, African American
fathers were
more likely to graduate from high school and to report high
rates of cigarette
use, drug use, and STIs. Conversely, Hispanic fathers had lower
25. rates of con-
sistent contraceptive and condoms use, and reported more
frequent alcohol
use and problems with the law.
In regard to family structure, Hispanic fathers were more likely
than
African American fathers to display familial influences. They
had higher mar-
riage rates and were more likely to live with family, be present
at the delivery
of their children, and declare paternity for their children. These
characteristics
of Hispanic fathers might reflect the familial views held within
this culture
that encourages the involvement of the father in the life of his
child and
his child’s mother (Hernandez, 2000; Hofferth, 2003; Zayas et
al., 1987).
African American fathers provided more financial support for
their children
than Hispanic fathers. This is consistent with the literature that
shows that
though adolescent fathers want to be involved with their
children in a variety
of ways, their participation and involvement are generally
limited (Bunting
& McAuley, 2004; Lane & Clay, 2000). There were no ethnic
differences
in regard to request for services. African American and
Hispanic fathers
requested services in a very similar fashion.
The effect of marital status on risk behaviors did not reflect a
consistent
trend. In some instances, it acted as a protective factor and in
26. other as a
risk factor. Among Hispanic fathers, marriage was related to
lower rates of
school attendance and higher rates of school dropout. In
contrast, among
married African American fathers, marriage was related to
higher high school
graduation rates. In regard to risk behaviors, among African
American fa-
thers marriage was associated with higher cigarette smoking
rates. Among
Hispanic fathers, marriage was related to higher drug and
alcohol use rates.
No clear trends have emerged in regard to problems with the
law.
Our findings suggest that interventions should target young
African
American and Hispanic fathers, as both groups participate in
risk behaviors
and express the need for services. However, the ethnic
differences in the
784 L. Nevarez et al.
likelihood of specific patterns of risk behaviors highlight the
importance of
considering the ethnic composition of a population when
developing future
interventions. In addition, we need to acknowledge that there
was a disparity
in the sample size of the two groups we studied, which limited
our ability to
generalize our findings. Additionally, the variables studied were
27. self-reported
and categorical rather than continuous, which limits our ability
to examine
the intensity and frequency of risk findings. Our findings,
however, are con-
sistent with a growing body of literature that points to the need
to carefully
evaluate programs. As pointed out by Lane and Clay (2000),
services for
young fathers need to be carefully planned and evaluated to
ensure services
designed address the need of the target population. These
services also need
to take into account the cultural context and the familial
structure and the
developmental needs of adolescent fathers. A good example is
shown in
Mazza’s (2002) study of 60 urban African American adolescent
fathers who
were randomly placed into either receiving biweekly parenting
classes alone
or with an assigned social worker who assisted the fathers with
life needs.
The results of the study showed that at the end of 6 months, the
parenting
group who received social work assistance had gains in
employment and
vocational planning and felt more positive about their
relationships with the
children and their future. They concluded that parenting skills
programs by
themselves were ineffective because they did not reach the
personal needs
of the teen fathers.
CONCLUSION
28. There is a need for additional research in several areas
addressed in this
study. Future research should not limit itself to investigating
only differences
between majority and minority populations but extend to look at
how mi-
nority groups differ and resemble one another. This examination
may help
in developing programs and services that are culturally
appropriate. In her
work, Greig (2003) stresses the importance for minority youth
to develop
their ethnic identity. According to Greig, adolescents’
development of an
ethnic identity contributes to a higher self-esteem and serves as
a protec-
tive factor to risk behaviors such as substance abuse. Greig also
links an
awareness of ethnic identity to positive academic achievements.
Therefore,
fatherhood programs targeting adolescents may want to
incorporate services
that assist in developing an ethnic identity. Another area that
merits further
evaluation is the effect of marital status on risk behaviors. More
research with
larger samples is needed to gain knowledge on how marital
status affects
behaviors and the reasons marital status has negative effects on
certain risk
behaviors. Programs directed toward working with adolescent
fathers need to
recognize the multiple contributing factors that prevent them
from excelling.
This study has shed light on two new areas that may contribute
29. to difficulties
Ethnic and Marital Differences in Family Structure 785
faced by adolescent fathers: ethnic differences that distinguish
patterns of
fatherhood and the consequences of marriage for teen fathers.
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