Gambling Prevalence Among Elderly Social Grant Recipients in Eastern Cape

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GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS
OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANT FROM THE
EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
31 March 2015

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RESEARCH REPORT ON GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANT
FROM THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
Prepared for:
By
Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture (JV)
This research project was conducted under the leadership and guidance of the Eastern Cape Gambling and
Betting Board (ECGBB) and its partners, i.e. South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) and Eastern Cape
Department of Social Development (ECDSD). ECGBB as the leading entity was represented by:
Mr. Luvuyo Tshoko Head: Strategic Management Services
Mrs. Pumeza George Communication, Marketing and Research Specialist
Solid Uloyiso JV team:
Mrs. Nomhle Gwanya Research Project Co-ordinator
Mrs. Zoliswa Benya Research Specialist
Dr. Noncedo Khewu (PhD) Educationist, Ethicist and Researcher
Specialised Services and Acknowledgements Specialised Services:
Prof. Emmanuel Olusola Adu (PhD) Data Analyst
Mrs. Nothemba Ndawo Educationist and Social Facilitator
Mr. Litha Mpiyakhe Graphic Designer
Prof. N Duku (PhD) Validator
Mr. B. Carlson Editor

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Acknowledgements
South African Social Security Agency
Eastern Cape Department of Social Development
Gambling sector Licensees: Casinos, Bingos, Tabs, V slots, Pioneer Slots offices
Older Persons Forums
Youth Groups
Community Leaders
Community Based Organisations (CBO’s)
Faith Based Organisations (FBO’s)
Institutions of Higher Learning
Gambling Participants
Data Collectors

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CONTENTS PAGE Pages
Research report on gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old age Social Grant
from the Eastern Cape Province…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
List of tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Acronyms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Definition of terms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Foreword by the CEO …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction and Background ……………………………………………………………………………………… 18
1.2 Problem Statement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
1.3 Purpose of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
1.4 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
1.5 Processes followed to conduct research …………………………………………………………………… 21
1.6. Chapter outline…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
2.2 Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
2.3 Population …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
2.4 Sample and Sampling Technique ………………………………………………………………………………… 25
2.5 Research Instruments ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
2.6 Piloting of Instruments (Survey and Interview Schedule) ………………………………………… 26
2.7 Data Collection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
2.7.1 Recruitment and Appointment of Data Collectors……………………………………………………… 27
2.7.2 Training of Data Collectors ………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
2.7.3 The actual fieldwork …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
2.7.4 Highlights of the fieldwork ………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
2.7.5 Challenges and remedial measures …………………………………………………………………………… 29
2.8 Data Quality Control …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
2.9 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.10 Delimitations of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.11 Limitations of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.12 Ethical considerations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.13 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

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CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
3.1.1 Definition of prevalence ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
3.1.2 Legal framework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
3.1.3 Gambling prevalence with regard to elderly people…………………………………………………… 37
3.1.4 Reasons for gambling by elderly people ……………………………………………………………………… 37
3.1.5 Impact of gambling on the elderly people ………………………………………………………………… 38
3.1.6 Problem gambling ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
3.1.7 Gambling stigmatisation and secrecy ………………………………………………………………………… 39
3.1.8 Online gambling …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
3.1.9 Intervention measures to address problem gambling ………………………………………………… 40
3.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
4.1.1 Distribution of participants by Survey zones ……………………………………………………………… 42
4.2 Biographical data ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43
4.2.1 Distribution of participants by Gender ……………………………………………………………………… 43
4.2.2 Distribution of participants by Marital Status …………………………………………………………… 44
4.2.3 Distribution of participants by Age Group …………………………………………………………………… 46
4.2.4 Distribution of participants by Nationality ………………………………………………………………… 47
4.2.5 Distribution of participants by Race …………………………………………………………………………… 47
4.2.6 Distribution of participants by Dependants ………………………………………………………………… 48
4.2.7 Distribution of participants by Income ……………………………………………………………………… 49
4.3 Extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has
licensed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
4.3.1 Distribution of participants by District ……………………………………………………………………… 51
4.3.2 Distribution of participants by Area of Residence ……………………………………………………… 51
4.3.3 Distribution of participants by Reasons for Gambling ………………………………………………… 52
4.3.4 Distribution of participants by Mode of Transport ……………………………………………………… 53
4.3.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Visits to gambling sites ……………………… 54
4.3.6 Distribution of participants by Preferred Gambling Site …………………………………………… 55
4.3.7 Distribution of participants by Reasons for choosing the preferred Gambling Site …… 56
4.3.8 Distribution of participants by Time taken to get to gambling site ………………………… 56
4.3.9 Distribution of participants by Amount of Money spent on gambling activities ……… 57
4.3.10 Distribution of participants by Source of Income Used for Gambling ……………………… 58
4.3.11 Distribution of participants by gambling Activities when visiting a gambling site …… 59
4.3.12 Distribution of participants by Other Activities engaged in whilst in a gambling
site ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61

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4.4 Exploring and establishing the older person’s attitudes, knowledge and skills
towards legal gambling participation and activities …………………………………………………… 62
4.4.1 Distribution of participants by Attitude ……………………………………………………………………… 62
4.4.2 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about Legal Gambling……………………………… 64
4.4.3 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about how most slot machines operate
and function ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65
4.4.4 Distribution of participants by Amount of money usually won after a good play……… 66
4.4.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Winning ………………………………………………… 66
4.4.6 Distribution of participants by Highest Amount ever lost in a gambling site …………… 67
4.4.7 Distribution of participants by Effect of Excessive gambling on someone who
participates in gambling activities ……………………………………………………………………………… 68
4.4.8 Distribution of participants by Mechanisms available to assist someone who
happens to participate excessively in gambling activities ………………………………………… 69
4.4.9 Distribution of participants by Awareness of ECGBB …………………………………………………… 71
4.5 Determination of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling
participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province …………………………………… 71
4.5.1 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on participants’ health …………………… 71
4.5.2 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on family relations……………………………… 72
4.5.3 Distribution of participants by Need of Support when gambling at the gambling site 74
4.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
5.1.1 The extent of gambling by persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are
recipients of Old Age Social Grant……………………………………………………………………………… 76
5.1.2 The skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling
of persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are recipients
of Old Age Social Grant………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
5.1.3 The positive and/or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by
older persons who are 60 years of age and above and are recipients of Old Age
Social Grant ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 83

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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86
6.1.1 The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape
Province………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86
6.1.2 Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling
participation and activities…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
6.1.3 The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older
persons in the Eastern Cape Province…………………………………………………………………………… 87
6.2 Concluding remarks and field of further research……………………………………………………… 87
7 REFERENCES
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92
8 ANNEXURES
Annexure A: Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………………………………………………… 99
Annexure B: Interview Schedule ………………………………………………………………………………… 117

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sampling guide …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
Table 2: Gambling sites per research site ………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Table 3: Focus group participants per research site ………………………………………………………………… 28
Table 4: Survey Zones of the participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 42
Table 5: No. of participants per Gender …………………………………………………………………………………… 43
Table 6: Marital Status of the participants ……………………………………………………………………………… 45
Table 7: No. of participants per Age Group ……………………………………………………………………………… 46
Table 8: Nationality of participants …………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Table 9: No. of participants according to Race ………………………………………………………………………… 48
Table 10: Number of Dependants per participant …………………………………………………………………… 49
Table 11: Monthly Source of Income of participants ………………………………………………………………… 50
Table 12: No. of participants per District …………………………………………………………………………………… 51
Table 13: Participants’ Area of Residence ………………………………………………………………………………… 52
Table 14: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities ……………………………………………………… 53
Table 15: Mode of transport to Gambling Sites ………………………………………………………………………… 54
Table 16: Frequency of Visits to Gambling Sites ………………………………………………………………………… 55
Table 17: Preference of site for undertaking gambling activities ……………………………………………… 55
Table 18: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site …………………………………………………… 56
Table 19: Time taken to get to gambling site …………………………………………………………………………… 57
Table 20: Amount of money spent on gambling activities ………………………………………………………… 58
Table 21: Source of Income Used for Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 59
Table 22: Gambling Activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site ………………………………… 60
Table 23: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling) …………………… 61
Table 24: Older Persons’ Attitude to Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 63
Table 25: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling ……………………………………………………… 64
Table 26: Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function……………………………… 65
Table 27: Amount of money usually won after a good play ……………………………………………………… 66
Table 28: Frequency of Winning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
Table 29: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………… 68
Table 30: Effect of excessive gambling on gambling participants ……………………………………………… 69
Table 31: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively ……………………………………… 70
Table 32: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB ……………………………………………………………… 71
Table 33: Effect of losing on participants’ health ……………………………………………………………………… 72
Table 34: Effect of losing on family relations …………………………………………………………………………… 73
Table 35: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site……………………………………………… 74
Table 36: Summary of Extent and Geographic spread responses ……………………………………………… 76
Table 37: Summary of Skills, level of Knowledge and Attitude towards gambling ……………………… 78
Table 38: Summary of participants’ Attitudes towards gambling ……………………………………………… 79
Table 39: Summary of level of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling………… 81

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Survey Zones of the participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 43
Figure 2: No. of participants per Gender …………………………………………………………………………………… 44
Figure 3: Gender by Zones ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
Figure 4: Marital Status of the participants ……………………………………………………………………………… 45
Figure 5: No. of participants per Age Group ……………………………………………………………………………… 47
Figure 6: No. of participants according to Race ………………………………………………………………………… 48
Figure 7: Monthly source of Income of participants by Zone …………………………………………………… 50
Figure 8: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities ………………………………………………………… 53
Figure 9: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site ……………………………………………………… 56
Figure 10: Time taken to get to gambling site …………………………………………………………………………… 57
Figure 11: Amount of money spent on gambling activities ………………………………………………………… 58
Figure 12: Source of Income Used for Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 59
Figure 13: Gambling activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site ………………………………… 60
Figure 14: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling) …………………… 61
Figure 15: Older Persons’ Attitude to Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 63
Figure 16: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling ……………………………………………………… 65
Figure 17: Knowledge about how slot machines operate and function ……………………………………… 65
Figure 18: Average Return after a good play ……………………………………………………………………………… 66
Figure 19: Frequency of winning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
Figure 20: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………… 68
Figure 21: Effect of excessive gambling on gambling participants ……………………………………………… 69
Figure 22: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively ……………………………………… 70
Figure 23: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB ……………………………………………………………… 71
Figure 24: Effect of losing on participants’ health ……………………………………………………………………… 72
Figure 25: Effect of losing on family relations …………………………………………………………………………… 73
Figure 26: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site……………………………………………… 74

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ACRONYMS
BCMM: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
CBO’s: Community Based Organisations
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CSI: Corporate Social Investment
COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions
ECDSD: Eastern Cape Department of Social Development
DoW: Department of Women in the Presidency
ECSECC: Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council
ECGBB: Eastern Cape Gambling & Betting Board
FBO’s: Faith Based Organisations
GEPF: Government Employees’ Pension Fund
JV: Joint Venture
MEC: Member of the Executive Committee
MMR: Mixed Methods Research
NGB: National Gambling Board
NMMM: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality
NRGP: National Responsible Gambling Programme
SLA: Service Level Agreement
SARGF: South African Responsible Gambling Foundation
SASSA: South African Social Security Agency
Soc Dev EC: Eastern Cape Department of Social Development
ToR: Terms of Reference
USA: United States of America

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DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Betting: is to stake any money or thing of value on behalf of any person, or expressly or implied, to undertake,
promise or agree to stake on behalf of any person, any money or thing of value on any event or contingency
other than the contingency involved in a gambling game (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).
Bingo: means the gambling game known as bingo and any similar gaming game which is played with cards
(including electronic screens) on which appear sets of numbers or symbols and in the course of which each
player attempts to match for money, property, cheques or anything of value, all or a specified set of numbers
or symbols on his or her cards to calls made by the operator and includes any similar gambling game operated
in whole or in part by electronic means (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).
Casino: means any premises in or on which gambling is conducted under casino licence (ECGBB Research Report,
March 2014).
Fixed-odds bet: means a bet on one or more contingencies in which odds are agreed at the time the bet is
placed ( National Gambling Act No. 7 of 2004).
Gambling: is the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of gain, on the
outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result may be determined by chance or accident
or have an unexpected result by reason of the bettor’s miscalculation (Gauteng Gambling Board Research Study,
2010).
Grant recipient: refers to an adult who receives a grant in respect of him or herself or on behalf of a beneficiary.
Non-gamblers: are those who don’t gamble at all on any form of gambling.
Problem/irresponsible gambling: a gambling behaviour that creates negative consequences for those who
gamble and for others in their circle of friends and family, or for the community.
Old Age Social Grant: refers to a social grant paid to an aged person in terms of Section 10 of the Social
Assistance Act of 2004 (Act No 13 of 2004).
Older Person: refers to any person who has, according to the Social Assistance Act of 2004 (Act No 13 of 2004)
attained the prescribed age (60 years) in accordance to Sections 10 (a) or (b).
Pay point: Is a place where SASSA Old Age Social Grant recipients receive their grants.
Recreational gambling: is a harmless recreation where those who gamble do not spend more time or money
on gambling than they can comfortably afford - their gambling activities cause little or no harm to themselves
or their loved ones and their behaviour is associated with minimal guilt.

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Responsible gambling: Responsible gambling is knowing your limits and gambling within your means, as well
as gambling in a way whereby the potential for harm associated with gambling is minimised (Jonkheid & Mango
: 2008).
Site A or Type A site: is a gambling site that has 3 - 5 slot machines. (The Straight Bet: Vol. 1, 2012/13).
Site B or Type site: is a gambling site that has 20 - 40 slot machines. (The Straight Bet: Vol. 1, 2012/13).

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB), in partnership with South African Social Security Agency
(SASSA) and the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development (ECDSD), undertook an assigment to investigate
the gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province. ECGBB
commissioned Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture to undertake a research study in this regard. The purpose of the
research study was to:
• Investigate the extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that
actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.
• Explore and establish their attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and
activities.
• Determine positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in
the Eastern Cape Province.
The research designs used were survey and case studies (focus groups), and this approach allowed for
triangulation. When triangulating, quantitative statistical results were compared and contrasted against the
qualitative findings to validate or expand quantitative results with the qualitative data.
Document analysis was done in order to interrogate related studies, policies and any relevant information in
order to identify trends and patterns; and propose new questions or corroborate qualitative data.
The population of this study, comprised of Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape, a total of 330
000 as per information received from SASSA. Stratified, Convenience and Snowballing sampling methods were
used to sample participants. Due to financial and time constraints, the 5% of 330 000 was a very big sample,
therefore it was agreed that 1000 Old Age Social Grant Recipients comprising of 250 from each of the Zones
where the 4 casinos in the Eastern Cape are located (East London, Mbizana Queenstown and Port Elizabeth) be
sampled.
This sample size (0.3%) was considered not compromising representation of the population as it is acceptable
as per sample guide according to Stoker (1985) quoted by Leboea (2014).
Research instruments (survey questionnaire and focus groups interview schedules) were designed and piloted
in East London (conveniently) and validated for reliability (see Annexure A and B).
A questionnaire was used to collect data in a survey that was conducted in the following municipalities: Buffalo
City Metropolitan Municipality [BCMM] (East London); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality [NMMM] (Port
Elizabeth); Alfred Nzo District Municipality (Mbizana); Chris Hani (Queenstown); Sara Baartman District
Municipality formally called Cacadu (Jeffrey’s Bay) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha). Research sites
comprised of Casinos, Bingos, Site A’s, Site B’s, Tabs, house visits and pay points.

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An Interview Schedule was used to collect qualitative data from focus group discussions which were conducted
at Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort); Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North); Nelson
Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) and OR Tambo (Mthatha).
The quantitative data was captured and analysed on the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) by
experienced analysts. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data.
As far as the key research question is concerned: ‘Gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social grants
from the Eastern Cape Province’, it is clear from these research findings that gambling is prevalent at 76.1%
amongst older persons who are Old Age Social Grant recipients. The three key research questions also revealed
the following, with regard to:
The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province
Gambling prevalence is evident in all the Zones with East London showing the highest rate. BCMM as a district
shows most prevalence of gambling compared to other districts. Gambling is actually more prevalent amongst
males than females, and this is true across all Zones except for Port Elizabeth. The major source of income for
gambling seems to be other income (selling, extra jobs, etc.), yet there is also evidence of pension pay funds
and borrowed funds being used. The main source of transport used is taxis and other gambling participants
drive themselves. Most participants spend between R100 and R500 and there is a preference for casino games.
Therefore, the discovery that elderly people on Old Age Social Grant who: borrow money to gamble, gamble
every day and are spending about 37% of their grants necessitates a study to determine if these groups are
gambling irresponsibly or not and if so, what help can they be provided with to address the problem.
Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities
Most gambling participants know how slot machines function and are operated. There is a balancing view
between those who say there is a need to support participants at the gambling sites and those who say there
is no need for such. In terms of knowledge and attitude, firstly, gambling participants are aware that excessive
gambling can have negative impact leading to addiction. Most gambling participants do not know ECGBB and
they however, do know about the legalities in the gambling sector through ECGBB. Most Gambling participants
reported that they have self-control yet they claimed that at times they gambled longer than planned and some
felt they had to come back to win their losses.
The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern
Cape Province
Most participants indicated that losing money whilst gambling has no negative effect on their health and
family relations. More in-depth research studies would help to determine if Old Age Social Grant recipients of
the Eastern Cape are gambling responsibly/irresponsibly and the impact thereof, and if problems are discovered
they can be addressed by using strategies that would directly talk to the contextual issues in the Eastern Cape
Province.

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There are challenges around the image issue of ECGBB, secrecy and stigma around gambling. Further research
is therefore needed in the area of improving the image of ECGBB, social responsibility projects and their impact.
The issue of secrecy and stigma needs further investigation, to establish/investigate the reasons for the stigma
and secrecy around gambling and the lessons learnt from that study could inform the programmes designed to
address this challenge. The research study processes, data analysis and interpretation as well as findings and
recommendations have been explored in the ensuing chapters.

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FOREWORD BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board has made
significant leaps in going over and above its mandate which is
primarily anchored in regulating the gaming industry in the
Province. This is no more evident than the efforts it has made in
the generation of reliable and valid research that assists
executive management and the Board to make informed
decisions in an ever evolving gaming industry. This research study
strives to gauge the prevalence of gambling among old age social
grant recipients in the Province.
Having conducted the Prevalence of Gambling amongst
Government Employees in the Eastern Cape in the previous
financial year, the ECGBB partnered with the Eastern Cape
Department of Social Development and the South African Social
Security Agency “SASSA” to investigate a different cohort on
prevalence of gambling.
The ECGBB aimed to investigate the extent and the geographic
spread of older persons on social grant in the Province that
actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates
or has licensed.
Secondly, the ECGBB wanted to explore and establish older
person’s attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling
participation and activities.
Lastly, the aim of the regulator was to determine the positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling
participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province.
While some of our observations were verified, it is concerning to note that of the sampled respondents, old age
people receiving social grants have a high gambling prevalence at (76.1%).
With that said, we did find that some of our observations were less close to the facts, for instance, we had
initially adjudged women as higher attendees of gambling establishments, however, males edged the women
in the four District Municipalities except for Port Elizabeth.
There were more interesting or more worrisome findings that were not in our initial peripheral. For example,
we had close to two-thirds (66%) of participants using money from other financial sources to gamble, in some
cases pension pay funds were used and scarier is that money lenders were also sources of funding.
While preference to gambling establishments was primarily (53.3%) due to proximity, it was interesting to also
find out that many (78.5%) of the participants insisted they have self-control and some of them (65%) remained
the same whether they lose or win.
It was brought to our attention, through this study and previous studies, namely Licensee Satisfaction Survey
(2013/14) and the Prevalence of Gambling amongst Government Employees in the Eastern Cape (2013/14),
that the ECGBB needs to destigmatize gambling and its negative associations. Moreover, the ECGBB needs to
profile its role and mandate and act as an agent that is there to protect and serve its constituencies.
This research report uproots several key issues pertaining to social responsibility on behalf of our licensees as
well as key role players in supporting designated and vulnerable groups and more importantly, the gaming
regulator.

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While the latter is of significance, we are all also faced with another force of constitutional accessibility where
people are not discriminated on basis of the race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, and I dare say
their age.
This research report should ignite robust discussions on how we need to work together to promote responsible
gambling in the Eastern Cape.
With that I thank everyone that contributed to the outcome of this Gambling Prevalence study.
………………………………..
Mr. Reuben Mabutho Zwane
CEO, ECGBB

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND
BACKGROUND

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The National Gambling Act of 1996, repealed and replaced by the National Gambling Act (Act No. 7 of 2004)
emphasises the criticality of co-ordination with regard to concurrent national and provincial legislative
competence on gambling and betting. Consequent to that, uniform norms and standards are established to
safeguard people participating in gambling and their communities against the adverse effects of gambling. More
importantly, the South African National Responsible Gambling Programme (NRGP), supervised by national and
provincial governments through South African Responsible Gambling Trust (SARGT) carries out extensive
campaigns to make people aware of the dangers of gambling and how to avoid those dangers.
In line with the Gambling and Betting Act (Act No. 5 of 1997 as amended), the Eastern Cape Gambling and
Betting Board (ECGBB) was established to oversee all gambling activities in the Eastern Cape Province. ECGBB
is also responsible for advising the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Economic Affairs in the Eastern
Cape Province with regard to gambling matters and to exercise certain further powers contemplated in the Act.
In addition, included in its mandate, the ECGBB is responsible for issuing and revocation of gambling licences,
exclusion of problem gamblers, and protection of the public against unscrupulous gambling practices and control
of illegal gambling activities in the province (National Gambling Act (No. 7 of 2004).
A research study by the Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council (ECSSEC, 2011) reports that 79.5%
of people 60 years and older, in the Eastern Cape Province receive an Old Age Social Grant compared to 66.2%
country wide. There is an observation that a certain percentage of elderly people (as explained above) are
involved in gambling activities. Research indicates that about 89% of people who participate in other formal
types of gambling earned between R801 to R12 800 per month, with the majority of the same earning group
engaging in sports betting gambling (Van Vuuren, Standish, Boting, Swing, Powell & Larsen, 2009); therefore
Old Age Social Grant recipients may also be part of the latter percentage as their grants fall within the
mentioned earning bracket.
Due to the above mentioned observations and findings, one can justifiably assume that gambling may be
prevalent among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province. This is a cause for concern
for ECGBB as it acknowledges that as much as gambling and betting can yield positive results, gambling can
also produce negative results that can impact negatively on families and the broader communities (Van Vuuren
et al., 2009). To respond to the latter problem and other related problems, ECGBB has prioritised research as
one of the tools for intervention. Kothari (2009) defines research as a process of arriving at dependable solutions
to problems through systematic investigation, i.e. planned and systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of data. ECGBB’s proactive approach is its Research and Development Strategy that is aimed at
conducting evidence-based researches. The research findings are then used to inform gambling policies,
practices and programmes (ECGBB Annual Report, 2013/2014). The realization that gambling may be prevalent
amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients is the reason why ECGBB has commissioned a research study to validate
or reject this opinion/observation.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
ECGBB as a responsible regulator acknowledges that gambling can be an evasive act that requires utmost care
and awareness of the harms of problem gambling. As ECGBB does not have sufficient or appropriate knowledge
about certain issues related to gambling, it also does not have information and data about the extent and
prevalence of gambling among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province. Interest in
this study was also triggered by the following observations:
• A number of older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling across
gambling sites which the ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province.
• Older persons, especially women that gamble do so in groups than as individuals.
• Older persons, especially women are assumed to be in receipt of social grants frequent and
participate in gambling activities throughout the Province.
• Older persons that gamble are retired and some are dependent on social grants as a primary source of
income.
• Older persons and the number of women that gamble are attempting to improve their finances,
perhaps to sustain their livelihood.
• Older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling for entertainment or leisure.
• Older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly attempt to make a fortune.
No research has been conducted in the Eastern Cape to determine gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old
Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province – therefore, there is a need to give this issue the attention it
deserves. It is on this premise that ECGBB, in partnership with SASSA and ECDSD, undertook this assignment to
investigate the gambling prevalence of Old Age Social Grant recipients from the Eastern Cape Province.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the research study was to:
1.3.1 Investigate the extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that
actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.
• Whether older persons who gamble are social grant recipients, and if so why do they gamble or
participate in gambling activities.

20
• How do they get to gambling sites in order to participate in gambling activities.
• How often do they visit gambling sites and reasons that they prefer to participate and gamble in
those sites and the distance that they travel to those gambling sites.
• How much money do they spend at those gambling sites in terms of rands and cents and the source
of income that they utilise to spend for their gambling activities.
• The kind or types of gambling activities that they prefer or participate at the gambling sites, whether
football pools (Sports Stake), Bingo, Slot Machines, Fixed Odds Betting Terminals, Horse Races, Sports
Betting, Betting on non-sports events, Casino Games, Poker at a pub/club, online slot machine
style; and apart from gambling what other activities do they engage in whilst at those gambling sites.
1.3.2 Explore and establish their attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation
and activities. In other words their understanding of:
• How slot machines operate and function
• Average return per player
• Harm associated with excessive and irresponsible gambling
• Mechanisms available to deal or overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling
• The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board as Regulator of Gambling activities in the Eastern Cape
Province.
1.3.3 Determine positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons
in the Eastern Cape Province.
• How gambling participation affects the health of older persons.
• How the dependents, especially the grand children of the older persons are affected when they go
and participate in gambling activities.
• Interpersonal relations both at household and community level as a result of attending and
participating in gambling sites as older persons.
• Financial management responsibilities of the older persons in the household as a result of gambling
participation.
• Incidence of winning money in gambling participation and how many times and how the money is spent
or utilized. Similarly with losing money, how many times has money been lost.

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• Additional source of income except the Old Age Social Grant or pension fund.
• Any support that is provided to older people when they participate in gambling activities at the
gambling sites.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will provide a theoretical background of what is entailed in gambling, especially in relation to older
persons. It will also enable ECGBB and partners to reflect on their experiences as well as to share advice with
regard to the phenomenon under study. As the findings will also outline issues about or linked to the extent of
gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients, including their attitudes, understanding and skills
as well as its socio-economic impact, the findings can also be used, as aforementioned, to inform
government policies, practices and programmes.
1.5 PROCESSES FOLLOWED TO CONDUCT RESEARCH
Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture (JV) was appointed by ECGBB to conduct a study on the gambling prevalence of the
recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province. Following this appointment:
1.5.1 An Inception Meeting was held where the Service Provider submitted a Project Implementation Plan
aligned to the study’s Terms of References (ToRs). The research methodology, research instruments
and plans were also presented. Further matters attended also included: the finalisation of the Service
Level Agreement (SLA); payment process; access letters to gambling sites; list of the OlderPersons’
Forums and logistics with regard to field work.
1.5.2 The Service Provider submitted an amended Project Implementation Plan; other research plans
(piloting, communication & popularisation and field work) and revised research tools as per the
recommendations of the Inception Meeting. ECGBB reviewed and approved the plans and tools,
and the SLA was signed.
1.5.3 ECGBB informed the Site Operators about the research study and requested their support and
participation.
1.5.4 The research instruments were piloted. Both instruments (questionnaire and interview schedule) were
piloted in East London. The survey questionnaire was piloted in three different gambling sites and
overall 11 gambling participants contributed. The focus group interview schedule was piloted to
6 people (3 elderly people and 3 youths).
1.5.5 Final revisions were made to the research instruments and they were approved by the ECGBB.
1.5.6 The ECGBB provided letters to Site Operators, details of Older Persons’ Forums and pay points
schedules to the Service Provider.

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1.5.7 The Service Provider recruited, trained and orientated Data Collectors and afterwards fieldwork
commenced.
1.5.8 Gambling sites, pension pay points and houses visits were targeted data collection points. Different
data control measures were administered to ensure that the data collected was the quality expected.
1.5.9 Data was captured, analysed and interpreted by qualified and experienced statistician and analysts.
1.5.10 As the research report was expected to be presented to three committees, for their comments, the
following emanated:
• Firstly, it was presented to the Management (ECGBB and partner departments)
• Secondly, it was presented to the Compliance and Licensing Committee
• Suggested amendments of both committees were addressed
• An external validator and an editor were contracted by the Service Provider to validate the findings of
the report as well as editing it. Recommended changes/recommendations were addressed.
• Lastly, the research report was presented to the entire Board of Directors and likewise
recommendations made were addressed.
• The final report, a graphic designed hard copy document, utilising the brand colours of the ECGBB
and the research partners was submitted to ECGBB Management.
1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINE
This research report has five chapters, including Chapter 1 that outlines the background and introduction of
the research study. Chapter 2 provides the details of the research methodology used to conduct the study.
Chapter 3 presents the analysis and interpretation of collected data. Chapter 4 presents the findings of the
study as well as recommendations to address negative findings. Chapter 5 concludes the study for ease of
understanding, it also compares the findings to the global trends as well as highlighting lessons that can be
learnt from other countries and lastly areas that need further investigation are listed.

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CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study and it begins with philosophical foundations (post
positivist or Mixed Methods Research: MMR) that guided the research study and goes on to cover issues of
research design; instruments used to collect data; piloting of the instruments; sampling strategy; methods of
data collection; data quality control; data analysis; delimitations and limitations of the study as well as the
ethical considerations.
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The post-positivist or MMR paradigm combines and integrates both quantitative (positivist, i.e. survey) and
qualitative (interpretivist, i.e. focus groups) research approaches. The MMR was deemed the most suitable for
the study. The quantitative approach relies on tangible evidence to validate data and relationships between
these phenomena which are investigated in terms of generalizable causal effects which in turn allows for
prediction; whilst the qualitative approach considers reality as psychologically and socially constructed (Gelo
et al., 2008:268). The research designs used were survey and case studies, and this approach allowed for
triangulation. When triangulating quantitative statistical results were compared and contrasted against the
qualitative findings to validate or expand quantitative results with the qualitative data.
2.3 POPULATION
The population of this study comprised of all the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape, a total
of 330 000 as per SASSA advice. Due to financial and time constraints, the 5% sample that was initially targeted
(as per SLA) was not attainable; therefore 1000 participants (0.3%) were sampled. The latter decision did not
compromise sample representation as per the research guide below.
Table 1: Sampling guide
Population Percentage suggested Number of participants
20 100% 20
30 80% 24
50 64% 32
100 45% 45
200 32% 64
500 20% 100
1 000 14% 140
10 000 4.5% 450
100 000 2% 2 000
200 000 1% 2 000
(Stoker, 1985 cited by Leboea, 2014)

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The quantitative sample of 1000 was supplemented by four focus group participants that were 64 in number,
therefore the overall sample was 1064.
2.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
A combination of sampling methods was used, i.e. stratified (districts, different gambling sites, age, pension
recipients, gender, etc.); convenience (East London was chosen as a pilot site) and snowballing (referrals).
The survey was conducted in the following municipalities: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality [BCMM] (East
London); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality [NMMM] (Port Elizabeth); Alfred Nzo District Municipality
(Mbizana); Chris Hani District Municipality (Queenstown); Sara Baartman District Municipality formally called
Cacadu District Municipality (Jeffrey’s Bay) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha).
Table 2: Gambling sites per research sites
Research site Gambling site
BCMM (East London) Casino, Bingo, Site A, Tabs, house visits and pay points
NMMM (Port Elizabeth) Casino, Bingo, Site A, Site B, house visits and Tabs
Sara Bartman DM (Jeffrey’s Bay) Site B and Tab
Alfred Nzo DM (Mbizana) Casino, house visits and pay points
OR Tambo DM (Mthatha) Bingo, Tabs and house visits
Chris Hani DM (Queenstown) Casino, Site A, Site B, house visits and Tab
Above: One of ECGBB’s Betting sites.

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The focus group discussions were undertaken at Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort); Joe Gqabi
District Municipality (Aliwal North); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) and OR Tambo
District Municipality (Mthatha).
The sampling of the above mentioned research sites was influenced by the following factors: the SLA
Terms of Reference (ToR) (recommended number of municipalities and gambling sites to be targeted, i.e.
7 municipalities and 4 casinos, 5 Site A’s (3-5 machines) and 2 Site B’s (20-40 machines); incorporation of
municipalities with casinos and contextual issues, e.g. Mbizana and Jeffery’s Bay case.
2.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A questionnaire with dichotomous and open format questions was used as a data collection instrument for the
survey (see Appendix A). The questionnaire enabled the researcher to get quantifiable and comparable data.
Dichotomous and open format questions enabled the participants to choose from a number of options and
provided space to mention “other” things that were relevant to the phenomenon under study but not featured
in the questionnaire (Research Services, 2009).
For the qualitative phase, focus group interviews were used as a data collection instrument. The focus groups
interviews were aimed at understanding feelings, thoughts, intentions, past experiences as well as the
meanings participants attach to the topic under investigation. The interview would also enable researchers
to pick up nonverbal cues, through frowns, nervous tapping and other body language that participants would
unconsciously exhibit. Focus group interviews also enabled the researchers to access a good number of people
who could be engaged in one interview.
An interview schedule with standardised and open ended questions was designed (see Appendix B). Open
-ended questions allowed researchers to probe: adapt questions, clarify doubt, ensure responses are properly
understood and repeat or rephrase questions so that the interviews could produce a high response rate. Open-
ended questions also develop trust, are perceived as less threatening, allow an unrestrained or free response,
and may be more useful with articulate participants (Welman & Kruger, 2006:174). Document analysis was done
in order to interrogate related studies, policies and any relevant information in order to identify trends and
patterns, propose new questions or corroborate qualitative data.
2.6 PILOTING OF INSTRUMENTS (SURVEY AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULE)
A pilot study meant to confirm the simplicity, clarity or comprehensiveness of the questionnaire was
conducted in East London. Welman et al (2005:148) note that a pilot assists with detecting possible flaws in the
measurement, identifies unclear or ambiguously formulated items and also affords researchers an
opportunity to notice non-verbal behaviour. Ten people from different gambling sites (casino, bingo, Tab and Site
A) were targeted to participate; however, due to a positive response, eleven people were seen. Issues linked
to the structure, writing style, use of relevant concepts and language appropriateness were picked up. After
engagements with participants, necessary changes were effected on the questionnaire and it was then deemed
to be a reliable instrument to be used to investigate the phenomenon under study.

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The following observations were made during the pilot: elderly people took time to respond to questions and
were easily side-tracked from issues under discussion; participants tended to be tense whenconversations
were initiated but would loosen up as the conversations were progressing and some participants were very
passionate about gambling. Participants also shared a lot of pertinent issues related to the study, e.g. myths
and socio-economic impact etc.
The above mentioned observations as well as the information shared were used to inform the training document
that was used when Data Collectors were trained and some were kept to be used in the data analysis chapter.
To ensure validity, the interview schedule was also piloted in East London. Six participants were conveniently
sampled, i.e. three elderly persons and three youths. The involvement of youth in the piloting of the interview
schedule was deliberate and meant to resemble the actual focus groups interviews (elderly people and their
significant others: triangulation) which are to take place during data collection. It is also envisaged that as
part of unfolding socio economic impact of gambling, the views of those affected by excessive gambling would
cut across all ages and include those of the youth. All the questions were deemed comprehensive and not
much changes were made to the schedule because although the exact wording and sequence of questions were
predetermined, when probing, researchers were allowed to rephrase the questions to ensure their
comprehensiveness.
2.7 DATA COLLECTION
2.7.1 Recruitment and appointment of Data Collectors
In preparation for fieldwork, Data Collectors who were to administer the questionnaire (survey) were
recruited. Recruitment was done through local institutions of higher learning, community and faith based
eaders and through word of mouth and preference was given to local people. One of the most critical selection
requirements was language competency in both English and Xhosa as it was expected for the incumbent
to be able to translate from English to Xhosa and vice versa. Prospective Data Collectors were interviewed
and the following skills were tested: self-management, interpersonal, communication, team/group work
principles, conflict management, translation and interpretation as pertaining to the questionnaire itself. Five Data
Collectors were appointed to work on each research site, except in the case of Mbizana -Mthatha where two
additional Data Collectors were appointed to administer the questionnaire in Mthatha. Because of distance,
it would have not been practical neither would it be cost effective to use the five Data Collectors from the
Mbizana team, hence the extra two Data Collectors for the Mthatha OR Tambo site. The overall number of Data
Collectors was therefore twenty-two.
2.7.2 Training of Data Collectors
Appointed Data Collectors were trained. As much as it was a one day training, Data Collectors were trained
on the background and purpose of the workshop; research concepts; questionnaire administration; research
ethics; interpersonal skills; different gambling activities and relevant acts. Because some Data Collectors were
graduates and some at tertiary institutions, they were trainable and showed a lot of enthusiasm for the study
and they also understood it’s sensitivity and the challenges it could pose.

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2.7.3 The actual fieldwork
• Survey
The data collection processes ran concurrently, i.e. whilst the Data Collectors were busy with the survey
phase, research coordinators were busy with focus group interviews. Fuller, Rawlinson and Bevan (2000) note
that the strength of fieldwork is that it provides opportunities to learn through direct, concrete experiences,
enhancing the understanding that comes from observing ‘real world’ manifestations and it develops skills like
observation, synthesis, evaluation, reasoning, instrumentation skills, practical problem solving and adaptability
to new demands that call for creative solutions.
250 questionnaires were supposed to be administered in each research site and each Data Collector had to
administer 50 questionnaires each over a period of five days. In the case of Mbizana-Mthatha and Port Elizabeth-
Jeffrey’s Bay, the 250 was shared between those towns. Both solo and group approaches were undertaken as
the Data Collectors sometimes worked alone or in groups. As mentioned in sub section 2.7.1, Data Collectors
translated the questionnaire whenever it was necessary. Initially, the duration of the fieldwork was planned
for five days but due to the nature of the study and the dynamics involved (i.e. its sensitivity that led to
reluctance of people to participate and the Mbizana -Mthatha case where the coordinator had to move to Mthatha
and continue with data collection), the data collection process took eight days to complete. At the end of the
fieldwork 1000 questionnaires were returned to research coordinators (see paragraph 2 of the Data Quality
Control section [2.8] for specifics).
• Focus groups
Focus groups were conducted by research coordinators and the participants were mainly elderly people and the
youth. Platforms used to invite participants were community leaders; forums for the elderly people and people
living with disabilities; youth groups and faith based organisations. Initially, the maximum number targeted for
focus group participants was ten; however, when people came in large numbers they were not turned away as
that was seen as an opportunity to enhance the quality of the engagements.
The following table outlines participants per research site:
Table 3: Focus group participants per research site
Research site Number of participants
Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort) 12
Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North) 19
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) 28
OR Tambo (Mthatha) 23

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The coordinators were also able to mediate the issue of language during the interviews, e.g. in the case of Joe
Gqabi (Aliwal North) where some participants were Sotho speaking, the researcher was also able to speak both
Xhosa and South Sotho. The interviews were captured through audio-taping and notes were also taken by the
Coordinator/researchers’ assistants. In most groups, participants were enthusiastic and some noted that they
were gambling whilst others used to gamble.
2.7.4 Highlights of the fieldwork
• Reception, support and co-operation from the gambling site officials were favourable in most
research sites.
• Officials from Route Operators Licensees were also very supportive and helpful.
• After the purpose of the study was explained, most participants showed appreciation for the study as
they believed that it would bring value to the gambling participants, the gambling authorities and
the community at large.
2.7.5 Challenges and remedial measures
• Fear, suspicion and mistrust
There was fear, suspicion and mistrust around the purpose of the study as a result of which:
• some people would promise to organise elderly people who do gamble but on follow up they would
ignore calls or the phones would be switched off
• at pay points, elderly people were reluctant to speak about the issue under study due to fear of
losing their Old Age Social Grant.
Remedial measure: The purpose of the study was explained; however, research ethics were also honoured -
people not willing to participate were not forced to do so.
• Pay dates in conflict with the research time
Some dates for the payment of the Old Age Social Grant were either before or after fieldwork, therefore in
other research sites pay points could not be visited.
Remedial measure: Pay points that presented no clashes were visited by Data Collectors and researchers.
Snowballing was also used as some Data Collectors knew some Old Age Social Grant recipients who were gam-
bling participants and in such cases house visits would be conducted.

30
• Non-use of certain gambling sites by elderly people
It was shared by site managers that elderly people do not use certain gambling sites, especially Site A’s because
of the nature of their operations, i.e. most are taverns so elderly people do not feel safe in them.
Remedial measure: Gambling sites that were frequented by elderly people were targeted.
• Racism
In one research site a coordinator and Data Collectors experienced racism as they were told to use a certain
door and a sitting area that was reserved for black people. In some research sites gambling participants
complained that they received racist treatment as they were expected to use reserved lounges. Gambling
participants also noted that in some gambling sites it was obvious that equity prescripts were ignored as in
some sites staff members were mainly white especially in management positions.
Remedial measure: The coordinator had to assert herself and on mentioning that the team was from/linked
to ECGBB, the manager involved became very apologetic.
• Time constraints
Because of time constraints Data Collectors worked long hours and the planned period (5 days) was exceeded.
Remedial measure: Data Collectors worked on weekends and coordinators risked their lives by transporting
Data Collectors to their places of residence very late in the evening.
• Negotiation of participation with gambling participants
Gambling sites were one of the targeted places for data collection, however it was not always easy to approach
a gambling participant that had just finished playing or had just taken a break as other gambling participants
looked agitated whenever they were approached. The agitation could be linked to a feeling of being disturbed
at one’s leisure time or a person has just lost and therefore still wants to contain him/herself.
Remedial measure: Floor managers in various sites volunteered to be the ones approaching the gambling
participants to introduce the Data Collectors. Because the site staff was familiar with the gambling participants,
some of them showed willingness to participate.
2.8. DATA QUALITY CONTROL
Before fieldwork was undertaken a research proposal and process was presented to ECGBB and all other relevant
partners. It was interrogated to ensure that the envisaged aim was realised. Research instruments were also
piloted and Data Collectors were trained.

31
Prior to the actual fieldwork the coordinator and Data Collectors visited the gambling sites in order to
familiarise themselves with their new work environment and to give them an understanding of what the sites
are about, e.g. the machines used and any other information that could be useful during their stay on the site.
During fieldwork research coordinators were continuously monitoring Data Collectors by being there in the field
with them, paying unannounced visits and at times they would even transport (drop and collect) the Data
Collectors. Being there with the Data Collectors also afforded coordinators a chance to give support and advice
whenever they deemed it necessary. For the purpose of control, all questionnaires were numbered. At the end
of each day the coordinators would check if the submitted questionnaires were thoroughly completed. At the
end of fieldwork 1000 questionnaires were returned, and on capturing the data the following emanated: 22
questionnaires from the self-completed batches were declared spoilt due to the following reasons:
• other participants gave conflicting responses, e.g. they would note that they were
gamblers but would respond to some questions on the non-gamblers section
• other participants only completed the biographical part and would refuse to continue
• others gave multiple responses in many questions that required only one answer
At the end of the capturing stage, 987 questionnaires were entered on SPSS, i.e. 767 gamblers and 211
non-gamblers. It should be noted that 22 spoilt questionnaires constitute a 2.2% margin of error for the sample
and it is therefore within the 5% margin of error with a 97.8% confidence level, which is acceptable as per the
SLA requirements.
For the focus group the interviews were recorded and transcribed; the recorded data and transcripts are
available. In terms of validity, researchers checked if the findings could be substantiated by evidence that does
not waiver (Niemann et al, 2002:283).
Therefore, the researchers are confident that the results of the study are dependable because if the research
study can be repeated, in the same context, with the same methods and with the same participants, similar
results would be obtained. To ensure validity, data capturing was performed by qualified and experienced data
analysts, in addition an independent validator was contracted to validate the findings of the research report.
The research was also edited to ensure that it meets the standard of a professional report, however, statements
taken from the Terms of Reference were quoted verbatim and thus not edited. To confirm trustworthiness and
reliability, i.e. that the study results are a product of an enquiry and are not tainted by the biases of the
researchers, records of focus group interviews, filled survey questionnaires, drafts, field notes, pilots material,
preliminary schedules, observation sheets, recorded data and data analysis products will be forwarded to the
ECGBB as advised.

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2.9 DATA ANALYSIS
This study had two sets of data, quantitative and qualitative. In MMR, the data is interpreted after it has been
collected and analysed and it involves a cyclical combination between quantitative deductive inference (theory
driven hypothesis testing, verification oriented) and qualitative inductive inference (data driven hypothesis and
theory development, exploratory orientated) (Gelo et al, 2008:286). Therefore, even though this study had two
sets of data, the quantitative data was captured and analysed on the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences
(SPSS) by experienced analysts. Tables and charts were used to present the results and using the SPSS programme
the data collected was cross tabulated and correlation exercises were also undertaken.
The qualitative data was analysed by a team of researchers using Content Analysis where data was coded and
categorised. Observed similarities and differences between the labelled text units were grouped into themes.
Emergent themes were relabelled using the language closer to the researcher and to the theory of reference
and, finally, the themes were interrelated into each other and abstracted into a set of themes which received
new labels and the obtained data was then presented and this involved a discussion of the evidence for the
emerged themes and perspectives.
At the end of the second analysis the data was merged by comparing the data with the results of the
quantitative and qualitative datasets through a discussion.
The quantitative results were displayed and then discussed with reference to the obtained qualitative results
and literature.
2.10 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
For the survey part the study is limited only to pension recipients, i.e. elderly people over the age of 60 from
the Eastern Cape Province and is meant to investigate gambling prevalence of Old Age Social Grant recipients.
2.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
As aforementioned on the fieldwork challenges (Section 2.6.5), the reluctance of elderly people to participate
due to fear that their Old Age Social Grant may be taken away, time constraints, pension pay dates that clashed
with the fieldwork schedule, non-preference of certain sites by elderly people, racism and the emotional state
of the gambling participants were limitations.
2.12 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The overall approach of the study was guided by the recognition of the following ethical principles: respect,
beneficence and justice. The researchers respected the dignity and autonomy of all participants.
Before fieldwork was undertaken coordinators visited the gambling sites with Data Collectors and the purpose
was to formally introduce the Data Collectors to Site Managers and staff and to discuss the mode of operation
to be adopted.

33
It was clearly articulated to participants that they were under no obligation to participate and their identities
were to be kept confidential.
2.13 CONCLUSION
This chapter outlined the methodology of the study, starting with the post positivist paradigm, the chosen
mixed methods, the sampling process, piloting and fieldwork. Data collection instruments outlined include
questionnaires, an interview schedule and documents analysis. The study also outlined the steps undertaken
to ensure validity and reliability. The next chapter proceeds with reviewed literature.

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CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE
REVIEW

36
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 Definition of prevalence
The Oxford Advance Dictionary (2014) notes that the word prevalence comes from the Latin word “praevalere”,
meaning a “condition of being widespread or general”. It further expounds that the word is often used to
describe a phenomenon that is widespread in a community and it is another word for commonness. For the
purpose of this study, the area of focus is gambling prevalence amongst elderly people.
3.1.2 Legal Framework
The advent of democratic dispensation and the incorporation of the homelands into the provinces necessitated
regulation of gambling in South Africa. The National Gambling Act passed in 1996 repealed and replaced by the
National Gambling Act (Act No. 7 of 2004) among other things addressed the following:
• legal provisions for regulation of gambling activities;
• promotion of uniform norms and standards in relation to gambling throughout the country;
• definition of different gambling notions, i.e. how many gambling licenses were to be distributed
among the provinces;
• provision of information on liability;
• introduction of a National Lottery etc.
These legal processes also resulted in the establishment of the National Responsible Gambling Programme
(NRGP) which began operating in 1999 (Rule, and Sibanyoni, 2000 & Seggie, 2011).
The principle of responsible gambling as defined by Jonkheid and Mango (2008) emphasises knowing your limits,
gambling within your means as well as gambling in a way which minimises the potential for harm. ECGBB pro-
motes responsible gambling through a number of initiatives e.g. campaigns and information sharing sessions.
It is however, noted that a research report (undated) by ECGBB showed that some elderly people displayed
little or no understanding of responsible gambling initiatives.
This assertion is confirmed in a study by Ligthelm and Jonkheid (2009) which revealed that in South Africa
pensioners reported the lowest incidence of budgeting for gambling which shows lack of understanding
responsible gambling principles.

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3.1.3 Gambling prevalence with regard to elderly people
Ensor and Esterhuizen (2013) note that in comparison to other African countries, e.g. Nigeria and Kenya, South
Africa has by far the largest overall gambling market, as well as the largest land-based casino gambling market.
When compared to western countries, gambling in the United States of America (USA) is one of the fastest
growing industries and it is estimated that in the USA, 125 million people are gamblers (Vig, 2014). Countries
like Canada, Australia, North America, Britain and Austria are also reporting high gambling prevalence (Eades,
2003 & Griffiths, 2003).
With specific reference to the elderly, Community Links (2010) shares that globally there is general agreement
in research and popular media that elderly people are one of the fastest growing groups of gamblers. Vig (2014)
notes that gambling addiction is also on the rise among older adults in Canada and the United States as a result
of this growth in the number of gamblers. The United States individuals over the age of 65 represent about 7.2%
of gamblers.
In South Africa, the National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) reveals that with regard to licensed casino
use, the 55+ year age group showed high incidence of gambling. The National Gambling Board Research Study
(2013) also states that regulators often raise concerns that pensions and social grants are misspent, and that
recipients allocate disproportionate amounts of their available income to gambling. There was also a concern
that pensioners or grant recipients were systematically targeted by unscrupulous (illegal) gambling operators,
however, no evidence was encountered that pensioners or grant recipients were targeted (Department of Trade
and Industry Gambling Review, 2013). Furthermore, the National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) reveals
that that there is likelihood that grant recipients gamble on the day that they receive their grant than they
were during the rest of the month.
With regard to elderly people who are Old Age Social Grant recipients, Ligthelm and Jonkheid (2009) reveal
that some elderly people gamble the little money they get from the social grant. However, a research study
conducted in Soweto reveals that, as much as there was a question meant to establish if the Old Age Social
Grant was used to gamble, no participant shared stories of grant recipients spending too much money or
diverting grant money from household necessities in order to gamble (National Gambling Board Research Study,
2013).
3.1.4 Reasons for gambling by elderly people
Community Link (2010) and Vig (2014) mention different reasons why elderly people gamble and when compared
to the South African context, a number of similarities are recognized and these are;
• Elderly people socialise due to social isolation and seek to be entertained or have fun
Van der Vilt (2004) notes that elderly people are attracted to the comfortable safe atmosphere of the bingo
hall/casino as well as the exciting atmosphere and ‘glitter’ of the casino.

38
• They seek to relieve boredom and to escape loneliness and loss
National Gambling Board Research Study conducted in 2013 found that in rural KwaZulu-Natal pensioners face
a tedious situation, a mixture of boredom and frustration which produces hordes of men and women who
gamble as a natural facet of daily existence.
• They want to make money or hope to make money
The National Gambling Board Research Study (2010) established that in Gauteng the high incidence of poverty
in the province motivates a significant number of pensioners to see gambling as a route to better
circumstances thus almost two-thirds of pension-age gamblers, gamble in a desperate bid to boost their income.
• They seek to support charitable causes
It is reported that gambling operators aggressively advertise their charities and elderly people are constantly
invited by being offered a meal, promised cinema visits, etc. that entice them to go to the casino floor
(Gambling Review Commission Report, 2013).
However, the report highlights that the gambling Act prohibits advertising of a gambling activity as being
available for free.
It must however be noted that as much as certain causes of gambling are shared by different countries, it was
evident that in countries like Australia, elderly people mainly gamble because they are bored or lonely because
they have lost family members through death, marriages, relocation, etc.; whilst in South Africa elderly people
mainly gamble for extra income (Rule and Sibanyoni, 2000 & National Gambling Board Research Study, 2010).
3.1.5 Impact of gambling on the elderly people
According to the National Gambling Board Research Study (2010) the Positive Impact of gambling for low-income
older gamblers, includes among others:
• means of being able to afford food and basic necessities
• cultivates friendships with other gamblers and
• a relaxing and enjoyable hobby
Negative Impact includes:
• gambling might constitute irresponsible spending and can lead to dishonesty between family members
• emotional stress and family tensions

39
• violence due to excessive gambling
• financial devastation
• selling of assets such as vehicles and houses
• as well as suicide
3.1.6 Problem gambling
Ferris (2015) notes that the following are signs indicative of problem gambling by elderly people: not having
enough money for groceries, medication or other bills; defensiveness about the way they spend money on
gambling; preoccupation about gambling; juggling bills to have more money for gambling; health problems;
borrowing money; increased isolation from friends, family and community gatherings; growing agitation; change
in appearance (sloppier); loss of a house or car; spending all their money before their pension cheque arrives,
etc. To confirm the negative impact of addiction/problem gambling on family relations, an article published in
Daily Dispatch (March, 10 2015) shares a story of a family feud that was a result of a family member who lost
her salary in gambling then stole money from a family business which she also gambled with the hope of winning
more money.
In explaining the situation an attorney said, “Intending to pay back the money with gambling winnings her
situation became uncontrolled and she was trapped in a vicious cycle as she lost more and more money”
3.1.7 Gambling stigmatisation and secrecy
In comparison to other countries, Azmier and Roach (2000) report that in Canada gambling is a ‘hidden problem’
for elderly people. A research study conducted in the Eastern Cape Province in 2009 reveals that gambling
becomes less acceptable as people get older and 38% of participants who were 50 years or older supported that
notion (Van Vuuren et al, 2009), therefore, that could be a reason why older people hide that they are involved
in gambling. Nonetheless, De Vries (2014) believes that gambling is becoming normalised and few people are
raising serious moral concerns about it in South Africa.
3.1.8 Online gambling
It should be noted that, although there are people involved in online gambling in South Africa, it is still illegal
(Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2013). The National Responsible Gambling Programme (2013) reveals that with
relation to the elderly people (65 + year olds), in both 2012 and 2013 an average of 7% was using online gambling
in South Africa. The Gambling Review conducted by DTI in 2013 warned that, even if online gambling can be
regulated in South Africa the activity will not necessarily inhibit the use of unlicensed foreign sites that could
still be accessed by the very individuals that the legislation seeks to protect, such as minors and problem
gamblers. In comparison to the African continent, online gambling is permitted in Kenya but prohibited in
Nigeria, except for lotteries.

40
3.1.9. Intervention measures to address problem gambling
Seggie (2011) notes that NRGP has three main divisions that work closely together to address problem gambling
challenges and these are:
• Treatment
Treatment begins with the provision of a free 24/7 confidential help and counselling (helpline 0800 006 008)
funded by NRGP through which problem gamblers and those close to them can get expert assistance.
• Prevention
Prevention consists mainly of educating actual and potential problem gamblers about the dangers of gambling
and how to avoid them through awareness campaigns targeted both at the population at large and at
vulnerable communities including the young, the poor and grant recipients. These are conducted by print,
television and radio advertising; distribution of promotional and informational leaflets, brochures and
newsletters; participation in community outreach initiatives and integration of gambling educational programmes
in schools and in special events.
• Research
The NRGP Research Division makes use of academics from local universities as well as collaborators from other
countries to undertake research aimed at understanding the nature, causes and prevalence of problem gambling,
to facilitate the development of good public policy, and to enhance the effectiveness of prevention and
treatment strategies.
MacIntyre (2008) explains that the University of Windsor’s prevention and treatment programme for elderly
people entails peer support (seniors helping other seniors) and the active involvement of gambling operators
as they are expected to address the unique nature and impact of problem gambling within the elderly by
recognizing their needs, views and concerns and receive input from them for the development of support
programs.
3.2 CONCLUSION
The latter literature discussion reveals that gambling and its associated problems is not a unique South African
problem, many countries in the world are experiencing similar problems – therefore that presents an
opportunity for an exchange of ideas. Nonetheless, it is also important to note that each country has its unique
dynamics, therefore in exchanging of ideas, contextual issues need to be given serious consideration.

41
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

42
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis and the interpretation of the data collected by way of questionnaires, focus
group schedules and document analysis. For ease of reference, the towns where the survey was undertaken
are referred to as survey zones, namely, East London Zone: representing Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
(BCMM); Port Elizabeth Zone: representing Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) and Cacadu
(Jeffrey’s Bay), Queenstown Zone: representing Chris Hani; and Mbizana-Mthatha Zone: representing Alfred Nzo
and OR Tambo. Table 4 shows different survey zones and the number of instruments administered at each zone
(see below: Figure 1).
4.1.1 Distribution of participants by Survey Zones
Each Survey Zone was expected to administer 250 questionnaires and the table presents the outcome of the
survey.
The following table shows that in all the Zones the prevalence of gambling is evident as depicted by Gambler
percentages, East London (21.5%); Port Elizabeth (21%); Queenstown (18.2%); and Mthatha/Mbizana (17.7%).
Gambling prevalence is evident, with East London showing the highest rate. The overall gambling prevalence
rate is 78.4 %.
Table 4: Survey Zones of the participants
Survey Zones Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total
East London
Port Elizabeth
Queenstown
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
210 245 25.1
208 21 36 3.7 244 24.9
176 246 25.2
Total
173 243 24.8
767 78.4 211 21.6 978 100
21.5
18.2
17.7
35
70
70
3.6
7.2
7.1Mthatha/Mbizana

43
Figure 1: Survey Zones of the participants
4.2 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
4.2.1 Distribution of participants by Gender
Gambling is more prevalent amongst males (55.4%) whilst females are at 44.6%; and this is true across all zones
except for Port Elizabeth (see Figures 2 & 3 below). This contradicts ECGBB’s observation that a number of
older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling.
From focus group interviews the most prominent view was that both men and women are involved in gambling,
because both groups have the same intention, i.e. to make more money.
Table 5: No. of participants per Gender
Gender Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
Male
Female
Total
423 39.7 506 52.0
341 44.6 126 60.3 467 48.0
764 100 209 100 973 100
8355.4

44
Figure 2: No. of participants per Gender
Figure 3: Gender by Zones
4.2.2 Distribution of participants by Marital Status
The following table shows that Gambling and non-gambling participants’ distribution seem to be evenly spread
across all categories of status. However, it does show that the ‘married’ category has the highest percentage
of gambling participants.

45
Table 6: Marital Status of the participants
Figure 4: Marital Status of the participants
Marital Status Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
Married
Single
Divorced
438 57.6 117 56.0 555 57.2
127 17.7 164 16.9
41 52 5.4
Cohabitating
Widowed
25
130 18.1 168 17.3
Total 761 100 209 100 970 100
16.7
5.4
3.3
17.0
37
11
6
38
5.3
31 3.22.9

46
4.2.3 Distribution of participants by Age Group
As it is known that the qualifying age for the Old Age Social Grant is 60, a provision of 55 was made to
accommodate participants that were on “other pensions” and had taken early pension, e.g. GEPF, Provident
Fund, etc. The overall number of participants that were receiving “other pensioners” was 26, i.e. 23 gambling
participants and 3 non gambling participants, which only reflects 3% participation. Therefore, it should be noted
that most respondents were Old Age Social Grant recipients (60 and above). This issue was also covered in
Section A Question 2 of the questionnaire where data collectors had to establish the participants’ source of
income and the finding was that: of the 962 that responded to the question 743 (77.2%) noted that they were
Old Age Social Grant recipients; and out of the overall 77.2%, 60.5% were gambling participants (see Table 8).
The following table shows that for the old age grant recipients in the 61 to 69 and the 70 and above age group
brackets, the gambling participants are 37% + 16.2% = 53.2%. Thus, indicating an above 50% gambling prevalence
rate. The stated fact argued, thus suggests that the 53.2% prevalence rate is actually higher considering the
fact that the 55-60 age group bracket includes pension/grant recipients (the 60 year olds), this refers to the
25.9%, out of which only 3% is not Old Age Social Grant recipients, the Old Age Social Grant recipients who
gamble in that bracket is therefore 22.9% (25.9% – 3%). Therefore, the study at 97.8% confidence level indicates
an overall 76.1% (37% + 16.2% + 22.9%) gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients.
The latter findings also confirm ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble are retired (3%) and some
are dependent on social grants as a primary source of income (53.2%).
Table 7: No. of participants per Age Group
Age Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
55-60
61-69
70 and above
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency
249 298
37.0 102 10.6 458
156 21.5 207
Total 761 202 963
Percent
47.6
21.5
100
356
25.9
16.2
49
51
5.1 30.9
79.1 37.2

47
Figure 5: No. of participants per Age Group
4.2.4 Distribution of participants by Nationality
Out of the total respondents as indicated below, 12 did not state their nationality. It is however, obvious that
virtually all the participants are citizens of South Africa at 99.1% whilst others are 0.9%.
Table 8: Nationality of participants
4.2.5 Distribution of participants by Race
The table below shows that the majority of the respondents were black (72.7%) followed by Whites (14.5%).
The Coloureds and Indians were 11.3% and 1.4% respectively. However, 7 participants did not state their racial
status.
Nationality Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
South African
Others
Total
750 207
209 100
7 0.7 2 0.2 9
77.6 95721.4 99.1
0.9
757 78.3 21.6 966

48
Table 9: No. of participants according to Race
Figure 6: No. of participants according to Race
4.2.6 Distribution of participants by Dependants
The following table reveals that the percentage of those who gamble and have dependants is 80% (8.7% + 18.6%
+ 16.5% + 14.0% + 22.2%). Most of the gambling participants (22.2%), have five dependants and above. The latter
confirms what was noted by most focus group participants that most elderly people who take care of their
grandchildren, gamble because they need to supplement their old age grant income.
Race Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Black
Coloured
Indian
523 53.9 183
93 110 11.3
14
Others
Total
133 0.8 141 14.5
764 78.7 208 971 100
White
1
9.6
1.4
13.7
0.1
17
0
8
0
0
0
14
1
1.4
0.1
18.8 706 72.7
1.7
21.3

49
Table 10: No. of Dependants per participants
4.2.7 Distribution of participants by Income
The following table shows that the source of income of most gambling participants is the Old Age Social Grant
(77.2%). There are a few (11.9%) who seem to have other sources of income, therefore, it is evident that the
grant money might not be sufficient to meet all the grant recipients’ needs. The focus group discussions also
confirmed that the grant money is not sufficient and need to be augmented by selling vegetables, cleaning
homes, etc.
Dependants Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
One
Two
Three
66
142 19.8 183 18.9
126 20.8 169 17.4
Four 107 126 13.0
Five and Above
None
Total
169 22.7 216 22.3
152 15.9 185 19.1
762 100 207 100 969 100
18.6
16.5
14.0
24
41
43
19
47
33
11.6
9.2
90 9.38.7
22.2
20

50
Table 11: Monthly Source of Income of participants
Figure 7: Monthly Source of Income of participants
4.3. EXTENT AND GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF OLDER PERSONS IN EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE THAT
ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN GAMBLING SITES THAT THE ECGBB REGULATES OR HAS LICENSE AND FURTHER
ESTABLISHED
This section explains the location in terms of geographical spread of the participants in the Eastern Cape
Province according to district municipality, area of residence of the participants, the mode of transport to the
site, the frequency of their visit to the gambling sites, reasons for participating in gambling activities, and
reasons for using the preferred gambling site. The time taken to get to the gambling sites, the amount of money
spent and sources of income of the participants were also explained.
Source Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
582 77.4 743 77.2
11 1.5
90 11.9 26
48 60 6.2
23 1.4 26 2.7
754 100 208 100 962 100
77.2
6.4
3.0
Older Persons
Grant
From own Children
and Relatives
Own business
Other (GEPF,
Provident Fund ect.)
Total
Salary
161
6
12
3
2.9
12.5
5.8
17
116
1.8
12.1

51
District Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)
OR Tambo
BCMM
105
Amathole
Nelson Mandela
Metro
Cacadu/Sara
Baartman
Joe Gqabi
Alfred Nzo
Chris Hani
Total
190
16
178
30
0
68
176
763
13.8
24.9
2.1
23.3
3.9
0
8.9
23.1
100
14.2
23.3
1.6
21.5
3.8
0
10.1
4.3.1. Distribution of participants by District
The following table shows gambling prevalence per district: BCMM (19.7%), NMMM (18.4%), Chris Hani (18.2%),
OR Tambo (10.9%), Alfred Nzo (7%), Cacadu (3.1%) and Amathole (1.7%). Joe Gqabi conducted a focus group.
BCMM shows most prevalence of gambling among old age social grant recipients compared to other districts.
Table 12: No. of participants per District
4.3.2. Distribution of participants by Area of Residence
The following table shows that 47.0% of the respondents reside in township, 28.8% reside in suburb/town while
23.6% of the respondents stay in rural area and 0.6% reside in the farm. The table also shows that 18
respondents did not state their area of residence and that gambling activities are spread across three major
areas (township, suburb and rural).
25.5
100
15.8
17.2
0
14.3
3.4
0
14.8
34.5
100
32
35
0
29
7
0
30
70
203
137
225
16
207
37
0
98
246
966

52
Table 13: Participants’ Area of Residence
4.3.3 Distribution of participants by Reasons for Gambling
The following table shows that most participants (74.1%) cited need for extra income as the reason for
participating in gambling activities.
Most focus group participants reiterated the same reason as they noted that the key reason for gambling is
related to addressing a financial need, the following reasons were mentioned: increase income, financial
problems, need for money to support dreams, need for quick money and high rate of unemployment. This finding
also confirmed ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling solely for
entertainment or leisure but they gamble to improve their finances, perhaps to sustain their livelihood.
In support of this finding, the NGB Research Bulletin (2014) also notes that the lure of potentially winning large
sums of money is the economic motivation and the main reason why most gamblers participate in gambling
activities.
Residence Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)
Suburb/Town
Township
Rural
220 12.8 245 25.5
359 47.0 114 58.2 473 49.3
180 26.5 232 24.2
Farm
52
10 1.0
Total 764 100 196 100 960 100
5
28.8
23.6
0.6
25
5 2.5

53
Table 14: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities
Figure 8: Reasons for participating in Gambling Activities
4.3.4 Distribution of participants by Mode of Transport
The following table shows that most participants use taxis (35.1%) and others drive themselves (34.7%) and this
contradicts ECGBB view that older persons travel in busloads to gambling sites or gamble in groups.
Reason Yes No Total
For Pleasure
For extra Income
ToDe-stress
334 51.7 312 48.3 646
520 74.2 181 25.8
210 34.8 393 65.2 603
Cannot stop
gambling 75 12.8 510 87.1 585
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
701

54
Table 15: Mode of transport to Gambling Sites
4.3.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Visits to gambling sites
The following table shows that most respondents (24%) visit gambling sites once a month, followed by those
who visit every day (21.1%) and three times a week (21%). Weekend gambling sites visitors were recorded at
19.8% and 14.1% visit the sites on any other day like paydays, holidays, etc. 14 respondents were observed
not to have stated the frequency of their visit to gambling sites. It is clear from the table that most gambling
participants visit the gambling sites once a month. Some of the gambling participants that have indicated to
be visiting a gambling site once a month could be Old Age Social Grant recipients as they get their grants once
a month. This finding confirms ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly
attempt to make a fortune.
I walk to gambling site
266
69
I hire a car
39
7
Bus
36
78
Not stated
269
767
I drive myself
I hitch-hike
We travel as a group with friends/ as elders
Taxi
Total
9.0
5.1
0.9
4.7
10.2
100
Mode of transport Frequency Percent
34.7
35.1
3 0.3

Gambling Prevalence Among Elderly Social Grant Recipients in Eastern Cape

Gambling Prevalence Among Elderly Social Grant Recipients in Eastern Cape

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