Parents' attitudes significantly impact how they fulfill their parental roles and children's development in Uganda. Traditionally, fathers are viewed as the head of the household and decision-makers, while mothers are responsible for childrearing and domestic duties. This attitude favors sons and discourages the development of daughters. Changing social norms are challenging this view, but it remains entrenched in many communities. For children to thrive, both parents must be equally involved in caring for their physical, emotional, and intellectual needs, through open communication, quality time, and serving as positive role models.
Ruti Levtov, Program Officer Promundo-US and Co-Coordinator of the MenCare Campaign, Men and Caregiving, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
Ruti Levtov, Program Officer Promundo-US and Co-Coordinator of the MenCare Campaign, Men and Caregiving, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
Lorraine Sherr, Professor, University College London– Parenting support in the context of HIV, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
Bernadette Madrid, University of the Philippines, Director of the Child Protection Unit, Philippines - Parenting support in the context of violence prevention, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
A presentation by Linda Adair as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Maureen Samms-Vaughn as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
A presentation by Susan Luczak as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Dr Nicola Jones, Course in Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, September 2020
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
Lorraine Sherr, Professor, University College London– Parenting support in the context of HIV, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
Bernadette Madrid, University of the Philippines, Director of the Child Protection Unit, Philippines - Parenting support in the context of violence prevention, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
A presentation by Linda Adair as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Maureen Samms-Vaughn as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
A presentation by Susan Luczak as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Dr Nicola Jones, Course in Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, September 2020
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
Sibling Birth Spacing Influence on Extroversion, Introversion and Aggressiven...inventionjournals
Sibling spacing refers to the birth interval between consecutive children in the family. The family is the basic unit of socialization. Family interactions and other dynamics such as birth order and sibling spacing shape the personality of children. This study investigated the relationship between sibling birth spacing and, extroversion and introversion characteristics of adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. The study adopted mixed methods research paradigm with the correlation design. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select three schools for the study sample and participants. From each of the three schools, twenty five students were selected to make a total sample of 75 participants. The data collection instruments for the study were standardized questionnaires and observation guides. Data was collected and analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and Analysis of Variance. The study concluded that close sibling spacing tends to produce extraverted and highly aggressive children while wide sibling spacing tends to produce introverted and less aggressive children. The study further found that the only children, ranked highest in introversion and, lowest in aggressiveness and extraversion. The study recommended that sibling spacing knowledge should be used by school career guidance masters as locally available method of predicting personality.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV ...
Running head PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP AND ITS EFFECTS ON ADOLESC.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP AND ITS EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENCE.
PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP AND ITS EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENCE 9
Parent-Child Relationship and Its Effects on Adolescence.
The parent-child relationship is the most important relationship in an individual’s life. In order to understand the relationship between children and their parents, it is vital to look at the ways that they interact with each other emotionally, physically and socially. All people think of establishing good relationships with their children and would like to know what an ideal parent-child relationship would be like. There are different imaginations of various kinds of effects that a good or a poor relationship would bring. Therefore the significance of the attachment that the children have with their parents is that it could possibly influence the kind of decisions that the adolescent would make. Violence can at times be as a result of exposure to violent behavior. According to the center for disease control (2015), the third leading cause of death in the world for young people at the age of fifteen to twenty-four years is youth violence. The relationship between children and their parents play a crucial role in shaping a person’s approach to the world as well as the determination of who they become in the future.
Psychologists believe that children whose basic needs are adequately met by their parents usually grow into trusting adults unlike those whose needs were not met hence developing feelings of mistrust. When children feel secure in the presence of their parents, they normally become adaptive and adjust properly to the environment and are able to avoid stress in their childhood. On the other hand, the unavailable rejecting and the unresponsive parents make the children repel and become self-reliant. The situation is brought about by the fact that they experience their parents as unresponsive and end up becoming insecurely attached to them. The adolescents then develop the character of being dependent as they are not certain of their parent's support. The purpose of this research is to explore the attachment and the bond between parents and their children, and how the children are affected when a disconnection occurs in the family setting.
There are various reports that major on the parent and child relationship especially revolving around the deviant behavior by adolescence. According to Best et al. (2016), a program should be developed for educating parents on how to establish a good relationship with their adolescent children. In his report, he discusses various findings of past research mostly focusing on the adolescent relationship with their parents. Kohut, (2013) established parenting efforts play a great role in shaping our identity and our approaches to relationships. Yet ...
Personality Development: Assessing the Effects of Single Parent Families on S...inventionjournals
Family structures are an important contributor to the physiological and behavioral development of students. It is hypothesized that personality development of students living with single parent is influenced by the type of family structure, parent with whom the child lives with and the amount of time spent by parents with their children. To investigate such influence, this study employed a cross-sectional co-relational research design. A snow ball sampling technique was used to identify respondents for sample. The study used a sample 60 students whereby 50% were from single parent homes and 50% from intact homes. Data was collected by use of questionnaire designed to identify factors that contribute to personality development of students. Personality development was measured using the Big Five dimensions of personality trait parameters namely openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. The analysis was presented using frequencies, percentages, t-test, independent test and one way ANOVA tests. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to aid in generating a summary of results which were represented in tabular form. The findings of the study showed that there was very little influence of family structure on the personality development of the students. The absence of a parent or the interaction and involvement of parents with their children doesn’t have an immense effect on the personality development of the children, thus the amount of time spent by parents with their children doesn’t influence the personality development of students. The results also revealed that the major causes of the existence of single parent families are death and divorce.
1 Ivy Bucsa SOC-320 June 28, 2015 David Claerbaut.docxmercysuttle
1
Ivy Bucsa
SOC-320
June 28, 2015
David Claerbaut
Policy and discourse on family responsibilities revolve around obligations and rights of parenting. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion on responsibilities of spouses so that they attain a work-life balance. It is possible to transmit physical, mental, and moral qualities from parent to child. The burden of responsibility for the moral character of a wayward child rolls back from one generation to another. Parents have the responsibility of retaining the thread of sensuality bequeathed by earthly ancestors.[this sentence is not really clear] For many adults, marriage constitutes a central interpersonal relationship that engages a person. Shared and flexible performance of household tasks associated with mutual commitment and diffusion of responsibility. High attraction and stability in solidary marriages presumes to provide a basis of security for spouses. High marital satisfaction and satisfaction with their spouses helping behavior report low levels of stress and physical wellness. [Ivy, you are using a lot of large words and it actually makes this less clear. Make it simple and clear.]
Spouses in personal and interpersonal relationships confront with conflict situations. Conflict in marriage institution arises due to child rearing differences, religious differences, sex relations, household chores, social activities, and interests. The repercussion of spousal conflicts is that they may an effect n their children, relatives, or even the society. A conflict situation can weaken a spousal relationship leading to separation or divorce. By the law of recurrence, it is possible to transmit qualities from grandparents to the grandchildren (De Lange, 2013). Some of the aspects of conflicts include aggression, hatred, fighting, or bitterness. All can admit that lamentable amount of domestic discontent and positive unhappiness grows out of the fact that the spouses have different ideas concerning a perfect marriage.
In the past, policies that focused on children and families operated on the assumption that families were synonymous with mothers. In the modern day, fathers’ role is crucial in the contribution of child development. The government supports and encourages father involvement. Fathers are potentially relevant to the discussion of parenting cultures. Fatherhood irrespective of the degree of involvement cares for their children and other parental roles effectively. It is the duty of both fathers and mothers to provide smooth, steady, and evident love to all children without showing any partiality. Parents should provide useful love during high and low moments of the day. Fathers according to Magne[omit] Bakke (2006) are psychological role models for their children, provide an economic resource for the family and play an active role in the care of the children. A mother is in charge of all domestic work in her household whether she is working or a single mother. ...
1. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
ADDAH KYARISIIMA
5020350
AMST1410
University of Minnesota
November 2013
1
2. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
2
A parent is defined as a person who is one of the progenitors of a child; a father or
mother. Also, in extended use: a woman or man who takes on parental responsibilities towards a
child, e.g. a stepmother, an adoptive father (Parent.2005). A relative who plays the role of
guardian and the responsibilities involved describes parenthood. Being a parent is itself a
responsibility because it naturally induces care-taking for offspring. Parenthood is often a key
developmental milestone in an individual‘s lifespan, one of the ultimate indicators of becoming a
responsible adult. Becoming a parent and raising children offers the chance to express feelings of
attachment, while linking oneself to an intergenerational line and resolving the theorized midlife
crisis of generativity. Parents exercise enormous influence on their children, shaping their
cognitive development, emotions, worldview and, consequently, their behavior, although as they
grow up, children increasingly shape this interaction.
My research is on the Ugandan society roles for parents based on gender and how it
affects parents‘ influence in the growth of their children. Though parent refers to any primary
care giver, teenage parents are not in the scope of this paper; my research considers parents in a
formal family1setting. Gender refers to the state of being male or female, typically used with
reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones; the socially constructed
roles of and relations between men and women. ―The term gender may be used to describe those
non-physiological components of sex that are culturally regarded as appropriate to males or
females‖ (Unger 1979).
Race, class, gender and sexuality are constructions whose permanence and pervasiveness
illustrate their significance as major organizing principles of personal identity and society2
(Weber 1998). Society is part of human life. We live with other people, with whom we share the
same social territory, subject to the same cultural expectations, though like-mindedness is not
mandatory. I argue that the way we view life and roles in families for fathers and mothers has an
impact on how the roles are played, significantly impacting on the children‘s lives. Having
differences in opinion is human, but the fact that we live with others means that humanity will
have expectations of us; and those in charge of raising children, the parents, are not an exception.
They are in fact indirectly monitored by other people based on their children‘s progress in life,
1
With formal family I mean a father, mother and their children; like for a nuclear family.
Weber Linn clearly brings out the understanding of gender, race and class influence on our personal identity and
society. We all want a sense of belonging in relation to which she explains the significance of gender, class and race
in our feeling of identity.
2
3. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
3
especially if the children are still under their care. Making parenting a priority can be one of the
expectations of parents if they are to bring up their children well. Continuous encouragements to
children for their skill development, teaching them proper behavior, and being good role models
are but a few of the expectations for good parenting. The question is who does what, when and
how; not to say that there should be pre-defined responsibility, but that there is a need to know
the extremes of neglecting roles.
Uganda is a developing country hence it has growing indicators of socioeconomic growth
that inevitably influence which resources are available to parents. Parents in this kind of
economy which depends a lot on agriculture have a lot of concerns to reckon with3 (Akullo, D. &
Kanzikwera, R. 2007), including acquiring basic needs for their children. Having some of these
concerns requires maximum co-operation between the concerned parties if they are to have a
sustainable life amidst their economic vulnerability.
Cultural norms (the shared beliefs, customs, practices and behavior) and the lives led by
parents in Uganda have had a great influence on young people‘s upbringing, their lives and
health-related behaviors, including sexual decision making. Uganda has a problem with
HIV/AIDS that is prevalent among youth and married people (Cohen 2004). For the youth, I
believe parents have a big role to play in their lives. The cultural beliefs that hinder free
communication and interactions between children and their parents are really a big problem. In
Uganda, the youth often have private relationships with members of the opposite sex and are
afraid to ‗publicly‘ test for HIV which leads to unsafe practices. I think if children and their
parents were free to discuss anything, the youth would probably have better advice and be at
least safer than they are now.
Children benefit from high quality relationships with their fathers. It has been wellestablished that positive fathering behaviors have extensive benefits for children4 (Lamb, 1997).
3
Akullo and Kanzikwera in their research done in Western Uganda discovered how the improvement in Agriculture
improves the living conditions of many of the people in the region. Depending on Agriculture can be risky because
it involves weather dependence for a developing country. If the season is not favorable, then there is less
productivity hence fewer resources for the family.
4
Lamb. Michael, Ph.D is head of the Section on Social and Emotional Development at the National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development. He has published extensively in the child development literature, with a focus on
4. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
4
When I was nine, I was taken to a boarding school that was far from home and my father drove
me to school at the start and end of term. I liked it every time he took me himself instead of
asking a relative to help. This, in a way, strengthened my relationship with my father to the
extent that I felt I loved him more than I loved my mother, something not very common
especially with girls. As time went by, my father got busier and I had to go to school by myself,
which I didn‘t like. Somehow, the bond started weakening and when I look back, I realize that
simple acts from our parents affect our relationships with them because the satisfaction I always
began my term with was now gone and I went to school crying most of the time because I felt all
by myself.
Lewis Michael, an American non-fiction author and financial journalist, with Rosenblum, an
Associate Professor of Practice in the Department of Disability and Psychoeducational Studies at
the University of Arizona, in their research on how infants can affect their care givers write:
Thirty years ago parenting meant mothering, and studies either frankly labeled
their subjects "mothers," or one quickly learned that all the subjects were women,
though the title referred to parents. Two decades ago, one began to see the label
"care-giver," presumably to project the notion that parenting can be done not only
by fathers as well as mothers, but by nonparent surrogates too (Lewis, M &
Rosenblum, L 1974).
This shows how society is slowly transforming in its understanding of parental roles and
upbringing of children. However, some different societies are coping at different paces and
Uganda happens to be among those slowly adjusting to the reality that parenting is meant for
father and mother alike. It seems to still favor fathers when it comes to benefits of having
children and having mothers do the work of bringing up the children. This doesn‘t rule out
mothers‘ influence on father involvement. Mothers can support or discourage, enhance or
undermine fathers‘ relationships with their children. This is why good relations are vital between
the two.
parent-child relationships, non-parental child care, and forensic interview processes. Lamb‘s research emphasizes
the need for good father-child relations because of the bond they create and the freedom it gives to a child. It is
generally a good feeling to be free with people around you atleast due to the sense of security it creates. Living in
fear of a tough parent can negatively impact a child‘s general development.
5. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
5
Dreisbach Rose, in her article on parenting in Uganda notes that:
Children in Uganda are sole property of their fathers, and take on their fathers‘
names, religions and land, no questions asked. The mothers have little say, even
though they are obviously a huge part of bringing the children into the world and
raising them. For a long time in Uganda, a very high percentage of the time, boys
were favored above girls. It was commonly believed that if a man did not produce
a boy, then he wasn't considered a real man. Fortunately, some of the beliefs
affecting the gender inequality in Uganda are slowly changing.‖
This is the sad reality of favoring gender in Uganda, and it‘s changing at a very slow rate. The
way children are brought up to think that boys are more important than girls in all aspects,
contributes to the neglect of parental roles by many fathers because it is seen as ―women‘s
work.‖ This effect stems right from childhood and affects how some people behave even later in
life; issues like battering women would be long gone if this kind of attitude of male superiority
was at a lower level than it is.
Also, the fact that Ugandans, like many other communities, still view males as superior has
hindered some privileges to children as they grow up in families. Seeking a satisfying balance
between one‘s professional career and personal life is a challenge for many parents, especially
mothers because they are the main role-players. It is true that sometimes time falls towards work
and other times towards the children but both parents will need to support each other for good
progress. If a mother is sick for example, a baby has almost no one to give proper care, yet
he/she has another parent. I don‘t understand why both parents should come back tired from
work with the mother rushing to prepare food for supper and clean up the baby and the father
sitting down to read newspapers. This happens a lot in Uganda and I really think it is not a good
practice. A boy who grows up watching this happen will most likely not think of ever assisting
his partner in house chores. Males are brought up to think that women should do the work at
home. My brother calls it ―girls‘ work.‖ The image displayed to the young boys has hindered
change when it comes to roles in families. The reason we still have many concerns and
comments about working mothers and their having a balanced life is society‘s view on
parenthood. It is true that only mothers can breastfeed, for example, but they are not the only
person that should be involved in child-rearing.
6. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
6
Bowlby (1988, pp. 176–177) proposed that highly ambivalent women who perceive that
their husbands are unsupportive across the transition to parenthood usually experience increases
in depressive symptoms. It can be depressing having to handle something alone when someone
else could help. This is not to say that husbands or fathers are not fully supportive. Some fathers
support their children in different ways that may not be exactly what mothers or children expect
but their contribution is valuable. A father who, once in a while, takes children on a ride makes a
big contribution to their social life. It may not seem like much, but it is something done for the
children. In Uganda, however, many fathers don‘t see such a thing as important; at least not as
important as going out with their male friends. I think this is neglect of the ‗small‘ things that
matter in the life of a child. Both parents have a contribution to make to the overall growth of a
child.
Calderone M. (1904-1998), a physician and a public health advocate for sexual education
had this to say: "Our children are not going to be just our children. They are going to be other
people's husbands and wives and parents of our grandchildren5." This, in my opinion, should ring
a bell in the minds of parents to take their role seriously because it prepares the countries and the
world for the future. The little children and youth are the leaders and parents of tomorrow. We
have a culture of inheritance of property in Uganda. It is sad that most tribes still give all their
family belonging to the males in the family, claiming that at the end of the day, girls will go
away in marriage. The women, of course, don‘t like this kind of thing because it is not fair not to
give anything to the girls just because the deceased didn‘t write anything about sharing with the
girls. My opinion is that children need to be taught fairness and equality right from childhood.
―Gender and age have been simultaneously at the margins and the center of the sociology
of deviance.‖ Children are generally not supposed to speak up against their parents‘ opinion in
Uganda or it will be considered disrespect, especially if they are girls. The girls are expected to
be less out-going than the boys. Sandberg Sheryl in Lean In emphasizes how the gender
stereotypes introduced in childhood continue to be re-enforced throughout our lives and end up
becoming self-fulfilling prophecies (Sandberg 2013). She compares the differences in treatment
5
Calderone has a very important message to all parents across the globe. There is need for fathers and mothers to
co-operate in order to raise children that won‘t be a problem to other people in the community.
7. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
7
from childhood, stressing how the treatment reflects the belief that girls need to be helped more
than boys; which makes girls grow up dependent on other people.6 This is not particular to
Ugandan families and communities but it is particularly worse in communities where many
people are illiterate and have not seen a lot that females can do. This kind of mentality instilled
in a child because of what they see, do or are told right from their families affects them almost
their entire lives. Mothers and fathers need to co-operate and bring up motivated children, both
boys and girls, starting from the toys they buy them. Why should boys have toys that trigger their
thinking on how to use them and girls have only dolls that they will just carry around the house.
This happens a lot in Ugandan communities. The boys have toy cars, planes and sorts of things
that help them to think but the girls are given toys that don‘t require them to think about
anything. I think it is helpful to teach children to think and ask why right from their infant stages.
Another factor which is a great concern is the neighborhood and specific communities each
family is in. Besides raising children in a morally upright manner, it is the responsibility of the
parents to ensure that there is maximum security around the home as one of the precautions to
protect the family. Although my research is on specific families, they don‘t exist independent of
other families. Children have a right to play, for example, and they, in most cases will play with
children in their neighborhood if they are home. This, in Uganda is something that some parents
take seriously while others tend to neglect it and assume children can play at any time with any
other children. According to Alalo Christine 7 from the Child Protection Unit of Uganda Police,
―As a parent, there is need to provide adequate information to a child so they could protect
themselves.‖ Security of a home begins with both the parents and their children. If the role is left
to one parent or if they neglect the urgency of their children‘s security, the result can be
regrettable. The good side of children being able to visit the neighborhood is that it boosts their
knowledge about certain matters in society. They get to know how certain things are done
6
I feel sad that this whole issue of gender inequality and unfairness seems to be having more decades and centuries
of existence. Sandberg gives her life story and explains how up to now some people tell her she is too bold as a
woman. It is true that girls have a habit of feeling undeserving when complimented. Something that I have seen a lot
among my friends who think ‗my heart is not feminine‘ just because am myself, ‗way too bold for a girl.‘ Parents
and those who impact our upbringing need to be optimistic about life for proper impact from childhood.
7
Alalo advises parents and care-takers basing on the prevailing situations that are very alarming and risky to the
children‘s lives. Their security is a vital aspect just like it is for any other person and the society they live in is a big
determinant of this.
8. ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
8
elsewhere other than having an idle mind. Parents need to strike a balance for their children‘s
safety in Uganda; especially in urban settings where the population is increasing continually
more than in rural settings.
In conclusion, Like Jamie says, ―no individual study is able to address the whole of a
complex problem‖ (Jamie, R 2011). Different studies aimed at different aspects of the problem
could sequentially build upon one another and address the concerns. A universal truth, however,
is that most parents regardless of economic status, race, religion, or any other factors, want the
best for their children. Even, with the challenges parents in Uganda face, this truth is ever as true
for them. The factors mentioned in this paper and more left out are still indicators that gender
equity is far from being realized in Ugandan families concerning parental roles for their children.
The beliefs of who is supposed to perform which role have a great impact on our lives, more so
on children‘s lives when they miss out on some things because of the predefined roles of their
parents. ―A woman who feels that she should be solely responsible for daily caretaking and not
at all responsible for financial provision holds an implied and complementary set of standards
that the father should be responsible for financial provision and not at all for caretaking. As such,
each partner holds two sets of beliefs—one for him/herself and one for his/her counter-identity‖
(Kari 2013). There may not be a perfect style of parenting or bringing up children but at the least,
both parents need to bring up their children together, working in all possible situations to get the
best out of their children because it all impacts their growth and the kind of people they become.
9. 9
ATTITUDE‘S IMPACT ON PARENTHOOD IN UGANDA
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