International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
This document discusses a study on the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of framed structures. Three-story, seven-story, and fifteen-story reinforced concrete frames are modeled in STAAD-PRO software placed on three types of soils: hard, medium, and soft. The structures are analyzed both with and without considering SSI to understand how SSI affects structural properties like natural time period, base shear, and seismic response. The analysis shows that considering SSI leads to increased time periods, displacements, accelerations, and base shear compared to fixed-base analysis that does not account for soil flexibility. SSI has a more significant impact for taller buildings and those on soft soils.
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 30-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building was analyzed considering different subgrade modulus values representing various soil conditions, and for different seismic zones in India. It was found that accounting for soil-structure interaction, through modeling the soil as springs, resulted in significantly higher horizontal and vertical displacements compared to assuming fixed foundation supports. The maximum increase in horizontal displacement was 337% and in vertical displacement was 1420%, both for the lowest subgrade modulus of 12,000 kN/m^3 in seismic zone V. Therefore, the study concluded that soil-structure interaction effects must be considered, especially for softer soils in high
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Pseudo dynamic analysis of soil nailed slopePiyush Sarangi
This document discusses seismic stability analysis methods for soil nailed slopes. It provides an overview of pseudo-static and pseudo-dynamic methods for analyzing retaining walls and reinforced soil structures under seismic loading. The pseudo-static method assumes time-independent horizontal and vertical accelerations, while the pseudo-dynamic method accounts for time-dependent finite shear wave velocities and non-uniform shear modulus. Few studies have analyzed soil nailed slopes seismically, and most used the less realistic pseudo-static method. The document argues pseudo-dynamic analysis should be applied to soil nailed slopes to better understand their seismic performance.
STUDY OF SUITABLE FOUNDATION IN SEISMIC ZONE III CONSIDERING SSIIAEME Publication
Objective: The objective of the paper is the study of maximumshear forces and bendingmoments of soil interaction of different types of foundations.made to study the effect of soil structure interaction of a multiisolated foundation and strip foundation systems resting on clay soil. The building was
analyzed by equivalent static method using STAAD Prosoftware for building with rigid base.ANSYS 12.0 is used for analyzing the building for effect of soifoundation and strip foundation.resting on earthquakeprone region, the soil structure interaction must be considered inanalysis. Foundation is a part of structure in whichis found that by considering the soil structure interaction the shear force and bending momentsof strip foundation are very less than isolated foundation.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
SEISMIC REACTION OF BUILDING FRAME UNDER VARIOUS ZONES CONSIDERING FLEXIBLE A...IAEME Publication
Objectives: To find seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports. Methods/Analysis: If a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the foundation and soil, and the ground motion is varied. That means, the movement of the whole ground structure system is under the influence of soil type also by the type of structure. As the seismic waves transfer from the ground which consist of alteration in soil properties and performs according to soil’s respective properties differently. In this study, different soil strata are taken and corresponding vertical and lateral displacement are determined with G+4 in zones II, III, IV and V. A G+4 building is modeled in STAAD. Pro for different types of soils such as hard, medium and soft. Findings: The work consist the calculations of vertical and lateral support reactions for soil types in various seismic zones and the comparison of Rigid and Flexible supports is obtained. Applications: Effect of seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports concept can be extended to different types of buildings and number of bays and storeyes can be increasd further the analysis can be carried out for the different types of zones using STAAD - PRO.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
This document discusses a study on the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of framed structures. Three-story, seven-story, and fifteen-story reinforced concrete frames are modeled in STAAD-PRO software placed on three types of soils: hard, medium, and soft. The structures are analyzed both with and without considering SSI to understand how SSI affects structural properties like natural time period, base shear, and seismic response. The analysis shows that considering SSI leads to increased time periods, displacements, accelerations, and base shear compared to fixed-base analysis that does not account for soil flexibility. SSI has a more significant impact for taller buildings and those on soft soils.
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 30-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building was analyzed considering different subgrade modulus values representing various soil conditions, and for different seismic zones in India. It was found that accounting for soil-structure interaction, through modeling the soil as springs, resulted in significantly higher horizontal and vertical displacements compared to assuming fixed foundation supports. The maximum increase in horizontal displacement was 337% and in vertical displacement was 1420%, both for the lowest subgrade modulus of 12,000 kN/m^3 in seismic zone V. Therefore, the study concluded that soil-structure interaction effects must be considered, especially for softer soils in high
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Pseudo dynamic analysis of soil nailed slopePiyush Sarangi
This document discusses seismic stability analysis methods for soil nailed slopes. It provides an overview of pseudo-static and pseudo-dynamic methods for analyzing retaining walls and reinforced soil structures under seismic loading. The pseudo-static method assumes time-independent horizontal and vertical accelerations, while the pseudo-dynamic method accounts for time-dependent finite shear wave velocities and non-uniform shear modulus. Few studies have analyzed soil nailed slopes seismically, and most used the less realistic pseudo-static method. The document argues pseudo-dynamic analysis should be applied to soil nailed slopes to better understand their seismic performance.
STUDY OF SUITABLE FOUNDATION IN SEISMIC ZONE III CONSIDERING SSIIAEME Publication
Objective: The objective of the paper is the study of maximumshear forces and bendingmoments of soil interaction of different types of foundations.made to study the effect of soil structure interaction of a multiisolated foundation and strip foundation systems resting on clay soil. The building was
analyzed by equivalent static method using STAAD Prosoftware for building with rigid base.ANSYS 12.0 is used for analyzing the building for effect of soifoundation and strip foundation.resting on earthquakeprone region, the soil structure interaction must be considered inanalysis. Foundation is a part of structure in whichis found that by considering the soil structure interaction the shear force and bending momentsof strip foundation are very less than isolated foundation.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
SEISMIC REACTION OF BUILDING FRAME UNDER VARIOUS ZONES CONSIDERING FLEXIBLE A...IAEME Publication
Objectives: To find seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports. Methods/Analysis: If a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the foundation and soil, and the ground motion is varied. That means, the movement of the whole ground structure system is under the influence of soil type also by the type of structure. As the seismic waves transfer from the ground which consist of alteration in soil properties and performs according to soil’s respective properties differently. In this study, different soil strata are taken and corresponding vertical and lateral displacement are determined with G+4 in zones II, III, IV and V. A G+4 building is modeled in STAAD. Pro for different types of soils such as hard, medium and soft. Findings: The work consist the calculations of vertical and lateral support reactions for soil types in various seismic zones and the comparison of Rigid and Flexible supports is obtained. Applications: Effect of seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports concept can be extended to different types of buildings and number of bays and storeyes can be increasd further the analysis can be carried out for the different types of zones using STAAD - PRO.
Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interactionijtsrd
Seismic response of structure is extremely complex because of the non linear behavior soil during earthquakes. Seismic design of structures is generally carried out assuming fixed base ignoring the flexibility of soil. The main objective of the study is to investigate the significance of effect of soil structure interaction on building with mass irregularity. The dynamic contact approach was utilized to simulate pounding between the adjacent buildings. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed for two adjacent multi story structures with four different configuration representing cases that can exist in reality. The seismic response of the studied cases generally emphasized that ignoring the soil flexibility and or the contribution of the infill panels may significantly alter the response of adjacent structures. Response spectrum analysis has been carried out and the parameters like time period, base shear, roof top displacement and storey drift of the building frames resting over foundation and soil media has been studied. Sumit S. Chaudhari | Prof. M. R. Nikhar | Prof. V. A. Kalmegh "Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interaction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42505.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/42505/seismic-analysis-of-irregular-building-frames-with-soil-structure-interaction/sumit-s-chaudhari
The thesis aims to study the effect of soil conditions on earthquake ground motion and the seismic response of structures through numerical analysis and shake table testing. So far, the authors have reviewed literature on soil amplification and conducted numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems representing different soil layers. The analyses show that soft soil increases ground acceleration and that soil-structure interaction can be neglected in the design of flexible structures on stiff soil but should be considered for rigid structures on soft soil. Future work plans to perform shake table tests on layered soil models to compare with numerical analyses and analyze the response of model structures subjected to induced ground motions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Aerospace Engineering.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and modeling approaches for analyzing framed structures with pile foundations under seismic loading. It covers several key points:
1) Soil-structure interaction considers the collective response of the structure, foundation, and surrounding soil to ground motions. Ignoring interaction can be conservative but may miss important effects.
2) Two main modeling approaches are direct analysis using finite elements for the soil, and indirect substructure analysis using springs/dashpots to represent soil-foundation interaction.
3) Pile foundations are commonly modeled using springs representing the pile stiffness, with properties estimated from empirical formulas accounting for factors like soil properties and pile geometry.
Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Storied Building by Using Tuned Mass Damper and Ba...IJERA Editor
Earthquakes create vibrations on the ground that are translated into dynamic loads which cause the ground and anything attached to it to vibrate in a complex manner and cause damage to buildings and other structures. Civil engineering is continuously improving ways to cope with this inherent phenomenon. Conventional strategies of strengthening the system consume more materials and energy. Moreover, higher masses lead to higher seismic forces. Alternative strategies such as passive control systems are found to be effective in reducing the seismic and other dynamic effects on civil engineering structures. A Tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device consisting of a mass, and spring that is attached to a structure in order to reduce the dynamic response of the structure. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) has been found to be most effective for controlling the structural responses for harmonic and wind excitations. Base isolation is nowadays widely considered as an effective strategy to protect structures subject to seismic excitations. The performance of linear base isolation system along with tuned mass damper to mitigate seismic response of structures is investigated.
Effect of Soil Flexibility on Analysis and Design of BuildingIJERA Editor
Generally in the analysis and design of multi-story building frame it is assumed that the base is fixed but in actual the structure is ultimately supported on soil which is flexible in nature. This flexibility of soil may vary due to load-settlement characteristics of soil, variation in soil strata below the foundation level, seasonal variation of soil property etc. The flexible nature of soil causes differential settlement between foundations on application of loads which in turn redistribute the structural forces as well as design. The present paper attempts to acknowledge the effect of soil flexibility in analysis and design of structure. A G+7 4-bay by 4-bay RCC residential building frame supported on sandy soil and situated in seismic zone V as per IS: 1893(part 1)-2002 is analysed usingStaad pro software. Initially the building frame is modelled and analysed assuming fixed base and support reactions are determined for different load cases. The foundation sizes for different supports are calculated by using Staad foundation software. The fixed support is replaced by a spring of equivalent foundation stiffness to perform flexible base analysis. In flexible support analysis the maximum total settlement and differential settlement between footings is found to be 44.19 mm and 8.14 mm respectively which is neglected in conventional analysis. The variation in values of settlement is more critical in case of seismic loading. Soil flexibility causes significant variation in values of support moment compared to vertical support reaction. The flexibility of soil also affects the forces in beams and columns. The requirement of steel reinforcement is reduced by nearly 7% in flexible support system compared to fixed base. The study shows that the soil flexibility redistributed the structural forces and affects the analysis and design of structure. In present study analysis and design of structure assuming flexible base is found to be more accurate and economical.
Influence of stratified soil on seismic response of pile supported buildingIJARIIT
In the last few decades, it has been perceived that Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) changed the reaction attributes of
a structural system due to huge and firm nature of structure and frequently, soil softness. In the current study, to depict the
influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of a structure due to earthquake loading, a 5 storied (G+4)
simple square building supported on pile foundation resting on stratified soil was selected. The building sections were
modelled and analysed for different configurations (i.e., with and without slab and infill) using finite element method
SAP2000. The deformations under seismic loading in the structure and piles by incorporating the effect of soil-structure
interaction and fixed base condition were extracted, compared and discussed. Impact of variety of the parameters on different
soil conditions like variation in soil profile and number of soil layers, influence of slab and infill are considered for which the
buildings are modelled by alternate approaches, namely, (1) bare frame with fixed supports, (2) frames including slab and
infill with support accounting for soil-flexibility. The results indicate that the roof displacement varies significantly for
different soil layer combinations if included the soil structure interaction compared to that of fixed base analysis. Thus
considering the effect of SSI is essential. The horizontal displacement of the structure is maximum for a bare frame with slab
when compared to bare frame and infill frame. When infill wall is added to the structure, the horizontal displacement is
decreased due to the stiffness of the infill wall.
1) The document analyzes the effect of subsurface soil and bedrock conditions below retaining walls on wall behavior through numerical modeling.
2) Key parameters studied include soil strength, depth to bedrock, bedrock slope, wall height, and anchor angle. The study finds that soil and bedrock conditions below the wall can significantly impact wall deformations, bending moments, and anchor forces.
3) Results show wall displacements and bending moments increase with deeper bedrock depth, and are also affected by bedrock slope angle and soil type. Deeper bedrock and upward sloping bedrock generally correspond to greater wall impacts.
Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interactionijtsrd
Seismic response of structure is extremely complex because of non linear behaviour soil during earth quakes. Seismic design of structure is generally carried out assuming fixed based ignoring the flexibility of soil. The purpose of the study is to describe and investigate different approaches of considering soil flexibility in the soil structure interaction SSI with regard to response in the super structure. In the present work, to illustrate the effect of soil – stricture interaction on the seismic response of frame structure, irregular frame 15 storey having consider with based supported as fixed with an without considering the soil structure interaction. Building are model in SAP 2000. Three type of soil i.e. hard, medium hard, soft soil are used to in SSI – study. the soil is model as spring model or elastic continuum FEM , and stiffness is calculated by using the gerorge gazettes equation. The effect of SSI on various structural parameter i.e. natural time period, based shear, roof displacement, are studed and discuss. The main objective in using this earthquake was, to find out of the structure when heat by long duration and see the how the response of modified, when the soil effect are taken into considerate. Sumit S. Chaudhari | M. R. Nikhar | V. A. Kalmegh "Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interaction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38125.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/38125/seismic-analysis-of-irregular-building-frames-with-soil-structure-interaction/sumit-s-chaudhari
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research analyzing the effect of soil-structure interaction on an eccentrically loaded building frame founded on pile groups. Finite element analysis was used to model a 2x2 pile group foundation and analyze displacements, forces, and other parameters under eccentric loads applied at different locations on the beam. Both analytical finite element modeling and physical experiments were conducted. The results found that soil-structure interaction significantly impacts frame behavior, with design forces in the analytical and experimental models differing by up to 100% from conventional rigid-base assumptions. Accounting for soil-structure interaction allows for more economical frame element design.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON RESPONSE OF A MULTI-STORIED BUILDI...SJ BASHA
This document discusses analyzing the influence of soil-structure interaction on the response of a multi-storied building to earthquake forces. It focuses on a 12-story building located in Amaravathi, India, which consists of different soil/rock profiles. Earthquake analysis is performed with the building resting on different soil types, and the fundamental time periods, base shears, and displacements are compared to a fixed base condition. The equivalent lateral force method and free vibration analysis are used to evaluate the structural response considering soil-structure interaction effects. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding how soil properties influence seismic behavior.
This document analyzes the behavior of piles under lateral loading due to soil-structure interaction. It uses the subgrade reaction method to model the soil as a series of elastic springs and analyze the pile as a flexible beam on an elastic foundation. The method is used to calculate the pile deflection, slope, bending moment, and shear force along its length due to a lateral load. These results are validated using finite element modeling in ANSYS software. The document presents an example problem and shows the results from both the subgrade reaction method and ANSYS match well.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
The document summarizes research on stress distribution in soils under the pile cap of tapered piles in compressible clay. Laboratory tests were conducted using modeled tapered piles in compressible clay from Belarus. Field tests measured stresses in soils at different depths under loaded pile caps connected to instrumented tapered piles installed in compressible clay. Results found stresses slightly higher than calculated using Boussinesq's theory. Stresses increased towards pile centers and with depth, and were directed along radius vectors from pile centers. Stresses decreased radially outward from pile centers and with increased pile spacing. Stress distribution was also affected by pile spacing and tapering angle. Clearly delineated stressed zones of soil deformation were observed under loaded pile caps.
Finite element analysis of frame with soil structure interactioneSAT Journals
Abstract
For the analysis of a building frame, the columns at the foundation level are considered as fixed. But in real condition it is not the case. While considering soil in the analysis of building frame 100% fixity may not be ensured. Because of the settlement and rotation of foundation, shear force and bending moment in superstructure get altered. This effect is called as “Soil Structure Interaction” Present work is to study behavior of bare frame & in-filled frame having soil beneath. In these cases three types of soils are considered, soft, medium stiff and hard. Also in-filled panel is of brick masonry only. Various cases frames are studied. The following are the cases:
1] Analysis of bare frame with soil.2] Analysis of In-filled frame with Soil.3] Analysis of Bare frame without Soil.4] Analysis of In-filled frame without Soil Frame with different combinations mentioned above (with/without infill panel, with/without soil) is analyzed by using ANSYS 14.5. These results are comprised with SSI and without SSI.
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, In-Filled Frame, Bare Frame.
IRJET- A Review on Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Stru...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings considering soil-structure interaction. It discusses several studies that have used software like SAP2000 to analyze the seismic response of structures on different soil types, considering both flexible base (soil-structure interaction) models and fixed base models. The review covers research using methods like the p-y curve approach and Winkler foundation modeling to represent the soil, and evaluates how soil properties, foundation type, and structural properties influence the seismic behavior of the soil-structure system.
Effect of differential settlement on frame forces a parametric studyeSAT Journals
Abstract It has been well established that packed bed solar collectors perform better as compared to conventional collectors. Results of performance studies on packed bed solar collector are available in literature in which different operating conditions have been considered which make it difficult to compare their performance accurately. Considering this comparative study of performance of solar collector with different packing elements has been made in the present work. Experimental investigations on solar collector packed with iron chips, wire mesh, gravels and glass balls for the same set of operating parameter have been done on a single setup to study the effect of packing material and its geometry on the thermal efficiency of packed bed collector. It is observed that iron chips packed collector is identified as the best packing materials out of the materials selected for study leading to thermal efficiency of 76.21% for the mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s and porosity of 0.945, which is 69.58% higher as compared to smooth collector. Thermal efficiency of wire mesh packed collector for similar operating conditions is found to be 74.26% which is 65.24% higher than smooth collector. In low porosity range gravel packed collector is found to perform better as compared to glass ball packing. Effect of mass flow rate on the effective efficiency has also been conducted for various packing elements used in the present study. Based on the experimental results, plots have been drawn for efficiency against temperature rise parameters for different packing elements which can be used by the designer for choosing the correct value of mass flow rate for the specific temperature rise application. Key Words: Solar Collector, Iron Chips, Wire Mesh, Gravels, Glass Balls, Packed Bed.
This document describes the development of an original testing apparatus for conducting rapid pull-out tests on geotextile reinforcements embedded in soil. The testing apparatus allows investigating shear velocities of 0.1 to 1.2 m/s to simulate dynamic loadings on soil-geotextile interfaces, such as those found in rockfall protection structures. Preliminary tests were conducted using a free-falling weight to pull a geotextile strip out of a soil-filled tank. Measurements of pull-out force, and displacements of the geotextile head and rear, allowed calculating parameters like shear stress and friction length. The results provide initial insights into the soil-geotextile interface response under rapid
Seismic Soil-Structure-Interaction and Lateral Earth Pressures Near Buried Wa...Miguel Frias
The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is replacing open water reservoirs with buried concrete structures due to new regulations, but seismic performance of these underground structures is not well understood. Centrifuge experiments were conducted to study soil-structure interaction and seismic earth pressures near a model reservoir. The experiments evaluated the reliability of different pressure sensing technologies in measuring static lateral earth pressures imposed by Nevada sand backfill on a simple aluminum retaining wall structure under increased gravity in a 15 g-ton centrifuge. The data obtained will compare pressure sensors and their reliability in capturing static pressures to test the hypothesis that tactile sensors are currently the most reliable.
IRJET-Comparing the Effect of Earthquake on Shear wall building and Non-Shear...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on comparing the effect of earthquakes on buildings with and without shear walls. It summarizes several studies that found shear walls help reduce lateral displacement during earthquakes. Shear walls resist horizontal forces and provide stiffness. Openings in shear walls can increase displacement, as can thinner flanges on shear walls. Locating shear walls at corners or in the building core was found to minimize displacement compared to other positions. Studies concluded shear walls substantially reduce earthquake impacts and non-shear wall buildings may need retrofitting in high risk areas. Future research could further examine effects of column flanges and different shear wall placements.
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interactionijtsrd
Seismic response of structure is extremely complex because of the non linear behavior soil during earthquakes. Seismic design of structures is generally carried out assuming fixed base ignoring the flexibility of soil. The main objective of the study is to investigate the significance of effect of soil structure interaction on building with mass irregularity. The dynamic contact approach was utilized to simulate pounding between the adjacent buildings. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed for two adjacent multi story structures with four different configuration representing cases that can exist in reality. The seismic response of the studied cases generally emphasized that ignoring the soil flexibility and or the contribution of the infill panels may significantly alter the response of adjacent structures. Response spectrum analysis has been carried out and the parameters like time period, base shear, roof top displacement and storey drift of the building frames resting over foundation and soil media has been studied. Sumit S. Chaudhari | Prof. M. R. Nikhar | Prof. V. A. Kalmegh "Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interaction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42505.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/42505/seismic-analysis-of-irregular-building-frames-with-soil-structure-interaction/sumit-s-chaudhari
The thesis aims to study the effect of soil conditions on earthquake ground motion and the seismic response of structures through numerical analysis and shake table testing. So far, the authors have reviewed literature on soil amplification and conducted numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems representing different soil layers. The analyses show that soft soil increases ground acceleration and that soil-structure interaction can be neglected in the design of flexible structures on stiff soil but should be considered for rigid structures on soft soil. Future work plans to perform shake table tests on layered soil models to compare with numerical analyses and analyze the response of model structures subjected to induced ground motions.
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This document discusses soil-structure interaction and modeling approaches for analyzing framed structures with pile foundations under seismic loading. It covers several key points:
1) Soil-structure interaction considers the collective response of the structure, foundation, and surrounding soil to ground motions. Ignoring interaction can be conservative but may miss important effects.
2) Two main modeling approaches are direct analysis using finite elements for the soil, and indirect substructure analysis using springs/dashpots to represent soil-foundation interaction.
3) Pile foundations are commonly modeled using springs representing the pile stiffness, with properties estimated from empirical formulas accounting for factors like soil properties and pile geometry.
Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Storied Building by Using Tuned Mass Damper and Ba...IJERA Editor
Earthquakes create vibrations on the ground that are translated into dynamic loads which cause the ground and anything attached to it to vibrate in a complex manner and cause damage to buildings and other structures. Civil engineering is continuously improving ways to cope with this inherent phenomenon. Conventional strategies of strengthening the system consume more materials and energy. Moreover, higher masses lead to higher seismic forces. Alternative strategies such as passive control systems are found to be effective in reducing the seismic and other dynamic effects on civil engineering structures. A Tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device consisting of a mass, and spring that is attached to a structure in order to reduce the dynamic response of the structure. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) has been found to be most effective for controlling the structural responses for harmonic and wind excitations. Base isolation is nowadays widely considered as an effective strategy to protect structures subject to seismic excitations. The performance of linear base isolation system along with tuned mass damper to mitigate seismic response of structures is investigated.
Effect of Soil Flexibility on Analysis and Design of BuildingIJERA Editor
Generally in the analysis and design of multi-story building frame it is assumed that the base is fixed but in actual the structure is ultimately supported on soil which is flexible in nature. This flexibility of soil may vary due to load-settlement characteristics of soil, variation in soil strata below the foundation level, seasonal variation of soil property etc. The flexible nature of soil causes differential settlement between foundations on application of loads which in turn redistribute the structural forces as well as design. The present paper attempts to acknowledge the effect of soil flexibility in analysis and design of structure. A G+7 4-bay by 4-bay RCC residential building frame supported on sandy soil and situated in seismic zone V as per IS: 1893(part 1)-2002 is analysed usingStaad pro software. Initially the building frame is modelled and analysed assuming fixed base and support reactions are determined for different load cases. The foundation sizes for different supports are calculated by using Staad foundation software. The fixed support is replaced by a spring of equivalent foundation stiffness to perform flexible base analysis. In flexible support analysis the maximum total settlement and differential settlement between footings is found to be 44.19 mm and 8.14 mm respectively which is neglected in conventional analysis. The variation in values of settlement is more critical in case of seismic loading. Soil flexibility causes significant variation in values of support moment compared to vertical support reaction. The flexibility of soil also affects the forces in beams and columns. The requirement of steel reinforcement is reduced by nearly 7% in flexible support system compared to fixed base. The study shows that the soil flexibility redistributed the structural forces and affects the analysis and design of structure. In present study analysis and design of structure assuming flexible base is found to be more accurate and economical.
Influence of stratified soil on seismic response of pile supported buildingIJARIIT
In the last few decades, it has been perceived that Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) changed the reaction attributes of
a structural system due to huge and firm nature of structure and frequently, soil softness. In the current study, to depict the
influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of a structure due to earthquake loading, a 5 storied (G+4)
simple square building supported on pile foundation resting on stratified soil was selected. The building sections were
modelled and analysed for different configurations (i.e., with and without slab and infill) using finite element method
SAP2000. The deformations under seismic loading in the structure and piles by incorporating the effect of soil-structure
interaction and fixed base condition were extracted, compared and discussed. Impact of variety of the parameters on different
soil conditions like variation in soil profile and number of soil layers, influence of slab and infill are considered for which the
buildings are modelled by alternate approaches, namely, (1) bare frame with fixed supports, (2) frames including slab and
infill with support accounting for soil-flexibility. The results indicate that the roof displacement varies significantly for
different soil layer combinations if included the soil structure interaction compared to that of fixed base analysis. Thus
considering the effect of SSI is essential. The horizontal displacement of the structure is maximum for a bare frame with slab
when compared to bare frame and infill frame. When infill wall is added to the structure, the horizontal displacement is
decreased due to the stiffness of the infill wall.
1) The document analyzes the effect of subsurface soil and bedrock conditions below retaining walls on wall behavior through numerical modeling.
2) Key parameters studied include soil strength, depth to bedrock, bedrock slope, wall height, and anchor angle. The study finds that soil and bedrock conditions below the wall can significantly impact wall deformations, bending moments, and anchor forces.
3) Results show wall displacements and bending moments increase with deeper bedrock depth, and are also affected by bedrock slope angle and soil type. Deeper bedrock and upward sloping bedrock generally correspond to greater wall impacts.
Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interactionijtsrd
Seismic response of structure is extremely complex because of non linear behaviour soil during earth quakes. Seismic design of structure is generally carried out assuming fixed based ignoring the flexibility of soil. The purpose of the study is to describe and investigate different approaches of considering soil flexibility in the soil structure interaction SSI with regard to response in the super structure. In the present work, to illustrate the effect of soil – stricture interaction on the seismic response of frame structure, irregular frame 15 storey having consider with based supported as fixed with an without considering the soil structure interaction. Building are model in SAP 2000. Three type of soil i.e. hard, medium hard, soft soil are used to in SSI – study. the soil is model as spring model or elastic continuum FEM , and stiffness is calculated by using the gerorge gazettes equation. The effect of SSI on various structural parameter i.e. natural time period, based shear, roof displacement, are studed and discuss. The main objective in using this earthquake was, to find out of the structure when heat by long duration and see the how the response of modified, when the soil effect are taken into considerate. Sumit S. Chaudhari | M. R. Nikhar | V. A. Kalmegh "Seismic Analysis of Irregular Building Frames with Soil Structure Interaction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38125.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/38125/seismic-analysis-of-irregular-building-frames-with-soil-structure-interaction/sumit-s-chaudhari
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research analyzing the effect of soil-structure interaction on an eccentrically loaded building frame founded on pile groups. Finite element analysis was used to model a 2x2 pile group foundation and analyze displacements, forces, and other parameters under eccentric loads applied at different locations on the beam. Both analytical finite element modeling and physical experiments were conducted. The results found that soil-structure interaction significantly impacts frame behavior, with design forces in the analytical and experimental models differing by up to 100% from conventional rigid-base assumptions. Accounting for soil-structure interaction allows for more economical frame element design.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON RESPONSE OF A MULTI-STORIED BUILDI...SJ BASHA
This document discusses analyzing the influence of soil-structure interaction on the response of a multi-storied building to earthquake forces. It focuses on a 12-story building located in Amaravathi, India, which consists of different soil/rock profiles. Earthquake analysis is performed with the building resting on different soil types, and the fundamental time periods, base shears, and displacements are compared to a fixed base condition. The equivalent lateral force method and free vibration analysis are used to evaluate the structural response considering soil-structure interaction effects. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding how soil properties influence seismic behavior.
This document analyzes the behavior of piles under lateral loading due to soil-structure interaction. It uses the subgrade reaction method to model the soil as a series of elastic springs and analyze the pile as a flexible beam on an elastic foundation. The method is used to calculate the pile deflection, slope, bending moment, and shear force along its length due to a lateral load. These results are validated using finite element modeling in ANSYS software. The document presents an example problem and shows the results from both the subgrade reaction method and ANSYS match well.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
The document summarizes research on stress distribution in soils under the pile cap of tapered piles in compressible clay. Laboratory tests were conducted using modeled tapered piles in compressible clay from Belarus. Field tests measured stresses in soils at different depths under loaded pile caps connected to instrumented tapered piles installed in compressible clay. Results found stresses slightly higher than calculated using Boussinesq's theory. Stresses increased towards pile centers and with depth, and were directed along radius vectors from pile centers. Stresses decreased radially outward from pile centers and with increased pile spacing. Stress distribution was also affected by pile spacing and tapering angle. Clearly delineated stressed zones of soil deformation were observed under loaded pile caps.
Finite element analysis of frame with soil structure interactioneSAT Journals
Abstract
For the analysis of a building frame, the columns at the foundation level are considered as fixed. But in real condition it is not the case. While considering soil in the analysis of building frame 100% fixity may not be ensured. Because of the settlement and rotation of foundation, shear force and bending moment in superstructure get altered. This effect is called as “Soil Structure Interaction” Present work is to study behavior of bare frame & in-filled frame having soil beneath. In these cases three types of soils are considered, soft, medium stiff and hard. Also in-filled panel is of brick masonry only. Various cases frames are studied. The following are the cases:
1] Analysis of bare frame with soil.2] Analysis of In-filled frame with Soil.3] Analysis of Bare frame without Soil.4] Analysis of In-filled frame without Soil Frame with different combinations mentioned above (with/without infill panel, with/without soil) is analyzed by using ANSYS 14.5. These results are comprised with SSI and without SSI.
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, In-Filled Frame, Bare Frame.
IRJET- A Review on Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Stru...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings considering soil-structure interaction. It discusses several studies that have used software like SAP2000 to analyze the seismic response of structures on different soil types, considering both flexible base (soil-structure interaction) models and fixed base models. The review covers research using methods like the p-y curve approach and Winkler foundation modeling to represent the soil, and evaluates how soil properties, foundation type, and structural properties influence the seismic behavior of the soil-structure system.
Effect of differential settlement on frame forces a parametric studyeSAT Journals
Abstract It has been well established that packed bed solar collectors perform better as compared to conventional collectors. Results of performance studies on packed bed solar collector are available in literature in which different operating conditions have been considered which make it difficult to compare their performance accurately. Considering this comparative study of performance of solar collector with different packing elements has been made in the present work. Experimental investigations on solar collector packed with iron chips, wire mesh, gravels and glass balls for the same set of operating parameter have been done on a single setup to study the effect of packing material and its geometry on the thermal efficiency of packed bed collector. It is observed that iron chips packed collector is identified as the best packing materials out of the materials selected for study leading to thermal efficiency of 76.21% for the mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s and porosity of 0.945, which is 69.58% higher as compared to smooth collector. Thermal efficiency of wire mesh packed collector for similar operating conditions is found to be 74.26% which is 65.24% higher than smooth collector. In low porosity range gravel packed collector is found to perform better as compared to glass ball packing. Effect of mass flow rate on the effective efficiency has also been conducted for various packing elements used in the present study. Based on the experimental results, plots have been drawn for efficiency against temperature rise parameters for different packing elements which can be used by the designer for choosing the correct value of mass flow rate for the specific temperature rise application. Key Words: Solar Collector, Iron Chips, Wire Mesh, Gravels, Glass Balls, Packed Bed.
This document describes the development of an original testing apparatus for conducting rapid pull-out tests on geotextile reinforcements embedded in soil. The testing apparatus allows investigating shear velocities of 0.1 to 1.2 m/s to simulate dynamic loadings on soil-geotextile interfaces, such as those found in rockfall protection structures. Preliminary tests were conducted using a free-falling weight to pull a geotextile strip out of a soil-filled tank. Measurements of pull-out force, and displacements of the geotextile head and rear, allowed calculating parameters like shear stress and friction length. The results provide initial insights into the soil-geotextile interface response under rapid
Seismic Soil-Structure-Interaction and Lateral Earth Pressures Near Buried Wa...Miguel Frias
The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is replacing open water reservoirs with buried concrete structures due to new regulations, but seismic performance of these underground structures is not well understood. Centrifuge experiments were conducted to study soil-structure interaction and seismic earth pressures near a model reservoir. The experiments evaluated the reliability of different pressure sensing technologies in measuring static lateral earth pressures imposed by Nevada sand backfill on a simple aluminum retaining wall structure under increased gravity in a 15 g-ton centrifuge. The data obtained will compare pressure sensors and their reliability in capturing static pressures to test the hypothesis that tactile sensors are currently the most reliable.
IRJET-Comparing the Effect of Earthquake on Shear wall building and Non-Shear...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on comparing the effect of earthquakes on buildings with and without shear walls. It summarizes several studies that found shear walls help reduce lateral displacement during earthquakes. Shear walls resist horizontal forces and provide stiffness. Openings in shear walls can increase displacement, as can thinner flanges on shear walls. Locating shear walls at corners or in the building core was found to minimize displacement compared to other positions. Studies concluded shear walls substantially reduce earthquake impacts and non-shear wall buildings may need retrofitting in high risk areas. Future research could further examine effects of column flanges and different shear wall placements.
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
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Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
Bi-directional Effects on the Response of an Isolated BridgeIDES Editor
This paper studies the effects of bi-directional ground excitation on the seismic response of an isolated bridge. Nonlinear dynamic analysis and pushover analysis are used to analyze a 3-span continuous bridge isolated using various bearing types under uni-directional and bi-directional ground motions. The results show that bi-directional excitation can significantly increase the bridge response, especially for friction pendulum isolated bridges, where uni-directional analysis underestimates the response. Pushover analysis provides conservative estimates of response compared to dynamic analysis for elastomeric bearings but underestimates response for friction-based systems. The maximum bi-directional response does not coincide with the maximum uni-directional response, indicating the need to consider
IRJET- The Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Raft FoundationIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of soil-structure interaction on raft foundations. It summarizes that conventional design neglects how the soil response influences structural motion and vice versa, known as soil-structure interaction. While reasonable for light structures on stiff soils, soil-structure interaction is prominent for heavy structures on soft soils. The document then presents the methodology and results of analyzing different reinforced concrete building frames on both medium and hard soil to determine how soil flexibility alters natural periods compared to fixed base conditions. The key finding is that natural periods increase when considering soil-structure interaction compared to assuming a fixed foundation.
11.[49 58]an experimental investigation on interference of piled rafts in sof...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the interference effects of piled rafts in soft soil. Small-scale model tests were conducted with rigid rafts and piled rafts placed in artificially consolidated soft clay at various center-to-center spacings. The tests measured the effects on load-settlement behavior and time-dependent settlement. The results showed that bearing capacity decreases and settlement increases with decreasing spacing between foundations. Interference effects were more prominent for piled raft foundations compared to individual rafts. Numerical modeling using PLAXIS software showed similar trends. The experimental data provides insight into minimum required spacing between raft or piled raft foundations for optimal performance in soft clay soils.
This document presents an analytical solution for analyzing the vibration of machine foundations resting on layered soil. It uses a cone model approach to determine dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients for a rigid, massless circular foundation on a soil layer underlain by a rigid base subjected to torsional harmonic excitation. The cone model concept models the soil as truncated cones that allow analyzing wave propagation. Equations are developed relating the rotational displacement of the foundation to the dynamic impedance functions using the cone model approach. Parametric analyses are then performed to understand the effect of soil layer depth, damping ratio, and Poisson's ratio on the frequency-amplitude response of the foundation.
Applicatio of Soil Structure Interaction in the analysis of flexible retainin...NikhilGautam68
Analysis and study of Soil Structure Interaction (ssi) in retaining wall. This presentation will help you in understanding the role of SSI in the making of a retaining wall which also expands the opportunity of research to great extent.
The main objectives are as follows:
1. To analyse the deformation of the structural system based on mobilised earth pressure and soil resistance along the wall.
2. To use non linear p-y curve for modelling the passive resistance of soils due to lateral deformation of embedded wall section.
3. To analyse group affect on pile
Hope it helps.
This document presents a parametric investigation of the dynamic response of a circular foundation resting on a soil layer underlain by a rigid base, subjected to vertical vibration. It uses a one-dimensional cone model approach based on wave propagation to evaluate the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients. The model accounts for parameters such as the depth of the soil layer, material damping ratio, and Poisson's ratio. Equations are developed to calculate the resonant frequency-amplitude relationship and frequency-magnification factor by considering the superposition of upward and downward waves within the layered soil.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on reinforced concrete beam-column junctions subjected to quasi-static (monotonic) loading. The study analyzes parameters like stress, displacement, and joint stiffness. Previous research on corner and exterior beam-column joints under cyclic loading is reviewed. The behavior of exterior joints differs from corner joints. Finite element analysis is used to model the joints, and results are compared to experimental data. Design and performance criteria for beam-column joints in seismic regions are discussed. Joint shear strength and bond strength are important factors addressed in the design process.
The document describes a study on the seismic response of plane frames considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). Plane frames with varying numbers of stories (9m to 33m) and bay lengths (2m to 10m) were modeled in STAAD Pro software. The frames were analyzed under fixed base conditions and flexible base conditions where SSI was incorporated using Winkler soil springs. Results showed that accounting for SSI led to changes in seismic responses like bending moments, axial forces, and lateral displacements compared to fixed base conditions. The influence of SSI increased with softer soil and was more pronounced for frames with greater heights and bay lengths.
Analytical study on soil pile interaction effect in the variation of natural ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an analytical study on how the natural frequency of a single pile foundation varies with soil-pile interaction effects. It presents the theoretical formulation for calculating the depth of fixity and natural frequency of a pile based on the soil modulus and pile diameter. A finite difference method and MATLAB code were used to model the soil-pile system and conduct a parametric study. The results show that the natural frequency non-linearly decreases with lower soil modulus and smaller pile diameter. An equation was developed through regression analysis to predict the natural frequency based on the soil and pile properties. Understanding how natural frequency varies with soil-pile interaction is important for designing foundations subjected to dynamic loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document experimentally compares the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a rigid rotor interacting with two types of backup bearings - ball bearings and pinned bearings. Testing was done by running the rotor up to speed and analyzing the experimental data through orbit analysis, frequency spectra, and force measurements. The results show the nonlinear behavior of the rotor-bearing system and demonstrate that pinned bearings can eliminate undesirable backward whirl compared to ball bearings. Both bearing types have advantages and disadvantages discussed in the paper.
Evaluating the Different Types of Analytical Methods of Piling Retaining WallsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Piling retaining walls as soil holder elements have a wide range of applications including slope
stabilization of roads, protection of coastlines against erosion, controlling lateral extension in areas prone to
liquefaction, stabilization of vertical trenches and protection against excavations. These types of retaining
structures have load-deformation behavior of their own as flexible elements and they practically have extreme
lateral deformation under the effect of lateral soil pressure because of their small thickness; the amount of their
lateral deformation is a function of clamped length and also the characteristics of the soil behind. The stability
analytical methods of geotechnical structures are generally divided into three categories including closed
solution method, simple methods and numerical methods. In this article, after reviewing theories of soils
dynamic lateral pressure, the performance of several methods including limit equilibrium method in the analysis
of retaining walls are evaluated and then they are compared with the finite element method which is one of the
conventional and known numerical methods.
Keywords: Retaining walls, dynamic analysis, Mononobe - Okabe, seismic behavior, finite element
This document summarizes research on analyzing the free vibration of cracked beams. It presents a finite element model of an open edge crack in a beam modeled in ABAQUS. Parametric studies are conducted on simply supported and cantilever beams to analyze the effects of crack depth and location on natural frequencies. The results from ABAQUS are validated against experimental data and found to be in good agreement. It is observed that natural frequencies decrease with increasing crack depth and are most affected when cracks are located in regions of higher bending moment. The studies provide insight into how cracks influence beam vibration properties.
Irrégularités are not avoidable in construction of Buildings, However the behaviour of structures
with thèseirrégularités must be studied. Thèseirrégularités are responsible for structural collapse of Buildings
under the action of dynamicloads. In thispaper, attempt has been made to study the seismic behaviour of the
vertically irregular structure with and withoutsoil structure Interaction. The structure modelled have been
alreadyconstructed and modelling was carried out using E-Tabs Software and analysed by Response Spectum Analysis.
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Aerospace Engineering.
Literature Review of Experimental Study on Load Bearing Masonry WallIOSRJMCE
Masonry load bearing wall subjected to vertical concentric and eccentric loading may collapse through instability. In this Paper the buckling behavior of masonry load bearing wall of different slenderness ratio were investigated by many researcher has been reviewed via testing a series of scale masonry wall subjected to concentric and eccentric vertical loading. The influence of nonlinear behavior of interface element, slenderness ratio and various end conditions have been investigated together with the effect of different end eccentricity of vertical load.
The document summarizes research on modeling the seismic pounding response of adjacent structures. It discusses two common methods for simulating pounding: the contact element method using linear springs and the stereomechanical method using impulse-momentum principles. The paper then presents the mathematical formulation for analyzing the time-domain response of a three-structure system with adjacent elastic and inelastic SDOF structures undergoing one-sided or two-sided pounding. The response is computed using the Newmark-Beta method with a linear spring contact element model.
Investigation of the Behaviour for Reinforced Concrete Beam Using Non Linear...IJMER
The document summarizes an investigation of the behavior of reinforced concrete beams using nonlinear 3D finite element analysis. It describes modeling concrete and reinforcement, applying a finite element method using brick elements for concrete and smeared layers for reinforcement. Results show good agreement with previous studies, with steel stresses and deflections within 15% of other solutions. Increasing beam width, depth, and subgrade reaction decreases maximum deflection and steel stress. The analysis method captures the behavior of reinforced concrete beams on elastic foundations subjected to different loads.
Optimum Location of Seismic Isolation for Manavgat Cable-Stayed BridgeIJAEMSJORNAL
Seismic isolation strategies have been extensively implemented to mitigate the risk of damage in cable-stayed bridges (CSBs). The effectiveness of seismic isolation has received a great deal of attention from a number of researchers. This paper focuses on studying the seismic performance of a single pylon cable-stayed bridge with a single concave friction pendulum (SCFP) at various locations under bi-directional seismic excitations. A 3D numerical model was created using the prototype of a single pylon cable-stayed bridge located in Antalya, Turkey in order to study its seismic response. SCFP was installed at the bridge’s deck-abutment, deck-pylon and pylon-foundation connection to study the reduction of the dynamic response when subjected to various seismic excitations. The efficiency of SCFP is evaluated by monitoring and controlling the displacement of the deck, acceleration, and the base of the pylon. The analytical results indicate that SCFP can effectively diminish both the base shear and the displacement of the pylon. However, the effectiveness of SCFP is significantly influenced by its location and ground motion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
Bj36363371
1. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Free Vibration Characteristics of Edge Cracked Piles with
Circular Cross-Section
Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan Akbaş*
*(Civil Engineer, Şehit Muhtar Mah. Öğüt Sok. No:2/37 Beyoğlu/Istanbul, Turkey)
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on free vibration analysis of an edge cracked pile with circular cross section. The soil
medium is modelled as Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation approach. The governing differential equations of
motion are obtained by using Hamilton’s principle. The pile–soil system is modeled as Euler–Bernoulli beam
resting on Winkler-Pasternak foundation. The considered problem is solved by using finite element method. The
cracked pile is modelled as an assembly of two sub-beams connected through a massless elastic rotational spring.
In the study, the effects of the location of crack, the depth of the crack and the soil stiffness on the natural
frequencies and mode shapes the piles are investigated in detail.
Keywords - Crack, Piles, Winkler-Pasternak Foundation, Free vibration, Finite element method
I.
INTRODUCTION
Piles are a type of deep soil foundation that
commonly used in the civil engineering. The purpose
of piles is to transmit the loads of a superstructure to
the underlying soil, when the strength of soil base is
insufficient to support the load from the
superstructures. Piles are also used in the construction
of offshore platforms, marine application and other
structures that are situated over water.
Piles are not subjected to only gravity loads,
but also lateral loads due to earthquakes, wind, wave
attack and vehicle impact loads, among others. Piles
are subjected to destructive effects in the form of
initial defects within the material or caused by fatigue
or stress concentration. Especially, piles can suffer
extreme damage and failure under earthquake loading
and various the ground motions. Also, friction piles
can be subjected to more destructive effects under the
construction. As a result of destructive effects, cracks
occur in the piles.
It is known that a crack in structure elements
introduces a local flexibility, becomes more flexible
and its dynamic and static behaviors will be changed.
Cracks cause local flexibility and changes in structural
stiffness. Therefore, understanding the mechanical
behavior and the safe performance of cracked piles are
importance in designs. After the construction, damage
assessment and repair of the piles are very difficult in
comparison with other structural elements. Therefore,
the effect of the crack must be considered in the safe
design of the piles.
In the literature, the vibration and dynamic
behavior of the piles have been extensively studied.
Valsangkar and Pradhanang [1] studied free vibration
of partially supported piles with Winkler soil model.
Xie and Vaziri [2] studied response of nonuniform
piles to vertical vibrations. Lin and Al-Khaleefi [3]
suidied torsional behavior of cracked reinforced
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Concrete piles by using A finite element method.
Khan and Pise [4] studied the dynamic behaviour of
curved piles embedded in a homogeneous elastic halfspace and subjected to forced harmonic vertical
vibration. Lee et al. [5] investigated the natural
frequencies and the mode shapes of the tapered piles
embedded partially in the Winkler type foundations.
Çatal [6] investigated free vibration of partially
supported piles with the effects of bending moment,
axial and shear force with the Winkler model. Filipich
and Rosales [7] analysed the natural vibrations and
critical loads of foundation beams embedded in a soil
simulated with two elastic parameters through the
Winkler–Pasternak model. Wang et al. [8] studied the
dynamic response of pile groups embedded in a
homogeneous poroelastic medium and subjected to
vertical loading. Kim et al. [9] investigated vertical
vibration analysis of soil-pile interaction systems
considering the soil-pile interface behavior. Cairo et
al. [10] analysed of vertically loaded pile groups under
dynamic conditions. Yu-Jia et al. [11] nonlinear
dynamical characteristics of piles under horizontal
vibration based on continuum mechanics. Çatal [12]
studied free vibration of semi-rigid connected and
partially embedded piles with the effects of the
bending moment, axial and shear force. Padron et al.
[13] studied the dynamic analysis of piles and pile
groups embedded in an elastic half-space with finite
element metho- boundary element method coupling
model. Dynamic behavior of group-piles in liquefied
ground are investigated by Uzuoka et al. [14] using
three-dimensional soil–water-coupled analysis with a
soil–pile-building model. Masoumi and Degrande [15]
investigated a numerical model for the prediction of
free field vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile
driving using a dynamic soil-structure interaction
formulation. Tsai et al. [16] studied the screening
effectiveness of circular piles in a row for a massless
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2. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
square foundation subject to harmonic vertical loading
with the three-dimensional boundary element method
in frequency domain. Yeşilce and Çatal [17]
investigated free vibration of piles embedded in soil
having different modulus of subgrade reaction. Hu et
al. [18] investiagted the nonlinear transverse vibration
of piles under the assumption of that both the
materials of pile and soil obey nonlinear elastic and
linear viscoelastic constitutive relations. Yesilce and
Çatal [19] investigated free vibration of semi-rigid
connected piles embedded in elastic soil within
Reddy-Bickford beam theory where the soil is
modeled as Winkler model. Lu et al. [20] investigated
the isolation of the vibration due to moving loads
using pile rows embedded in a poroelastic half-space.
Comodromos et al. [21] investigated effect of
Cracking on the Response of Pile Test under
Horizontal Loading. Bhattacharya et al. [22]
investigated a unified buckling and free vibration
analysis of pile-supported structures in seismically
liquefiable soils that The pile–soil system is modelled
as Euler–Bernoulli beam resting against an elastic
support with axial load and a pile head mass with
rotary inertia. The vertical dynamic response of an
inhomogeneous viscoelastic pile embedded in layered
soil subjected to axial loading has been investigated
by Wang et al. [23]. Manna and Baidya [24]
investigated dynamic response of cast-in-situ
reinforced concrete piles subjected to strong vertical
excitation. Yang and Pan [25] investigated the
dynamical behavior of vertical vibration of an endbearing pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer in the
frequency domain using the Helmholtz decomposition
and variable separation method. Dash et al. [26]
investigated bending–buckling interaction as a failure
mechanism of piles in liquefiable soils using
numerical techniques. Haldar and Babu [27]
investiagted the response of piles in liquefiable soil
under seismic loads with the effects of soil, pile, and
earthquake parameters on the two potential pile failure
mechanisms, bending and buckling. Jian-hua et al.
[28] investigated the dynamic response of a pile
group embedded in a layered poroelastic half space
subjected to axial harmonic loads. Zou et al. [29]
investigated the influence of pile-soil-structure
interaction on the vibration control of adjacent
buildings with pile foundations. Jensen and Hoang
[30] studied collapse mechanisms and strength
prediction of reinforced concrete pile caps.
It is seen from literature that the vibration
analysis of cracked piles has not been broadly
investigated. A better understanding of the mechanism
of how the crack effects change response of vibration
of a pile is necessary, and is a prerequisite for further
exploration and application of the cracked piles.
Therefore, the distinctive feature of this study is the
effect of location of crack, the depth of the crack on
natural frequencies in detail.
Piles can be found in many different sizes
and shapes in the engineering applications. Circular
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piles are the most used and preferred in the
applications because of high energy absorbing
capability and high buckling strength. Hence,
understanding the mechanical behavior circular piles
are very important.
In this study, free vibration analysis of an
edge cracked piles with circular cross section is
investigated. The soil that the pile partially embedded
in is idealized by Winkler-Pasternak model. The
governing differential equations of motion of the
circular pile in free vibration are derived using
Hamilton’s principle. The pile–soil system is modeled
as Euler–Bernoulli beam resting on Winkler-Pasternak
foundation. The considered problem is solved by
using finite element method. The cracked pile is
modeled as an assembly of two sub-beams connected
through a massless elastic rotational spring. In the
study, the effects of the location of crack, the depth of
the crack and the soil stiffness on the natural
frequencies and mode shapes the piles are investigated
in detail.
II.
THEORY AND FORMULATIONS
Consider a pile of length L, diameter D,
containing an edge crack of depth a located at a
distance L1 from the bottom end, as shown in Figure
1. The soil–pile interaction is modeled as WinklerPasternak foundation with spring constant kw and kp.
When the Pasternak foundation spring constant kp=0,
the soil–pile interaction model reduces to Winkler
type. It is assumed that the crack is perpendicular to
beam surface and always remains open.
Figure 1 A circular pile with an open edge crack with
Winkler-Pasternak soil model and cross-section.
2.1 GOVERNING EQUATION OF FREE
VIBRATION OF INTACT PILES
The pile is modeled within the EulerBernoulli beam theory. According to the coordinate
system (X,Y,Z) shown in figure 1, based on Euler364 | P a g e
3. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
Bernoulli beam theory, the axial and the transverse
displacement field are expressed as
(1)
(2)
Where u0 and v0 are the axial and the
transverse displacements in the mid-plane, t indicates
time. Using Eq. (1) and (2), the linear straindisplacement relation can be obtained:
(10)
where ui, vi and θi are axial displacements, transverse
displacements and slopes at the two end nodes of the
pile element, respectively.
and
are
interpolation functions for axial and transverse
degrees of freedom, respectively, which are given in
Appendix. Two-node pile element shown in Figure 2.
(3)
Figure 2 A two-node pile element.
According to Hooke’s law, constitutive equations of
the pile are as follows:
(4)
Where E is the Young’s modulus of the pile,
σXX and εXX are normal stresses and normal strains in
the X direction, respectively. Based on Euler-Bernoulli
beam theory, the elastic strain energy (V) and kinetic
energy (T) of the pile with Winkler-Pasternak soil
model is expressed as
With using the standard procedure of the Galerkin
finite element method, the stiffness matrix and the
mass matrix are obtained according to Eqs. (7) and
(8). The equation of motion as follows:
(11)
where [K] is the stiffness matrix and [M] is the mass
matrix. {q} is nodal displacement vector which as
follows
(12)
The stiffness matrix [K] can be expressed as a sum of
three submatrices as shown below:
(13)
(5)
(6)
Where ρ is the mass density of the pile, with
applying Hamilton’s principle, the differential
equations of motion are obtained as follows:
Where
,
and
are pile stiffness
matrix, Winkler foundation stiffness matrix and
Pasternak foundation stiffness matrix, respectively.
Explicit forms of [K] are given in Appendix. The mass
matrix [M] can be expressed as a sum of four submatrices as shown below:
(14)
(7)
(8)
Where I and A are the moment of inertia and the area
of the cross-section, respectively.
2.2 FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATIONS
The displacement field of the finite element
shown is expressed in terms of nodal displacements as
follows:
(9)
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Where
,
and
are the contribution of u,
v and θ degree of freedom to the mass matrix,
respectively. Explicit forms of [M] are given in
Appendix.
2.3. CRACK MODELING
The cracked pile is modeled as an assembly
of two sub-beams connected through a massless
elastic rotational spring shown in figure 3.
Figure 3 Rotational Spring Model.
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4. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
The additional strain energy due to the
existence of the crack can be expressed as
The bending stiffness of the cracked section
kT is related to the flexibility G by
(15)
(20)
where b and aX are the boundary of the strip and the
local crack depth respectively, are shown in Fig. 4,
respectively, and written as
(21)
Cracked section’s flexibility G can be derived from
Broek’s approximation [31]:
(22)
(16)
where M is the bending moment at the cracked
section, kI is the stress intensity factor (SIF) under
mode I bending load and is a function of the geometry
and the loading properties as well. ν indicates
Poisson’s ratio. For circular cross section, the stress
intensity factor for kI a single edge cracked beam
specimen under pure bending M can be written as
follow (Tada et al. [32])
The spring connects the adjacent left and right
elements and couples the slopes of the two pile
elements at the crack location. In the massless spring
model, the compatibility conditions enforce the
continuities of the axial displacement, transverse
deflection, axial force and bending moment across the
crack at the cracked section (X=LI), that is,
(23)
The discontinuity in the slope is as follows:
(17)
(24)
Where
Based on the massless spring model, the stiffness
matrix of the cracked section as follows:
(18)
(25)
Where a is crack of depth and
is the height of the
strip, is shown Fig. 4, and written as
(19)
The stiffness matrix of the cracked section is written
according to the displacement vector:
(26)
where R is the radius of the cross section of the beam.
Where θ1 and θ1 are the angles of the cracked section.
With adding crack model, the equations of motion for
the finite element and by use of usual assemblage
procedure the following system of equations of motion
for the whole system can be obtained as follows:
(27)
Figure 4 The geometry of the cracked circular cross
section.
After substituting Eq. (17) into Eq. (16) and
by integrating Eq. (16), the flexibility coefficient of
the crack section G is obtained as
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If the global nodal displacement vector {q} is assumed
to be harmonic in time with circular frequency ω, i.e
becomes, after imposing the
appropriate end conditions, an eigenvalue problem of
the form:
(28)
Where
is a vector of displacement
amplitudes of the vibration. The dimensionless
quantities can be expressed as
366 | P a g e
5. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
,
edge cracked pile is shown for different crack
locations (L1/L=0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) for
and
.
,
(29)
Where
is the dimensionless frequency,
dimensionless Winkler parameter,
dimensionless Pasternak parameter,
III.
is
is the
the
NUMERICAL RESULTS
In the numerical examples, the natural
frequencies and the mode shapes of the piles are
calculated and presented in figures for various the
effects of the location of crack, the depth of the crack
and foundation stiffness. In the numerical examples,
the physical properties of the pile are Young’s
modulus E=206 GPa, Poisson’s ratio ν=0,3 and mass
density ρ=7800 kg/m3. The geometrical properties of
the pile are length L=30m and the diameter D= 1 m. In
the numerical calculations, the number of finite
elements is taken as n =100 and five-point Gauss
integration rule is used.
In figure 5, the effect of crack locations
(L1/L) on the dimensionless fundamental frequency
of edge cracked piles is shown for different crack
depth ratios (a/D=0.1, 0.2, 0.35) for
and
.
Figure 6 The effect of crack depth ratio a/D on the
dimensionless fundamental frequency
for different
crack locations (L1/L=0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8).
It is observed from Fig. 6 that with increase
in the crack depth ratio (a/D), the fundamental
frequency decreases seriously. This is because
increasing the crack depth ratio (a/D), the pile
becomes flexible. Also, It is seen Figure 6 that there is
a significant difference of the crack locations in the
high values of crack depth ratios a/D.
In Fig. 7, the effect of crack depth ratio (a/D) on the
first, second and third normalized vibration mode
shapes is shown for L1/L=0.05,
,
.
In fig. 8, the effect of the crack location L1/L on the
first, second and third normalized vibration mode
shapes is shown for a/D=0.35,
and
.
Figure 5 The effect of crack locations (L1/L) on the
dimensionless fundamental frequency
for different
crack depth ratios (a/D=0.1, 0.2, 0.35).
Fig. 5 shows that the crack locations get
closer to the bottom end, the fundamental frequency
decreases. This is because the crack at the fixed end
(bottom end) has a most severe effect in the pile. So,
the crack locations get closer to the bottom end, the
pile gets more flexible. Also, It is seen Figure 5 that
the crack locations get closer to the top end (lower
values of L1/L), the differences of the crack depth ratio
a/h decrease seriously and the cracked pile seems
like intact pile. It is seen from Fig. 5 that almost all of
the curves have horizontal asymptotes approximately
after the crack location L1/L=0.6.
In figure 6, the effect of crack depth ratio a/D
on the dimensionless fundamental frequency
of
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Figure 7 The effect the crack depth ratio a/D on the a)
first, b) second and c) third normalized vibration mode
shapes.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
observed fig. 9 that the differences of the crack
locations (L1/L) decrease with increase in the Winkler
parameter .
In figure 10, the effect of the dimensionless
Winkler parameter
on the dimensionless
fundamental frequency
of edge cracked pile
(L1/L= 0.05,
) is shown for different crack
depth ratios a/D.
Figure 8 The effect the crack location L1/L on the
a) first, b) second and c) third normalized vibration
mode shapes.
Figure 10 The effect the dimensionless Winkler
parameter
on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency
for different the crack depth ratio a/D.
It is seen from Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 that the crack
depth ratio a/D and the crack location L1/L play
important role on the vibration mode shapes.
It is observed from Fig. 10 that with the
increasing the value of the dimensionless Winkler
parameter
, the differences of the crack depth ratio
(a/D) decrease. With increase in the soil stiffness
parameter, the effects of the crack reduce.
In figure 9, the effect of the dimensionless Winkler
parameter
on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency
of edge cracked pile (a/D =0,35, =0)
is shown for different crack location L1/L.
In figure 11, the effect of the dimensionless Pasternak
parameter
on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency
of edge cracked piles (a/D=0.35,
) is shown for different the crack location
L1/L. In Figure 12, the effect of the dimensionless
Pasternak parameter
on the dimensionless
fundamental frequency
of edge cracked piles
(L1/L=0.05,
) is shown for different the crack
depth ratio a/D.
Figure 9 The effect the dimensionless Winkler
parameter
on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency
for different crack location L1/L.
It is seen from Fig. 9 the Winkler parameters
play important role on the fundamental frequency.
With increase in the dimensionless Winkler
parameter , the fundamental frequency increases.
This is because, the dimensionless Winkler parameter
increase, the pile gets more stiffer. Also, it is
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Figure 11 The effect the dimensionless Pasternak
parameter
on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency
for different the crack location L1/L.
368 | P a g e
7. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
Where
,
(A2)
,
(A3)
The interpolation functions for transverse degrees of
freedom are
(A4)
Where
Figure 12 The effect the dimensionless Pasternak
parameter
on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency
for various the crack depth ratio a/D.
,
(A5)
,
It is seen from Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 that with
increase in the dimensionless Pasternak parameter
,
the fundamental frequency increases. This is because
increasing the Pasternak parameter
, the pile
becomes more stiffer. Also, it is observed from the
results, the effect of Pasternak parameter
on the
dimensionless fundamental frequency is less than
Winkler parameter .
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
Free vibration analysis of an edge cracked
piles with circular cross section is investigated. The
soil medium is modeled as Winkler-Pasternak elastic
foundation approach. The differential equations of
motion are obtained by using Hamilton’s principle.
The pile–soil system is modeled as Euler–Bernoulli
beam resting on Winkler-Pasternak foundation. The
considered problem is solved by using finite element
method. The cracked beam is modeled as an assembly
of two sub-beams connected through a massless
elastic rotational spring. The influences of the location
of crack, the depth of the crack and foundation
stiffness on the natural frequencies and the mode
shapes of the piles are examined in detail.
It is observed from the investigations that the
crack locations and the crack depth have a great
influence on the vibration characteristics of the piles.
There are significant differences of the mechanical
behaviour for the cracked and intact piles. Also, it is
seen from the investigations that, the stiffness
parameter of soil is very effective for reducing
disadvantage of cracks. The effect of the crack on the
piles must be considered at the design stage.
(A6)
,
(A7)
,
(A8)
Where
indicates the length of the finite pile
element. The components of the stiffness matrix
:
the pile stiffness matrix
, Winkler foundation
stiffness matrix
and Pasternak foundation
stiffness matrix
are as follows
,
(A9)
Where
(A10)
(A11)
(A12)
(A13)
The components of the mass matrix
and
[M q ] are as follows
:
APPEND İ
X
The interpolation functions for axial degrees
of freedom are
,
(A14)
(A15)
,
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(A1)
369 | P a g e
8. Dr. Şeref Doğuşcan AKBAŞ et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.363-371
[14]
(A16)
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