1. The document analyzes problems with the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing protocol, including block distribution challenges.
2. It discusses how requesting random blocks initially allows peers to receive full blocks from good sources, while requesting rarest blocks first helps ensure all blocks remain available in the network.
3. The document presents a mathematical model showing that if peers request rarest blocks first, the network will still converge so that all peers obtain all blocks, with an expected number of rounds proportional to the number of blocks.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Survey Of Free-Ridingbehaviour In Peer-To-Peer Networksijiert bestjournal
This paper present the extensive survey of P2P file sharing network with different protocols.This paper presents the most highlighted issue in the network that is Free-Riding issue. Free riding is an important issue for any pe er-to-peer system. An extensive analysis of user traffic on Gnutella shows a significant amount of free riding in the system. Reseachers have analyse Free-Riding extensively and give vari ous results. They found that nearly 70% of Gnutella users share no files,and nearly 50% of all responses are returned by the top 1% of sharing hosts.In this paper we present Bittorent Protocol that can overcome Free-Riding to a greater extent,and many other methodology. While it is well-known that BitTorrent is vulnerable to selfish behaviour of the networkbehav ior
Analysis of threats and security issues evaluation in mobile P2P networks IJECEIAES
Technically, mobile P2P network system architecture can consider as a distributed architecture system (like a community), where the nodes or users can share all or some of their own software and hardware resources such as (applications store, processing time, storage, network bandwidth) with the other nodes (users) through Internet, and these resources can be accessible directly by the nodes in that system without the need of a central coordination node. The main structure of our proposed network architecture is that all the nodes are symmetric in their functions. In this work, the security issues of mobile P2P network system architecture such as (web threats, attacks and encryption) will be discussed deeply and then we propose different approaches and we analysis and evaluation of these mobile P2P network security issues and submit some proposal solutions to resolve the related problems with threats and other different attacks since these threats and attacks will be serious issue as networks are growing up especially with mobility attribute in current P2P networks.
The document proposes a query registration and processing system for unstructured peer-to-peer networks. The system addresses limitations of traditional ad hoc query models which only support queries for currently available data and cannot retrieve data added later. The proposed system registers queries for unavailable data with "beacon" nodes, and notifies queryers when matching data becomes available. It also utilizes a "split and merge" technique to distribute file chunks to clients for maximum throughput during downloads. Experimental results show improved search times and throughput utilization compared to methods without query registration or optimized distribution.
SECURITY CONSIDERATION IN PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS WITH A CASE STUDY APPLICATIONIJNSA Journal
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay networks wide adoption has also created vast dangers due to the millions of users who are not conversant with the potential security risks. Lack of centralized control creates great risks to the P2P systems. This is mainly due to the inability to implement proper authentication approaches for threat management. The best possible solutions, however, include encryption, utilization of administration, implementing cryptographic protocols, avoiding personal file sharing, and unauthorized downloads. Recently a new non-DHT based structured P2P system is very suitable for designing secured communication protocols. This approach is based on Linear Diophantine Equation (LDE) [1]. The P2P architectures based on this protocol offer simplified methods to integrate symmetric and asymmetric cryptographies’ solutions into the P2P architecture with no need of utilizing Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols.
A study of index poisoning in peer topeerIJCI JOURNAL
P2P file sharing systems are the most popular forms of file sharing to date. Its client-server architecture
attains faster file transfers, however with its peer anonymity and lack of authentication it has become a
gold mine for malicious attacks. One of the leading sources of disruptions in the P2P file sharing systems is
the index poisoning attacks. This attack seeks to corrupt the indexes used to reference files available for
download in P2P systems with false data. In order to protect the users from these attacks it is important to
find solutions to eliminate or mitigate the effects of index poisoning attacks. This paper will analyze index
poisoning attacks, their uses and solutions proposed to defend against them.
Scale-Free Networks to Search in Unstructured Peer-To-Peer NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses using scale-free networks to improve search efficiency in unstructured peer-to-peer networks. It proposes the EQUATOR architecture, which creates an overlay network topology based on the scale-free Barabasi-Albert model. Simulation results show that EQUATOR achieves good lookup performance comparable to the ideal Barabasi-Albert network, with low message overhead even under node churn. The scale-free topology allows random walks to efficiently locate resources by directing searches to high-degree "hub" nodes with greater knowledge of the network.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Survey Of Free-Ridingbehaviour In Peer-To-Peer Networksijiert bestjournal
This paper present the extensive survey of P2P file sharing network with different protocols.This paper presents the most highlighted issue in the network that is Free-Riding issue. Free riding is an important issue for any pe er-to-peer system. An extensive analysis of user traffic on Gnutella shows a significant amount of free riding in the system. Reseachers have analyse Free-Riding extensively and give vari ous results. They found that nearly 70% of Gnutella users share no files,and nearly 50% of all responses are returned by the top 1% of sharing hosts.In this paper we present Bittorent Protocol that can overcome Free-Riding to a greater extent,and many other methodology. While it is well-known that BitTorrent is vulnerable to selfish behaviour of the networkbehav ior
Analysis of threats and security issues evaluation in mobile P2P networks IJECEIAES
Technically, mobile P2P network system architecture can consider as a distributed architecture system (like a community), where the nodes or users can share all or some of their own software and hardware resources such as (applications store, processing time, storage, network bandwidth) with the other nodes (users) through Internet, and these resources can be accessible directly by the nodes in that system without the need of a central coordination node. The main structure of our proposed network architecture is that all the nodes are symmetric in their functions. In this work, the security issues of mobile P2P network system architecture such as (web threats, attacks and encryption) will be discussed deeply and then we propose different approaches and we analysis and evaluation of these mobile P2P network security issues and submit some proposal solutions to resolve the related problems with threats and other different attacks since these threats and attacks will be serious issue as networks are growing up especially with mobility attribute in current P2P networks.
The document proposes a query registration and processing system for unstructured peer-to-peer networks. The system addresses limitations of traditional ad hoc query models which only support queries for currently available data and cannot retrieve data added later. The proposed system registers queries for unavailable data with "beacon" nodes, and notifies queryers when matching data becomes available. It also utilizes a "split and merge" technique to distribute file chunks to clients for maximum throughput during downloads. Experimental results show improved search times and throughput utilization compared to methods without query registration or optimized distribution.
SECURITY CONSIDERATION IN PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS WITH A CASE STUDY APPLICATIONIJNSA Journal
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay networks wide adoption has also created vast dangers due to the millions of users who are not conversant with the potential security risks. Lack of centralized control creates great risks to the P2P systems. This is mainly due to the inability to implement proper authentication approaches for threat management. The best possible solutions, however, include encryption, utilization of administration, implementing cryptographic protocols, avoiding personal file sharing, and unauthorized downloads. Recently a new non-DHT based structured P2P system is very suitable for designing secured communication protocols. This approach is based on Linear Diophantine Equation (LDE) [1]. The P2P architectures based on this protocol offer simplified methods to integrate symmetric and asymmetric cryptographies’ solutions into the P2P architecture with no need of utilizing Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols.
A study of index poisoning in peer topeerIJCI JOURNAL
P2P file sharing systems are the most popular forms of file sharing to date. Its client-server architecture
attains faster file transfers, however with its peer anonymity and lack of authentication it has become a
gold mine for malicious attacks. One of the leading sources of disruptions in the P2P file sharing systems is
the index poisoning attacks. This attack seeks to corrupt the indexes used to reference files available for
download in P2P systems with false data. In order to protect the users from these attacks it is important to
find solutions to eliminate or mitigate the effects of index poisoning attacks. This paper will analyze index
poisoning attacks, their uses and solutions proposed to defend against them.
Scale-Free Networks to Search in Unstructured Peer-To-Peer NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses using scale-free networks to improve search efficiency in unstructured peer-to-peer networks. It proposes the EQUATOR architecture, which creates an overlay network topology based on the scale-free Barabasi-Albert model. Simulation results show that EQUATOR achieves good lookup performance comparable to the ideal Barabasi-Albert network, with low message overhead even under node churn. The scale-free topology allows random walks to efficiently locate resources by directing searches to high-degree "hub" nodes with greater knowledge of the network.
A Cooperative Peer Clustering Scheme for Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Systemsijp2p
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a cooperative peer clustering scheme for unstructured peer-to-peer networks. The proposed scheme aims to improve search performance by identifying critical links between peers and allowing local reconfiguration while incorporating a retaliation rule to encourage cooperation. Simulation results indicate the proposed scheme improves search hit rates over previous schemes, and cooperative peers receive higher profits than selfish peers.
This document is Marek Navrátil's bachelor thesis from the University of New York in Prague exploring the possibilities of utilizing peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing technology. The thesis discusses the history and development of P2P file sharing since its introduction, including early platforms like Napster. It also examines the different types of data shared using P2P and associated issues like copyright infringement for entertainment content. The document aims to evaluate whether P2P file sharing has a place in content distribution and its potential impact on creativity and innovation.
On client’s interactive behaviour to design peer selection policies for bitto...IJCNCJournal
Peer-to-peer swarming protocols have been proven to be very efficient for content replication over Internet.
This fact has certainly motivated proposals to adapt these protocols to meet the requirements of on-demand
streaming system. The vast majority of these proposals focus on modifying the piece and peer selection
policies, respectively, of the original protocols. Nonetheless, it is true that more attention has often been
given to the piece selection policy rather than to the peer selection policy. Within this context, this article
proposes a simple algorithm to be used as basis for peer selection policies of BitTorrent-like protocols,
considering interactive scenarios. To this end, we analyze the client’s interactive behaviour when accessing
real multimedia systems. This analysis consists of looking into workloads of real content providers and
assessing three important metrics, namely temporal dispersion, spatial dispersion and object position
popularity. These metrics are then used as the main guidelines for writing the algorithm. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first time that the client’s interactive behaviour is specially considered to derive an
algorithm for peer selection policies. Finally, the conclusion of this article is drawn with key challenges
and possible future work in this research field.
The document presents a compartmental model for characterizing the spread of malware in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks like Gnutella. The model partitions peers into compartments based on their state - those wishing to download (S), currently downloading (E), having downloaded (I), and no longer interested (R). Differential equations track changes between compartments over time. Simulation results show the model effectively captures the impact of parameters like peer online/offline switching rates and quarantine strategies on malware intensity. The model improves on prior work by incorporating user behavior dynamics and limiting malware spread to a node's time-to-live range.
A Novel High Order Tree for Securing Key Management for Multicast ServicesIOSR Journals
The document proposes a novel high order tree scheme called MKE-MGKM for securing key management in multiple multicast group environments. The MKE-MGKM scheme uses asymmetric master and slave keys generated from a master key encryption algorithm. This asymmetry allows rekeying overhead to be reduced by modifying only the master key when a slave key is updated, while keeping other slave keys unchanged. Numerical analysis and simulations show the MKE-MGKM scheme can reduce the storage overhead of a key distribution center by 75% and the storage overhead of a user by up to 85%, as well as communication overhead by 60%, compared to existing schemes. The scheme aims to address limitations of existing group key management schemes for multiple co-existing multicast
Iaetsd an enhancement for content sharing overIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes an efficient content sharing scheme called discover-predict-deliver (DPD) for smartphone-based delay tolerant networks (DTNs). It uses a hidden Markov model to predict individual mobility information to improve content discovery and delivery. The existing system results in a 2% CPU overhead and reduces smartphone battery life by 15%. To minimize energy consumption, the document proposes using sensor scheduling schemes in an opportunistic context. It aims to solve problems in content sharing and minimize energy use through sensor scheduling.
This document presents an analysis of a 203-day trace of over 20 terabytes of peer-to-peer file sharing traffic on the Kazaa network collected at the University of Washington. The analysis reveals key differences between P2P file sharing workloads and web workloads, including that Kazaa objects are immutable and fetched at most once by clients, as opposed to web pages which can change and be fetched repeatedly. The primary forces driving the Kazaa workload are found to be the creation of new objects and addition of new users, rather than changes to existing objects. Significant potential is also shown for improving performance by exploiting locality in the workload.
Tiffany Amber Sacks introduces herself and provides her contact information, including her email address and cell phone number. She describes herself as outgoing, determined, energetic, and a people person who is good at arguing points she believes in. Her goal is to be very successful in life. She notes that she can adapt well and believes she can make things happen when she sets her mind to something.
The document contains drawings of various sports courses and equipment created by students using Autodesk software. There are drawings of a baseball course, diamond, and pitcher's mound; a croquet course and balls; a gymnastics course and beam; a polo course and water polo ball; letters; pool balls; a pool course; track grass; hurdles; and an assembly drawing of a pool course with parts list. The drawings include dimensions, notes, and were produced by Autodesk educational software.
A city was built in the mountains of Shanxi, China, which raises questions about how, why, and when it was constructed. The author speculates it is a Buddhist monastery, as monasteries are known for building in extremely remote but scenic locations. The monastery can only be accessed via a 300-meter long path with over 400 steps carved into the cliffside.
This document summarizes the key points from a speech given by the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, at the Annual Plan Discussion in the Planning Commission in New Delhi on June 1, 2012. It discusses Gujarat's strong economic growth over the past decade, priorities for the upcoming 12th Five Year Plan, and achievements and priorities in sectors like health, education, and women and child development. The 12th Plan size is proposed to be Rs. 2,51,000 crore, almost double the 11th Plan size, to support continued high growth, improved human development, and balanced regional development.
This document discusses Double-Take Software, which provides solutions for availability, backup, and migration of physical and virtual machines. It focuses on high availability, disaster recovery, server migration, and systems management. Key capabilities include replicating data in real-time between sources and targets regardless of hardware or application, with low bandwidth consumption. Replication is done at the byte-level while preserving write-order consistency.
Robert Madelin (follow him on Twitter @EuroHumph) is director general of the European Commission’s directorate-general for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG-Connect).
We’re happy to share his opening presentation video from this year’s EuroComm.
In his presentation Robert eloquently lays out the socio-political environment in which the European Commission operates, and his ideas on how to best drive positive change in this environment.
Robert’s ambition to ‘transform and create in society’ offers insights not only for communicators, but also for marketers and brands.
He begins with three main points ...
These ARE disruptive times
Robert outlines that despite perceptions, we are not ‘under-fire’. Rather, we are operating in an evolving, ambiguous environment in which many see a ‘consistent failure quite to achieve our goals’.
Disruption is NOT something we cope with
Robert explains that disruption is not something we ‘cope’ with, actually it is something we should strive for in order to make sense of our current reality and to move forwards, productively.
We are co-creators of change
In which he outlines that the expectation of some leaders that the ‘younger others’ are the rockstars who will drive change, is incorrect. The only way forwards to to co-create.
For the rest, we leave you in the very capable hands of Robert Madelin.
The document discusses the creation of the US Constitution, including debates around representation between large and small states that were resolved by the Connecticut Compromise, establishing the bicameral legislature. It also notes issues with initially having the vice president be the runner-up in presidential elections. Finally, it summarizes the three branches of government established and key parts of the final Constitution like the preamble, articles, and amendments including the Bill of Rights.
The document discusses the different states of matter and how they are affected by the kinetic molecular theory. It explains that physical changes alter a substance's form or appearance but not its chemical composition, while chemical changes create an entirely new substance. The document also covers plasma as the fourth state of matter and its many applications in areas like manufacturing, medicine, communications, and waste processing.
This document discusses implementing a Software as a Service (SaaS) solution for design consultants and architects. Currently project files are managed inconsistently across various storage locations. A SaaS solution would provide a central portal for all project partners to access files, with features like markup tools, document delivery logging, and user access control. It would eliminate costs associated with hardware upgrades and on-premise software licenses. As a pay-as-you-go service, costs would be added to individual project budgets rather than impacting the IT budget. The proposed SaaS solution would provide benefits for construction assurance teams, satellite offices, and collaboration with CAD outsourcing partners.
A Cooperative Peer Clustering Scheme for Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Systemsijp2p
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a cooperative peer clustering scheme for unstructured peer-to-peer networks. The proposed scheme aims to improve search performance by identifying critical links between peers and allowing local reconfiguration while incorporating a retaliation rule to encourage cooperation. Simulation results indicate the proposed scheme improves search hit rates over previous schemes, and cooperative peers receive higher profits than selfish peers.
This document is Marek Navrátil's bachelor thesis from the University of New York in Prague exploring the possibilities of utilizing peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing technology. The thesis discusses the history and development of P2P file sharing since its introduction, including early platforms like Napster. It also examines the different types of data shared using P2P and associated issues like copyright infringement for entertainment content. The document aims to evaluate whether P2P file sharing has a place in content distribution and its potential impact on creativity and innovation.
On client’s interactive behaviour to design peer selection policies for bitto...IJCNCJournal
Peer-to-peer swarming protocols have been proven to be very efficient for content replication over Internet.
This fact has certainly motivated proposals to adapt these protocols to meet the requirements of on-demand
streaming system. The vast majority of these proposals focus on modifying the piece and peer selection
policies, respectively, of the original protocols. Nonetheless, it is true that more attention has often been
given to the piece selection policy rather than to the peer selection policy. Within this context, this article
proposes a simple algorithm to be used as basis for peer selection policies of BitTorrent-like protocols,
considering interactive scenarios. To this end, we analyze the client’s interactive behaviour when accessing
real multimedia systems. This analysis consists of looking into workloads of real content providers and
assessing three important metrics, namely temporal dispersion, spatial dispersion and object position
popularity. These metrics are then used as the main guidelines for writing the algorithm. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first time that the client’s interactive behaviour is specially considered to derive an
algorithm for peer selection policies. Finally, the conclusion of this article is drawn with key challenges
and possible future work in this research field.
The document presents a compartmental model for characterizing the spread of malware in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks like Gnutella. The model partitions peers into compartments based on their state - those wishing to download (S), currently downloading (E), having downloaded (I), and no longer interested (R). Differential equations track changes between compartments over time. Simulation results show the model effectively captures the impact of parameters like peer online/offline switching rates and quarantine strategies on malware intensity. The model improves on prior work by incorporating user behavior dynamics and limiting malware spread to a node's time-to-live range.
A Novel High Order Tree for Securing Key Management for Multicast ServicesIOSR Journals
The document proposes a novel high order tree scheme called MKE-MGKM for securing key management in multiple multicast group environments. The MKE-MGKM scheme uses asymmetric master and slave keys generated from a master key encryption algorithm. This asymmetry allows rekeying overhead to be reduced by modifying only the master key when a slave key is updated, while keeping other slave keys unchanged. Numerical analysis and simulations show the MKE-MGKM scheme can reduce the storage overhead of a key distribution center by 75% and the storage overhead of a user by up to 85%, as well as communication overhead by 60%, compared to existing schemes. The scheme aims to address limitations of existing group key management schemes for multiple co-existing multicast
Iaetsd an enhancement for content sharing overIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes an efficient content sharing scheme called discover-predict-deliver (DPD) for smartphone-based delay tolerant networks (DTNs). It uses a hidden Markov model to predict individual mobility information to improve content discovery and delivery. The existing system results in a 2% CPU overhead and reduces smartphone battery life by 15%. To minimize energy consumption, the document proposes using sensor scheduling schemes in an opportunistic context. It aims to solve problems in content sharing and minimize energy use through sensor scheduling.
This document presents an analysis of a 203-day trace of over 20 terabytes of peer-to-peer file sharing traffic on the Kazaa network collected at the University of Washington. The analysis reveals key differences between P2P file sharing workloads and web workloads, including that Kazaa objects are immutable and fetched at most once by clients, as opposed to web pages which can change and be fetched repeatedly. The primary forces driving the Kazaa workload are found to be the creation of new objects and addition of new users, rather than changes to existing objects. Significant potential is also shown for improving performance by exploiting locality in the workload.
Tiffany Amber Sacks introduces herself and provides her contact information, including her email address and cell phone number. She describes herself as outgoing, determined, energetic, and a people person who is good at arguing points she believes in. Her goal is to be very successful in life. She notes that she can adapt well and believes she can make things happen when she sets her mind to something.
The document contains drawings of various sports courses and equipment created by students using Autodesk software. There are drawings of a baseball course, diamond, and pitcher's mound; a croquet course and balls; a gymnastics course and beam; a polo course and water polo ball; letters; pool balls; a pool course; track grass; hurdles; and an assembly drawing of a pool course with parts list. The drawings include dimensions, notes, and were produced by Autodesk educational software.
A city was built in the mountains of Shanxi, China, which raises questions about how, why, and when it was constructed. The author speculates it is a Buddhist monastery, as monasteries are known for building in extremely remote but scenic locations. The monastery can only be accessed via a 300-meter long path with over 400 steps carved into the cliffside.
This document summarizes the key points from a speech given by the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, at the Annual Plan Discussion in the Planning Commission in New Delhi on June 1, 2012. It discusses Gujarat's strong economic growth over the past decade, priorities for the upcoming 12th Five Year Plan, and achievements and priorities in sectors like health, education, and women and child development. The 12th Plan size is proposed to be Rs. 2,51,000 crore, almost double the 11th Plan size, to support continued high growth, improved human development, and balanced regional development.
This document discusses Double-Take Software, which provides solutions for availability, backup, and migration of physical and virtual machines. It focuses on high availability, disaster recovery, server migration, and systems management. Key capabilities include replicating data in real-time between sources and targets regardless of hardware or application, with low bandwidth consumption. Replication is done at the byte-level while preserving write-order consistency.
Robert Madelin (follow him on Twitter @EuroHumph) is director general of the European Commission’s directorate-general for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG-Connect).
We’re happy to share his opening presentation video from this year’s EuroComm.
In his presentation Robert eloquently lays out the socio-political environment in which the European Commission operates, and his ideas on how to best drive positive change in this environment.
Robert’s ambition to ‘transform and create in society’ offers insights not only for communicators, but also for marketers and brands.
He begins with three main points ...
These ARE disruptive times
Robert outlines that despite perceptions, we are not ‘under-fire’. Rather, we are operating in an evolving, ambiguous environment in which many see a ‘consistent failure quite to achieve our goals’.
Disruption is NOT something we cope with
Robert explains that disruption is not something we ‘cope’ with, actually it is something we should strive for in order to make sense of our current reality and to move forwards, productively.
We are co-creators of change
In which he outlines that the expectation of some leaders that the ‘younger others’ are the rockstars who will drive change, is incorrect. The only way forwards to to co-create.
For the rest, we leave you in the very capable hands of Robert Madelin.
The document discusses the creation of the US Constitution, including debates around representation between large and small states that were resolved by the Connecticut Compromise, establishing the bicameral legislature. It also notes issues with initially having the vice president be the runner-up in presidential elections. Finally, it summarizes the three branches of government established and key parts of the final Constitution like the preamble, articles, and amendments including the Bill of Rights.
The document discusses the different states of matter and how they are affected by the kinetic molecular theory. It explains that physical changes alter a substance's form or appearance but not its chemical composition, while chemical changes create an entirely new substance. The document also covers plasma as the fourth state of matter and its many applications in areas like manufacturing, medicine, communications, and waste processing.
This document discusses implementing a Software as a Service (SaaS) solution for design consultants and architects. Currently project files are managed inconsistently across various storage locations. A SaaS solution would provide a central portal for all project partners to access files, with features like markup tools, document delivery logging, and user access control. It would eliminate costs associated with hardware upgrades and on-premise software licenses. As a pay-as-you-go service, costs would be added to individual project budgets rather than impacting the IT budget. The proposed SaaS solution would provide benefits for construction assurance teams, satellite offices, and collaboration with CAD outsourcing partners.
Xelement is a creative agency that offers marketing and advertising solutions to help businesses establish, revive or grow. It provides services such as branding, advertising, consultancy, web design, app design, interior design, and printing. The agency aims to help individuals and organizations achieve their goals and potential by providing them with a distinguishing "Xelement". It works through three phases - exploring clients and target audiences, designing visual and holistic branding solutions, and implementing plans through overseeing production to match the vision with reality.
This document provides instructions for posting classified ads on various Desi websites to generate commissions. It outlines a 4 step process: 1) Pick an ad posting or editing job on Odesk, 2) Follow instructions to properly post ads while ensuring SEO standards, 3) Join ResidualIncomeModel.com to earn additional commissions, and 4) Contact clients using MagicJack to promote services and generate sales. Calling clients is emphasized as a way to close 50% more sales. A script is provided to recruit other affiliates.
This lesson aims to teach students to recognize and describe different cloth items, construct and answer questions using participles and prepositions, and create paragraphs using appearance descriptors.
The document discusses application virtualization and management virtualization (VMM). It describes key capabilities of VMM including application sequencing, deployment, and servicing as well as image-based OS servicing. It provides examples of applications that can be virtualized and deployed using VMM. It also discusses the architecture of VMM including the client-server model, APIs, and components involved in application streaming.
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol that allows users to distribute large files over the internet. It works by breaking files into pieces that can be downloaded from multiple peers simultaneously, reducing costs and load on any single source. A BitTorrent client connects to a tracker to find peers sharing pieces of a file, downloads different pieces from many peers in random order, and begins sharing pieces with others once enough of the file is obtained. BitTorrent usage accounts for significant internet traffic and is commonly used to distribute large files like Linux distributions, movies, music and other content.
This is brief presentation on BitTorrent technology.
(caution: avoid using site mentioned in the ppt for downloading torrent file.. b t jun kie ....it may not be safe..)
(Thanks to Soumya and my other colleagues for the help.)
This document provides an overview of the BitTorrent protocol. It describes how BitTorrent works by breaking files into pieces that can be downloaded simultaneously from multiple users, reducing load on servers. Key components are explained, including torrent files, trackers, peers, seeders and leechers. Advantages of BitTorrent include faster download speeds and reduced bandwidth usage. Limitations include potential slow speeds until more peers join and a reliance on trackers.
Bit Torrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol that allows users to download files from each other in a swarm, reducing bandwidth usage and download times compared to single-source downloads. A tracker coordinates the file transfers between peers in a swarm by tracking which file fragments each client has and assisting in efficient data sharing. There are private trackers that require user accounts and enforce rules like minimum upload ratios, and public trackers that are open for any user but are less organized.
Adaptive Sliding Piece Selection Window for BitTorrent SystemsWaqas Tariq
Peer to peer BitTorrent (P2P BT) systems are used for video-on-Demand (VoD) services. Scalability problem could face this system and would cause media servers not to be able to respond to the users’ requests on time. Current sliding window methods face problems like waiting for the window pieces to be totally downloaded before sliding to the next pieces and determining the window size that affects the video streaming performance. In this paper, a modification is developed for BT systems to select video files based on sliding window method. Developed system proposes using two sliding windows, High and Low, running simultaneously. Each window collects video pieces based on the user available bandwidth, video bit rate and a parameter that determines media player buffered seconds. System performance is measured and evaluated against other piece selection sliding window methods. Results show that our method outperforms the benchmarked sliding window methods
Bit torrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol invented in 2001 by Bram Cohen. It allows users to distribute large files by breaking them into pieces that can be downloaded from multiple peers simultaneously, maximizing download speeds. The protocol was created as an alternative to traditional client-server downloading which can overload servers and fail if the server fails. It uses a decentralized system where every peer both uploads and downloads pieces of the file from other peers.
P2P: Grid-oriented Distribution SystemsLorin Olsen
P2P file sharing systems have evolved from centralized models like Napster to decentralized models like BitTorrent. BitTorrent uses a peer-to-peer approach where users (peers) download and upload different pieces of a file from each other in a swarm. A tracker helps peers find each other but is not involved in the data transfer. BitTorrent has grown to account for a large percentage of Internet bandwidth and is used to distribute many open source and fan projects.
This document provides an introduction to using BitTorrent to share files. It begins by explaining how BitTorrent works in a peer-to-peer network model where files are broken into pieces that users can download from and upload to each other. It then defines some key BitTorrent terminology. The document provides instructions for getting started, including downloading a BitTorrent client, finding torrent files on indexing websites, and completing one's first torrent download. It emphasizes the importance of being a good member of the torrent community by seeding files after downloading.
A Brief Note On Peer And Peer ( P2P ) Applications Have No...Brenda Thomas
The document discusses peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and server-based client/server networks. In a P2P network, all computers have equal privileges to share and access information directly without restrictions. P2P networks are easier to set up but provide less security. In a client/server network, file storage and management is centralized on a server. This provides better security but is more complex to set up and manage. The document explores the advantages and disadvantages of each type of network for different usage contexts.
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer protocol that allows users to efficiently share large files. It works by breaking files into pieces that can be downloaded simultaneously from multiple other users in a "swarm." This speeds up download times compared to traditional client-server downloading from a single source. Key components of the BitTorrent protocol include the torrent file, a tracker server, peers that are downloading pieces, and seeds that have the full file to share. Downloads are faster with more users in the swarm sharing pieces of the file.
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol that allows users to distribute large files efficiently. It works by dividing files into pieces that can be downloaded from multiple users simultaneously. This reduces the load on any single source and makes file transfers faster. The protocol uses a central tracker to coordinate peers downloading and seeding files. It has become very popular due to its ability to share popular files widely and make use of available bandwidth across the network.
Bit Torrent is a peer-to-peer protocol that allows users to distribute large files by breaking them into pieces that are shared among members of the transfer network called a swarm. A central tracker coordinates connections between peers and seeds. Peers receive different pieces of data from seeds and other peers until all peers have received the entire file. This distributed approach reduces strain on original distributors and increases transfer speeds as more peers join the swarm.
This document discusses a study of BitTorrent characteristics through packet analysis. It provides background on BitTorrent, including how it works, key terminology, and the basic structure of torrent files. The study captured packet traces of BitTorrent files from different scenarios to analyze characteristics like peer connections and bandwidth usage over time.
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol that allows users to download large files quickly by downloading different pieces of the file simultaneously from multiple users. Unlike traditional downloading methods where the file is downloaded from a single server, BitTorrent breaks the file into pieces that can be downloaded from many users who already have the file, maximizing download speeds. It works by having a central tracker coordinate communication between users downloading and sharing pieces of the file, called a swarm. To use BitTorrent, a user downloads a small torrent file that contains metadata about the file pieces, then the BitTorrent client connects to the tracker and swarm to begin downloading and sharing pieces simultaneously from many peers until the full file is acquired.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing. It discusses how BitTorrent works by dividing files into pieces that are downloaded simultaneously from multiple peers. This allows much faster download speeds than traditional client-server systems, which can become overloaded. BitTorrent uses trackers to coordinate peer-to-peer connections and optimize piece selection, such as prioritizing rare pieces. Its decentralized architecture makes it scalable and robust.
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol invented by Bram Cohen in 2001 that allows users to distribute large files over the Internet. It works by breaking files into pieces that can be downloaded from multiple peers simultaneously, maximizing download speeds. Peers in a BitTorrent network share pieces of files they already have with other peers downloading the same files. This decentralized distribution method avoids overloading any single computer or server with distribution and scales well as more peers join the network.
This document provides an overview of BitTorrent, a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol. It discusses how BitTorrent works, including key concepts like seeds, peers, torrent files, trackers, and piece selection. The document also covers advantages like efficient large file transfers and recent developments such as BitTorrent Sync and BitTorrent Live. In summary, BitTorrent is a widely used P2P protocol that allows people to efficiently download large files from multiple sources simultaneously.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks like BitTorrent allow users to download files directly from other users rather than from a central server. BitTorrent works by breaking files into pieces that are distributed among users and reassembled as they are downloaded, reducing bandwidth usage. While some argue P2P networks slightly reduce music sales, others believe any effects are small and note they may increase sales for some artists. Copyright law protects intellectual property, but enforcement across international networks like The Pirate Bay in Sweden can be difficult.
1. CSC523: Analysis of the P2P BitTorrent Protocol
Abram Hindle 0020755
April 16, 2004
2. 1 Introduction cies often the seeder can send out a file once and have it
distributed to many due to the P2P network made around
In this paper we look closely at the BitTorrent P2P pro- that file. Thus effectively by uploading the file once, its
tocol. We extract problems that have already been studied persistence within the network depends on how long other
from the protocol and discuss those problems. Some prob- hosts stay on the network.
lems we subject to further analysis while creating new ones
to solve. 2 Terms
BitTorrent’s range of problems crosses many domains,
from computer networks, to sociology to economics, to
Torrent - A file which provides a URL to the tracker as
computer security issues. BitTorrent covers a wide gam- well contains a list of SHA1 hashes for the data being
bit of problems and thus many will be discussed. There is transfered. This is so that the hashes in the Torrent can
also a literature of the general state of P2P in relation to be used to verify if the blocks received are valid or not.
BitTorrent.
Problems examined consist of Tit For Tat strategy in Iter-
Tracker - A middleman who informs the peers of all
ated Prisoners Dilemma, Various P2P Questions, Byzantine the other peers in the network.
Generals Problem, and Hashing.
Peer - A client to the network dedicated to a torrent.
1.1 What is BitTorrent
Seeder - A Peer who has all the blocks in a torrent.
Choked - A connection is choked if not file data is
BitTorrent is a P2P protocol meant for distributing files. passed through it. Control data may flow but the trans-
The purpose behind BitTorrent is to reduce the bandwidth mission of actual blocks will not.
load for the peer (the seeder) initially sharing the file . Peers
who download from the seeding peer join the network and
Interest - indicates whether a peer has blocks which
share their blocks of the file with other clients. Each file is other peers want.
split into blocks so a seeder can distribute blocks among the
downloading peers such that peers can download the blocks
Snubbed - A peer acting poorly - not uploading - or
off other peers. Thus a downloader effectively becomes an sending bad control messages, usually disconnected or
uploader. As more peers join they connect to the download- ignored.
ing peers and trade file blocks from them.
To promote sharing of bandwidth a Tit For Tat algorithm 3 Literature Review
is implemented on each peer. This suggests that a peer must
send data to another peer if it expects the other peer to send I read various papers on issues relating P2P. Some re-
data back. Thus to successfully download from a BitTorrent lated to BitTorrent, while other related slightly to analysis
network one has to allocate some of their upstream band- using techniques such as Chernof Bounds or iterated pris-
width to the network otherwise suffer very slow transfers. oners dilemma. Here are some reviews of some of them.
BitTorrent is interesting as it is currently used by many “Analyzing peer-to-peer traffic across large networks”
users to distribute large files. Originally used to distribute by Sen and Wang [10] discussed how P2P traffic actually
legal high quality bootleg recordings of live concerts, Bit- looked on a large network. They analyzed the network traf-
Torrent is now very popular with those who trade televi- fic of an ISP (probably a AT&T owned ISP) and concluded
sion, movies, arcade games, comic books and music ille- the results. They took statistics about packet sources and
gally. BitTorrent is also used heavily in the Linux commu- destinations and reasoned that many of the current p2p net-
nity to distribute like files such as CD images. The popu- work available today can be taken down by the removal of a
larity of BitTorrent is likely due to the control the seed has few important nodes. They also were able to notice the dif-
over the network as well as the ability for a seed to distribute ference p2p users using networks that used supernodes and
a file’s whole size once while. A seeder can post a torrent those which didn’t. They observed the phenomena of less
file on their webserver and say “If you want this file jump than 10% of the hosts being responsible for more than 90%
on to this torrent”. A user downloads the torrent and Bit- of the traffic and content on the file based P2P networks.
Torrent downloads the file. The focus of effort and lack of Some of my research went into how agents act. “Emo-
”always-on” P2P sharing software makes it especially use- tional Pathfinding”, [11] by Donaldson, Park and Lin de-
ful in small community like those based on messageboards. scribed agents who prioritize goals using emotions. Emo-
There are many communities which trade television shows tions were abstracted away to the idea of dominant priori-
and comics through semi-private webboards using BitTor- ties that can increase or decrease in importance and override
rent. Due to BitTorrent’s tit for tat bandwidth sharing poli- other goals. This is to avoid certain erratic and fast acting
1
8. def connection_made(self, connection, p = None):
if p is None:
p = randrange(-2, len(self.connections) + 1)
self.connections.insert(max(p, 0), connection)
self._rechoke()
Figure 3. Python Code that assigns priority to new connections
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Figure 4. Upload and download Rates of Peers from a seed. In this case, the Seed uploaded almost
4 times the filesize in bytes to 4 peers
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9. 18
File Size Vs Turns/Upload Ratio
well there needs to be research into how to detect, prevent
UL Ratio To Size
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UL Ratio To Size
UL Ratio Turns To Size
and protect against this collusion.
UL Ratio Turns To Size
An interesting problem to investigate is whether or not
14
multiple peers on the same computer can download faster
12
than one peer on one computer. Judging by the tit for tat al-
10
gorithm I have reason to believe that this might be true since
8
there is a tendency to be optimistic and grant a client a band-
6 width reprieve to see if they will share more. Thus will this
4 compounded optimism work in the favor of the host with
2 multiple peers versus the host with a single peer? From my
0
personal study of this phenomenon I found that the peers on
1 10 100 1000
the same host will share amongst themselves very rapidly.
@ @ Given the tit for tat choking algorithms use a 30 second
Figure 6. Given files of size to megabytes window is there a way to use this timing information to im-
in size we see how much the seeder uploads prove the upload download ratio in one’s favor?
to 4 other peers on a shared network, this is Often BitTorrent is used across the Internet, over many
the ratio of turns or uploaded megabytes to networks. BitTorrent tests should probably be done across a
the original file size peer to peer network with explicit paths rather than a shared
medium network like 10Mbit ethernet. This should simu-
late being on different networks and should avoid the prob-
7 Conclusions lem of limiting 5 peers to a 1 MBit pipe.
The models generated here are too naive to be really 9 What Did I actually Do
useful when modeling BitTorrent. More complex models
would have greater difficulty in proving facts about the sys-
Comment and Extract algorithms from BitTorrent. At-
tem. Although as shown in section ?? even a naive model tempt to understand parts of the program from it’s
can successfully model the constraints of the real world. source. Specifically the piecepicker and choker.
Perhaps a simple model is best as it leaves room for ex-
Attempt to read a lot of papers in the area.
perimental error.
BitTorrent uses concepts from game theory and eco-
Attempt to run empirical tests on BitTorrent using a
nomics to promote fairness. The use of optimistic strategies network of computer and modified BitTorrent client.
enables connections to attempt to renegotiate and counter Generate a testing framework. Generate the code nec-
balance the downward spiraling effects of the tit for tat al- essary to collect, retrieve and analyze the data.
gorithm.
Optimistic techniques used by BitTorrent seem to be use-
Attempt at proving facts about naive models of BitTor-
ful strategies to promote file downloading. Bram Cohen, rent. Attempt to verify those models against experi-
the author of BitTorrent, has suggested that BitTorrent was mental data.
never meant to promote 1 to 1 upload download ratios, it
Write this report.
was created to reduce the load of sharing large files.
In relation to randomized algorithms and analysis of References
such systems, BitTorrent is quite interesting albeit quite
complex. The major parts of BitTorrent related to random- [1] Pareto efficiency. 2004.
ized algorithms are piece picking, upload / download strat- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto efficiency.
egy (tit for tat), and hashing. The game theory aspects
of BitTorrent relate closely with economics and statistics [2] A. Adya, W. Bolosky, M. Castro, R. Chaiken, G. Cer-
which are quite related to probabilistic analysis. mak, J. Douceur, J. Howell, J. Lorch, M. Theimer, and
R. Wattenhofer. Farsite: Federated, available, and reli-
8 Future Work able storage for an incompletely trusted environment,
2002.
There needs to be further investigation into how a group [3] A. L. C. Bazzan and R. H. Bordini. A framework
of peers can collude to create unfair network conditions, for the simulation of agents with emotions. In Pro-
such as download more than upload, or even simply disrupt ceedings of the fifth international conference on Au-
the network enough to disable the distribution of a file. As tonomous agents, pages 292–299. ACM Press, 2001.
8
10. [4] B. Cohen. Incentives build robustness in bittorrent.
May 2003.
[5] L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease. The byzantine
generals problem. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.,
4(3):382–401, 1982.
[6] C. S. Lewis and J. Saia. Scalable byzantine agreement,
2004.
[7] M. Mitzenmacher and E. Upfal. Probabilistic Analysis
and Randomized Algorithms: A First Course. Brown
University, 2003.
[8] L. Mui, M. Mohtashemi, and A. Halberstadt. Notions
of reputation in multi-agents systems: a review. In
Proceedings of the first international joint conference
on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems, pages
280–287. ACM Press, 2002.
[9] S. Sen, S. Airiau, and R. Mukherjee. Towards a
pareto-optimal solution in general-sum games. In Pro-
ceedings of the second international joint conference
on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems, pages
153–160. ACM Press, 2003.
[10] S. Sen and J. Wang. Analyzing peer-to-peer traffic
across large networks. In Proceedings of the second
ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet measurment,
pages 137–150. ACM Press, 2002.
[11] A. P. Toby Donaldson and I.-L. Lin. Emotional
pathfinding, 2004.
10 Appendix
Figures 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 depict BitTor-
rent networks working on different file sizes. Do to a bug in
the clock, the seeder (the red line) starts earlier but on the
graph it appears later. I need to use a synchronized clock in
future experiments.
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Figure 7. BitTorrent Network of File of 1MB
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Figure 8. BitTorrent Network of File of 2MB
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Figure 9. BitTorrent Network of File of 4MB
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Figure 10. BitTorrent Network of File of 8MB
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Figure 11. BitTorrent Network of File of 16MB
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Figure 12. BitTorrent Network of File of 32MB
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Figure 13. BitTorrent Network of File of 64MB
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Figure 14. BitTorrent Network of File of 128MB
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Figure 15. BitTorrent Network of File of 256MB
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