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Etiological
Factors
Etiological Factors
   Hereditary  Factors
   Biochemical Hypothesis
   Stressful Life Events
   Cognitive Styles as Vulnerabilities
Hereditary Factors
 1stdegree relatives have significantly
  higher rates

 Twinand adoption studies indicate
  genetic vulnerability

 May    reflect environmental factors
Biochemical Hypothesis
 Deficiency   in norepinephrine


 Dopamineimplicated in the study of
 mania and psychotic symptoms


 Serotonin
          levels have also been
 implicated
Stressful Life Events
 Linkage between significant life events
  and affective abnormalities
 Negative, traumatic life events trigger
  mania
 Low social support, low self-esteem trigger
  depressive
Family Environment
 Expressed   Emotion may be an important
  factor-families with high expressed
  emotion have poor coping skills
 Families with high levels of EE are linked to
  greater levels of symptom relapse and
  poor treatment outcome, as compared
  to clients in families with low levels of EE
Cognitive Styles as Vulnerability
Factors
 Individuals
            with negative attributional styles
  combined with stressful life events can predict
  hypomanic, manic and depressive mood
  shifts

 Mania and depression are related to an
  ongoing sense of low self-worth

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Bipolar mod2

  • 2. Etiological Factors  Hereditary Factors  Biochemical Hypothesis  Stressful Life Events  Cognitive Styles as Vulnerabilities
  • 3. Hereditary Factors  1stdegree relatives have significantly higher rates  Twinand adoption studies indicate genetic vulnerability  May reflect environmental factors
  • 4. Biochemical Hypothesis  Deficiency in norepinephrine  Dopamineimplicated in the study of mania and psychotic symptoms  Serotonin levels have also been implicated
  • 5. Stressful Life Events  Linkage between significant life events and affective abnormalities  Negative, traumatic life events trigger mania  Low social support, low self-esteem trigger depressive
  • 6. Family Environment  Expressed Emotion may be an important factor-families with high expressed emotion have poor coping skills  Families with high levels of EE are linked to greater levels of symptom relapse and poor treatment outcome, as compared to clients in families with low levels of EE
  • 7. Cognitive Styles as Vulnerability Factors  Individuals with negative attributional styles combined with stressful life events can predict hypomanic, manic and depressive mood shifts  Mania and depression are related to an ongoing sense of low self-worth