There are four main types of intimate partner violence (IPV) described in the document: coercive controlling violence, violent resistance, situational couple violence, and family only/generally violent batterers. Substance abuse is strongly correlated with IPV and increases the risk of injury or death. Common risk factors for a fatal outcome include the use of weapons, stalking, strangulation, abuse in front of others, and substance use. Referral options discussed are domestic violence hotlines, shelters, individual counseling, and safety planning. Barriers to leaving an abusive situation include fear of retaliation, lack of financial resources, threats regarding children, lack of support system, and Stockholm syndrome.

1. IPV

2. Types of IPV
Joan Kelley and Michael Johnson research
Coercive controlling violence- most associated with power and control
wheel
Violent resistance- used to describe violence that occurs in the context
of other violence

3. Situational couple violence – violence which does not have origins in
power and control, but is triggered by a situation or incident that
escalates to violence by one or both partners.
This is a highly emotionally charged situation or incident in which both
parties escalate the violence
This is the most common type of IPV, but most interventions are aimed
at CCV

4. Family only batterers – men who are only violent in the home and
generally low level of violence. Typically, poor relationship skills, poor
stress management. In this type of IPV, the perpetrators were often
exposed to marital violence as children

5. Generally violent and antisocial batterers – engage in severe violence
both in and out of the home. Most likely to show evidence of antisocial
personality disorder.

6. IPV and substance Abuse
Strong correlation to SA
Over half of all women with a Substance Abuse problem have been
victims of IPV. Many abused as children. (The National Intimate
Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, CDC, 2010)
Generational progression – 70% of children in protective custody
(DHHS) have at least one Substance abusing parent

7. Substance abuse increases likelihood of injury, and fatality
May be used by perpetrator, victim, or both
Not a cause and effect relationship

8. IPV risk factors
Use of weapon (ever)
Stalking
Strangling has ben part of abuse
Abuse occurs in front of others
Use of substances
Any of these risk factors increase likelihood of fatal outcome

9. Referral options
DV hotlines, shelters
Individual counseling with a counselor knowledgeable about DV
Safety planning – LISTEN to the client, especially regarding fears of being
“caught” in the planning
May include putting money aside, clothes for self and children, safe
house designation (family may not be safe alternative)

10. Why doesn’t she just leave…?
Fear! That abuse will be worse or she will be killed. Very real fear- more
women are killed when leaving or following the leaving of an abusive
relationship
No money – he controls all of the finances in the home
Children- used against her; threatens custody. Professionals often focus
on rights rather than responsibility in parental matters

11. No support – has been systematically isolated from family and friends ,
no one to support her leaving – this is part of the abuse cycle
Stockholm syndrome

12. Stockholm Syndrome
Bonds with abuser as protective mechanism
1973 bank robbery in Stockholm
Hostages held for 131 hours – victims began to see the hostages as their
protectors
Began to fear law enforcement
Had been threatened, abused and feared fro their lives over 5 days

13. One victim became engaged to one of the perpetrators, one set up a
legal defense fund
Emotionally bonding with the abuser becomes a strategy for survival
Can improve chances for survival, but also means less likely to
cooperate with rescuers

14. Recognized as a factor in IPV situations, prisoners of war, cult members,
sexual abuse, as well as hostage situations

15. 4 conditions
Perceived threat to physical or psychological survival, and belief that the
abuser would carry out the threat
Small acts of kindness from the abuser
Isolation from other perspectives
Inability to escape

16. Doesn’t occur in every abuse situation – many factors influence the
development of SS –
Duration of exposure
Level of threat
Degree of isolation
Loss of predictability about how captors will behave

17. Implications
Based on this article, what would the research indicate about current
common interventions?