The document discusses recent advances in biosimilars and their future prospects. It begins with an abstract about a student's seminar presentation on personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics. The contents section lists topics like what biosimilars are, literature reviews on the use of targeted drugs and clinical trials, the need for and advantages of personalized medicine, and case studies on using genetic testing to target lung cancer treatments. It explores how pharmacogenomics can optimize drug responses based on a patient's genetics and discusses patents and the future of personalized healthcare.
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology.
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology.
Illustrates key pharmacovigilance considerations for biotherapeutic medicines “Pharmacovigilance Aspects of Biotherapeutic medicines:Nowadays and Perspectives”
Introduction to Applications of Proteomics Science,
Proteomics- Techniques, Applications of proteomics
Presented by
A. Harsha Vardhan Naidu
Department of Pharmacology
Personalized Medicine for individuals based on their unique body make-up and other specific body markers is promised behind tailoring of therapy for various problems. Recent advancement in the field of diagnostic, bio-markers and genomics have made personalized or individualized medicine a reality. The ultimate objective of personalized therapy is to provide right therapeutic modality to the right person at right time to minimized therapy time and maximized therapy output.
2015 11-26 ODDP2015 Course Oncology Drug Development, Amsterdam, Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Tutorial lecture explaining real case stories of oncology drug development, passing on lessons learned from my pharma days to an audience of research professionals.
Illustrates key pharmacovigilance considerations for biotherapeutic medicines “Pharmacovigilance Aspects of Biotherapeutic medicines:Nowadays and Perspectives”
Introduction to Applications of Proteomics Science,
Proteomics- Techniques, Applications of proteomics
Presented by
A. Harsha Vardhan Naidu
Department of Pharmacology
Personalized Medicine for individuals based on their unique body make-up and other specific body markers is promised behind tailoring of therapy for various problems. Recent advancement in the field of diagnostic, bio-markers and genomics have made personalized or individualized medicine a reality. The ultimate objective of personalized therapy is to provide right therapeutic modality to the right person at right time to minimized therapy time and maximized therapy output.
2015 11-26 ODDP2015 Course Oncology Drug Development, Amsterdam, Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Tutorial lecture explaining real case stories of oncology drug development, passing on lessons learned from my pharma days to an audience of research professionals.
Precision medicine is an emerging strategy that considers individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle to diagnose, treat, forecast, and prevent disease. As regulatory health authorities begin to develop clearer regulatory pathways in precision medicine, industries must prepare to swiftly adopt to any regulatory changes. This white paper aims to provide a broad overview on the following key topics in precision medicine:
1. Genomics and Pharmacogenetics
2. Precision Medicine vs Personalized Medicine
3. Foundation of Precision Medicine as A Treatment Tool
4. Examples of Precision Medicine as A Treatment, Predictive, and Preventative Tool
5. Precision Medicine and Cancer
6. Challenges, Next Step & Opportunities in Precision Medicine
7. Regulatory insight on Precision medicine
Please share this webinar with anyone who may be interested!
Watch all our webinars: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4dDQscmFYu_ezxuxnAE61hx4JlqAKXpR
Cancer care is increasingly tailored to individual patients, who can undergo genetic or biomarker testing soon after diagnosis, to determine which treatments have the best chance of shrinking or eliminating tumours.
In this webinar, a pathologist and clinical oncologist discuss:
● how they are using these new tests,
● how they communicate results and treatment options to patients and caregivers, and
● how patients can be better informed on the kinds of tests that are in development or in use across Canada
View the video: https://youtu.be/_Wai_uMQKEQ
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Global Medical Cures™ | Paving way for Personalized Medicine (2013) Global Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Paving way for Personalized Medicine (2013)
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. MIT-WPU | School of Pharmacy
WORLD’S FIRST UNIVERSITY
FOR LIFE TRANSFORMATION
Recent advances in Biosimilar and its future
prospects.
Name: Asmita Gupta
Class and Sem: M. Pharm (1st Sem)
ERP No: 1102200006
Email: asmitagupta.34@gmail.com
Guide: Dr. Satish Polshettiwar
3/20/2021 1
2020-2021
Seminar on
2. 3/20/2021 2
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE BIOSIMILARS
LITERATURE SURVEY
NEED OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
PHARMACOGENOMICS
POLYMORPHISM
ADVANTAGES OF PHARMACOGENOMICS
LIMITATIONS
CASE STUDY
PATENTS
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE- FUTURE OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. Keywords: Personalized, Pharmacogenomics, Proteonomics
3/20/2021 3
ABSTRACT
Name of Student: Asmita Gupta
Date:18-03-2021
Time: 03:35PM
Name of guide: Dr. Satish Polshettiwar
• Personalized medicine is the combination of genetics and genomics to speculate about a
patient prognosis and diagnosis and thus improving his health. The heed to the personalized
medicine is getting intensified partially due to the development in Human genome project.
Scientists believe that every being in this planet possess nuance and distinctive
characteristics at genetic, behavioral and physiological level and perhaps contribute to
different diseases. There are several recent scientific advancements in technologies such as
DNA sequencing, genomics, proteonomics, imaging protocols. Health monitoring devices,
which has believed us into great inter-individual variation in disease processes. The money
matters and time dissipation can be immensely reduced also the standard of life can be
enhanced with the implementation of Personalized medicine. PM paramount focus is on
preventative medicine and takes bold action rather than just reactive.
TITLE- Recent advances in Biosimilar and its future prospectus
4. • Biosimilar is exactly what its name implies- it is a biologic that Is similar to another biologic
medicine which is already licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration [FDA].
• They are similar in terms of quality, safety and efficacy to an already licensed, well-established
reference medicinal product.
• The term “Personalized medicine” is often used to mean “to give the right patient, the right
dose at the right time.”
• It may be thought of as a treatment appropriate to the patient's symptoms, requirements,
and preferences.
• , treatmentfollow-up.
INTRODUCTION
6. 3/20/2021 6
LITERATURE SURVEY
• ALICE T. SHAW et. al [2010] He evaluated the efficacy of ALK-blocking therapy in such
tumors in the first clinical trial of crizotinib an oral inhibitor of ALK tyrosine kinase. The
pressure of ALK on lung tissue has led to tumor reduction or disease stability.
• JAMES L. RILEY et. Al [2016] published an article on the development of HIV-1 resistance to CD4
+ T cells by genetic modification using zinc-finger nucleases in which they discussed the
naturally occurring naturally32 HIV co-receptor CCR5 provides resistance to HIV infection -1. The
genetic disruption of CCR5 provided strong, stable and fear-inspiring protection against HIV-1 in
vitro and in vivo in the NOG model of HIV infection.
• ELIAS SAIS et. al [2017] did research on the QUARTZ trial to understand the role of complete
radiotherapy in the brain {WHRT} in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and brain mastases.
Researchers discuss the results of the QUARTZ trial and their problems in clinical practice and
potential biomarkers that can be used to identify radio-resistant patients.
7. 3/20/2021 7
LITERATURE SURVEY
• Sonia del Barco et. al [2010] elaborate on the guidelines of the SEOM {Spanish Society of
Medical Oncology} on pharmacologic intervals for breast cancer. Recent advances in the
management of the disease can be in the form of adjuvant neoadjuvant preparation, cytostatic
and hormonal treatment, so that it can easily be helpful to the physiotherapist, citizens and
other related factors.
9. 3/20/2021 9
NEED OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
• The same symptoms but different illnesses
• Medical interventions can work for some people but not for
others
• 40% of the medication taken does not work for patients.
• Genetic development helps to treat the patient more accurately
and effectively
• To avoid any allergic reactions.
10. 3/20/2021 10
PHARMAGENOMICS
• Study the differences in DNA and RNA characteristics as related to drugs to answer the most
important area of customized medicine.
• Integration of pharmacy and genetic development.
• It pursues to comprehend how genetic variation and expression influence the body’s response
to medicines
• It utilizes genetic information (like DNA , gene, and copy number) to explain the difference
between drugs (pharmacokinetics) and the its's immune response (pharmacodynamics).
11. 3/20/2021 11
Step1
Step2
Step3
Step4
When medications are
consumed,their
componentsare
metabolizedbyenzymes
Butgeneticdifferences
cancreatesubtle
changesthat alter how
thesepathwayswork.
Forthis reason,a
medication that works
for onepersonmay have
radically different
effectson another.
In theory,thesepathways
would function in the
sameway in all humans,
https://www.slideshare.net/apushi/pharmacogenomics-a-step-to-personalized-medicine
PHARMAGENOMICS TARGET BIOMAKERS
12. 3/20/2021 12
Itisknownthatdistinctpatientsresponddifferentlytotheidenticalmedicat
Geneticscanaccountfor 20-95 percentof
variability in drug disposition andeffects.
• Mainly due to sequencevariants in genes encoding
drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, or
drugtargets
GENETIC
•Age
•Gender
•Ethnicity
•BMI
•Co morbidity
•Family history
•Circadian
rhythm
•Placebo
effect
GENOMIC
•Genome
•Transcription
•Proteome
•Metabolome
•Epigenome
•Microbiome
ENVIRONMENTAL
•Nutrition
•Drugs (drug-
drug
interactions)
•Chemical
exposures lifestyles
•Circadian rhythm
•Epigenome
•Compliance
and adherence
https://www.slideshare.net/apushi/pharmacogenomics-a-step-to-personalized-
medicine
13. 3/20/2021 13
• Optimizing drug response:gene-drug interactions.
• Gene-based drugtargeting
• Prediction and diagnosis
Focusing on genomics, we have
identified three categories:
14. 3/20/2021 14
POLYMORPHISM
Indels
SNPs
Polymorphism varies in the sequence of DNA that is present
in the frequency of 1% or more in humans.
Two major types of sequence variation are:
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Insertions/deletions (indels).
• >1%
• SNP variation is present in considerable
population
• <1%
• Indels are much infrequent in the genome
and are of low frequency
14
https://www.slideshare.net/apushi/pharmacogenomic
s-a-step-to-personalized-medicine
15. 3/20/2021 15
ADVANTAGES OF PHARMACOGENOMICS
• Creating customized medicines.
• Improving rational drug development
• Diagnosis and monitoring of certain diseases
• Predicting patients' response to drugs
• Reduce or eliminate adverse events
• Making the most powerful, safe drugs
• Improving efficiency and patient adherence
• Improving the accuracy of getting the right doses of medication
• To allow for advances in drug research and development (R&D) and the approval of new drugs
16. 3/20/2021 16
LIMITATIONS
• Scientific challenges (where genetic traits are very important in clinical practice,
by misunderstanding mechanisms of recognized diseases)
• Protection of confidential information during investigation and development
• Health workers: currently there is not enough training on the use of personalized
drugs, not in medical school courses.
• IT health care IT is necessary to link patient information with genomic research.
17. 3/20/2021 17
CASE STUDY- 1
Target ALK: treated with Xalkori
REFERENCE- Jessica J. Lin,1 Gregory J. Riely,2 and Alice T. Shaw, Target ALK: treated with Xalkori, Cancer
discovery, Vol 7, February 2017, page no: 8-9
ABSTRACT-Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a proven target in many reconstituted ALK patients,
involving non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Various forms of ALK TKIs have been identified, and these
basic techniques inform the physician to develop custom-made drugs such as xalkori.
METHOD-Haney started taking Tarceva in 2008. After three years, the drug was not being absorbed into
the tissues. Driven by friends and other doctors, she underwent a genetic test on his tissue, which showed
that she had ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase). She started taking Xalkori (crizotinib), which is specifically
targeted at lung cancer cells with ALK cancer. She joined the Xalkori clinical trial in Philadelphia. After thirty
six months, her tissues were invisible.
18. 3/20/2021 18
Haney began
taking Tarceva
Diagnosed with
ALK after genetic
testing
Joined clinical trial
for specifically
designed ALK
Patient with Non-
small cell lung
cancer
Started taking
Xalkori
Tumors were
barely visible
In 2008
Three years later
FLOWCHART FOR CASE STUDY- 1
Within 3 years
19. 3/20/2021 19
CASE STUDY- 1
RESULT - Treatment of lung cancer is one of the most advanced in terms of customized treatment, with
several FDA-approved drugs or biomarker clinical trials for various lung cancers. Unfortunately, but
unexpectedly, Haney found out last October that the cancer had moved to her brain, one of the many lung
cancer areas prone to migration. Because Xalkori will not break the blood-brain barrier, he simply started
another experimental drug, LDK378, to treat a brain tumor.
CONCLUSION - A growing group of researchers, other health professionals, and a growing number of
patients are looking for a customized approach that is as focused on disease prevention as it is on the
practice of treatment when it is available. Call it your choice - a personalized medicine, a genomic
medicine, an accurate medicine. It is a way of emphasizing the ways the risks of your diseases are unique,
as are some of your obvious features.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPbiSwok4qs
• http://genomemag.com/what-is-personalized-medicine/#.WY7t7VGg_IU
20. 3/20/2021 20
CASE STUDY- 2
Patient with HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Responded to Ado-Trastuzumab
Emtansine
REFERENCE-Elia Sais and Sonia Del Barco, A Case Report of a Patient with HER2-Positive Metastatic
Breast Cancer on Dialysis, Who Responded to Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine Annals of clinical case
reports, 20 Nov 2017, Vol-1, Page no. 1-3
ABSTRACT-Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a growing human receptor 2 (HER2) drug that
contains trastuzumab, a stable link, and a cytotoxic agent based on maytansine (DM1). When T DM1
binds to the HER2 receptor, it allows the delivery of drugs within the cells especially to HER2-
overexpressing cells, reducing drug exposure in normal tissues.
METHOD-A 47-year-old Caucasus woman underwent mastectomy and removal of the axillary nodes
June2012. She received trastuzumab and docetaxel for breast cancer in December 2012 every Thursday.
She completed six treatment cycles with a complete response to liver and osteoporosis. He continued
receiving trastuzumab until September 13, when a CT scan showed the progression of the disease in the
liver.
21. 3/20/2021 21
Received
trastuzumab and
docetaxel
CT scan revealed
disease
developement in
the liver.
But new tumors in
the peritoneum
appeared
Caucasian woman
underwent a
mastectomy
Started taking T-
DM1
Revealed complete
response in
peritoneal
Carcinomatosis
In 2012
DECEMBER, 2013
DECEMBER, 2014
FLOWCHART FOR CASE STUDY- 2
SEPTEMBER,2014
22. 3/20/2021 22
CASE STUDY- 2
On August 2014, CT scans disclosed steady diseases in liver, but new tissue appeared in
peritoneum. She started T-DM1 in September 2014. A CT scan was performed in December
2014 after three months, which disclosed partial bone response.
RESULT - One patient with this disease was treated with T-DM1, but there is no dose
recommendation. We have shown here a case of a 47 year patient with HER2 + MBC in dialysis
treatment with T-DM1 without a trial. T-DM1 receiving patient tolerance was predictable and
received a strong response.
CONCLUSION - Previous experimental studies have exhibited that the pharmacokinetic
properties of T-DM1 are unaffected by lifetime, race or kidney function. Patients with severe
renal impairment do not have specific trials for T-DM1. Only a patient with this disease had
been treated with T-DM1, though dosage regimen were not given
23. 3/20/2021 23
PATENT
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5078734A
{US}
1990-10-22 1992-01-07
David E. Noble
Medication dispensing pacifier
EP3600303A4
{EUROPE}
2018-08-15
2020-12-16 Thomas Julius
Borody
Compositions, devices and
methods for treating autism
JP6436580B2
{JAPAN}
2012-06-04
2018-12-12 Gaurabu
Agurawaru
Compositions and methods for
treating Crohn's disease and
related conditions and
infections
US20190314355A1
{US}
2017-10-15
2019-10-17 Centre for
Digestive
Diseases
Compositions and methods for
treating, ameliorating and
preventing h. pylori infections
https://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/cpc/pdf/cpc-definition-A61J.pdf https://patents.google.com/ https://ipindia.gov.in/
24. 3/20/2021 24
PERSONALISED MEDICINE: FUTURE OF HEALTHCARE
SYSTEM
• The impact of strategies to provide accuracy in drug development.
• The impact of strategies to provide accuracy on health care delivery.
• Improving the evidence base for the adoption of specific drugs.
• National succession plans
• The impact of recent ideas on the development of accurate drugs based on
pharmacogenomics, pharamcogenetics.
• Predicting drug abuse and drug safety.
25. 3/20/2021 25
CONCLUSION
• As a generic drug is widely used, it will enable manufacturers to develop drugs aimed at
young people who respond to antiretroviral drugs that may have failed to work within
the traditional health system.
• The study of DNA and RNA variability has greatly influenced the development of custom-
made drugs.
• Pharmacogenomics focuses on improved drug responses and gene-based drug
administration.
• Sir William Osler's famous quote: The good physician treats the disease, the great
physician treats the patient who has the disease.
26. 3/20/2021 26
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