The document discusses the four main categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) and polysaccharides. Lipids are insoluble and include fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids and waxes. Proteins are made of amino acids and can function as enzymes or hormones. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and instructions for cell functioning.

1. FOUR CATEGORIES
OF BIOMOLECULES

2. What Is This?

3.  Food is one of the
basic needs of living
organisms.
• Different types of
food give you
different nutrients for
energy, growth and
repair.

4. 4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF BIOMOLECULES
BIOMOLECULES ARE THE MOST ESSENTIAL
ORGANIC MOLECULES, WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN
THE MAINTENANCE AND METABOLIC PROCESSES
OF LIVING ORGANISMS

5. CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF
OUR DIET; GRAINS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES ARE
ALL NATURAL SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES.
CARBOHYDRATES PROVIDE ENERGY TO THE BODY ,
PARTICULARLY THROUGH GLUCOSE, A SIMPLE
SUGAR.

6. CARBOHYDRATE-RICH FOODS

7. THREE TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
1. MONOSACCAHRIDES – FROM THE PREFIX
“MONO” WHICH MEANS ONE
- IS THE SIMPLEST SUGAR
AND THE BASIC SUBUNIT OF CARBOHYDRATE
EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES
• GLUCOSE (DEXTROSE)
• GALACTOSE (MILK SUGAR)
• FRUCTOSE (FOUND IN FRUIT)

8. MONOSACCHARIDES
FORMULA OF MONOSACCHARIDES: C6H12O6
GLUCOSE FORMS A RING MADE UP OF 5 CARBON ATOMS
AND 1 OXYGEN ATOM
FRUCTOSE FORMS A RING MADE UP OF 4 CARBON ATOMS
AND 1 OXYGEN ATOM.
BOTH HAVE 5 –OH GROUPS IN THEIR STRUCTURES.

9. DISACCHARIDES
2. DISACCHARIDES FORM WHEN TWO MONOSACCHARIDES
UNDERGO A DEHYDRATION REACTION.
EXAMPLES:
• LACTOSE (FOUND IN MILK)
• MALTOSE (MALT SUGAR)
• SUCROSE (TABLE SUGAR)

10. POLYSACCHARIDES
3. POLYSACCHARIDES – A LONG CHAIN OF
MONOSACCHARIDES LINKED BY COVALENT BONDS

11. LIPIDS
LIPIDS ARE INSOLUBLE BIOMOLECULES, DEFINED BY AN
OVERALL LACK OF POLARITY NECESSARY FOR SOLUBILITY IN
WATER-BASED SOLUTIONS.
LIPIDS HAVE THE JOB OF STORING ENERGY FOR LATER USE.
IN POPULAR CULTURE, FATS ARE SYNONYMOUS TO LIPIDS.

12. COMMON LIPID GROUPS
1. FATS AND OILS (TRIGLYCERIDES) – ARE THE MOST
ABUNDANT LIPIDS .
- IT IS COMPOSED OF TWO MAIN
COMPONENTS GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS.
2 TYPES OF FATS
1. SATURATED FATS – HAVE STRAIGHT CARBON CHAINS
BECAUSE THEY ONLY CONTAIN CARBON-CARBON
BONDS.
2. UNSATURATED FATS HAVE A KINK IN THEIR CHAIN
CAUSED BY A DOUBLE BOND OR EVEN A TRIPLE BOND
BETWEEN CARBONS.

13. STRUCTURE OF SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

14. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE.
IT PROTECTS THE CELL BY PROVIDING A
SELECTIVE BARRIER THAT REGULATES MOVEMENT OF
MOLECULES BETWEEN THE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE
CELL.

15. STEROIDS
3. STEROIDS HAVE A RING STRUCTURE.
ALL STEROIDS HAVE FOUR LINKED CARBON RINGS.
Some people use steroid pills, gels, creams, or injections
because they think steroids can improve their sports
performance or the way they look.

16. STEROIDS

17. CHOLESTEROL
CHOLESTEROL is an example of steroid.
CHOLESTEROL is mainly synthesized in the liver and is
precursor of many steroid hormones.
Although cholesterol is often spoken of in negative terms, it
is necessary for the proper functioning of the body.

18. WAXES
4. WAXES ARE MADE UP OF A HYDROCARBON CHAIN WITH
AN ALCOHOL (-OH) GROUP AND A FATTY ACID.
EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL WAXES: BEESWAX AND LANOLIN
EXAMPLES OF PLANT WAXES: COATING ON THEIR LEAVES

19. WAXES
EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL WAXES: BEESWAX AND LANOLIN
EXAMPLES OF PLANT WAXES: COATING ON THEIR LEAVES

20. PROTEINS
PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF ELEMENTS CARBON,
HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND SULFUR.
PROTEINS MAY BE STRUCTURAL, REGULATORY,
CONTRACTILE OR PROTECTIVE; THEY MAY SERVE IN
TRANSPORT, STORAGE OR MEMBRANES; OR THEY MAY BE
TOXINS OR ENZYMES.

21. PROTEINS CAN FUNCTION AS ENZYMES OR
HORMONES
ENZYMES WHICH CAN BE PRODUCED BY LIVING CELLS, ARE
CATALYST IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ARE USUALLY
PROTEINS.
EXAMPLE: SALIVARY AMYLASE
HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL SIGNALING MOLECULES,
USUALLY PROTEINS OR STEROIDS, SECRETED BY AN
ENDOCRINE GLAND OR GROUP OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THAT ACT TO CONTROL OR REGULATE SPECIFIC
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
EXAMPLE: INSULIN

23. Amino Acids
All proteins are made up of different arrangements of the
same 20 kinds of amino acids.
AMINO ACIDS- are the monomers that make up proteins.
Each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a
covalent bond known as peptide bond.
POLYPEPTIDES- the products formed by such linkage.

25. NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE KEY MOLECULES IN THE CONTINUITY OF
LIFE. THEY CARRY THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT OF A CELL AND
CARRY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF THE CELL.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)- IS THE GENETIC
MATERIAL FOUND IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS, RANGING
FROM SINGLE-CELLED BACTERIA TO MULTICELLULAR
MAMMALS.
2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)- IS MOSTLY INVOLVED IN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

26. NUCLEOTIDES
DNA AND RNA ARE MADE UP OF MONOMERS KNOWN AS
NUCLEOTIDES.
THREE COMPONENTS OF NUCLEOTIDES:
1. A NITROGENOUS BASE
2. A PENTOSE (FIVE-CARBON SUGAR)
3. A PHOSPHATE GROUP

27. DNA
DNA HAS A DOUBLE-HELIX STRUCTURE. IT CONTAINS THE
SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE. IT IS COMPOSED OF
NITROGENOUS BASES (A,T,C,G).

28. RNA
RNA HAS A SINGLE-HELIX STRUCTURE. THE SUGAR THAT
FORMS ITS BACKBONE IS RIBOSE. THE NITROGENOUS BASES
ARE (A, U, C,G)

29. Answer the Learning Activity Sheet
Module 2: Four Categories of Biomolecules
1. Insoluble
2. Triglycerides
3. Melting point
4. Nonpolar
5. Steroid
6. Margarine
7. cholesterol
8. Bile
9. Lowers
10. higher