[Biometric Systems][The world has been waiting] [Th.docx

[Biometric Systems]
[The world has been waiting]
[The latest and greatest technology is being brought out before
our very eyes in
this new millennium and we have the chance to not only see it b
ut use it in our
very live. This research paper will review what is going on in bi
ometric security
technology]
2007
Miguel Echeverria
Environments of Information Systems
11/14/2007
[Biometric Systems] Miguel Echeverria
2 | P a g e
Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION
...................................................................................... 3
HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS
...................................................................... 3
BIOMETRICS
............................................................................................ 4
Fingerprint identification
............................................................... 4
Hand geometry
............................................................................. 4
Eye scanning
.................................................................................. 5
Voice verification
.......................................................................... 5
Keystroke dynamics
...................................................................... 6
Signature recognition
................................................................... 6
Vein recognition
............................................................................ 7
Face recognition
........................................................................... 8
LEADERS OF INDUSTRY
.......................................................................... 8

Schlage Products
.......................................................................... 9
Ingersoll Rand Brands
.................................................................... 9
Kwikset Products
............................................................................ 9
PROGRAMMING LOCKS
.................................................................... 10
Software
....................................................................................... 10
Programming with PDA’S
.......................................................... 10
Card Programmed
..................................................................... 10
Keypad Programmed
................................................................ 11
Wireless Access
........................................................................... 11
VIP Online Locks
.......................................................................... 11
ADVANTAGES OF BIOMETRIC LOCK SYSTEMS
................................ 12
DISADVANTAGES BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
................................. 12

WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS
................................................................... 13
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
......................................................... 14
REFERENCES
........................................................................................ 15
3 | P a g e
HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS
The definition of biometric
technology is the statistical
study of biological
phenomena
(Dictionary.com, 2007). We
children from one another.

During the early 1800 Europe
they were using finger prints
to capture felons. The
industry is growing and also
the need for privacy and this
is why new laws and
regulations continue to be
developed. Biometrics has
captured millions of crooks.
(Brief History of Biometrics,
2007)
This paper will be focused on
all of the research that I have
done toward biometric
security and I will try to touch
on this broad subject. If I
wanted I could write an
entire book on biometrics in
whole. But before I begin I
should point out that I have
had a bias opinion of this
technology, due to the fact
that I have dealt with in my
trade as a locksmith and so I
might accidently start talking
about how great this
technology is and what it
can do for our ever changing
culture.
INTRODUCTION
know that the study of
biometrics dates back to
14th century. Chinese

merchants were stamping
children’s palm prints and
footprints on paper with ink
to distinguish the young
“Securing personal
privacy and
deterring identity
theft are national
priorities. These
goals are essential
to our democracy
and our economy,
and inherently
important to our
citizens.” Asa
Hutchinson former
U.S. Attorney
Main biometric
systems that will be
discussed:
identification
dynamics

recognition
4 | P a g e
Figure 1 HandPunch 4000 developed by Inersoll Rand.
of the finger and also the
shadow it casts. Then it
determines the length,
width, thickness and
curvature of the finger
itself. After doing that it will
make that information into
a numerical template. As
you can see to the picture

on the left, the person is
scanning their finger
underneath this house hold
lock to grant them access.
This particular lock can
also be accessed with a
key in case the scanner
stops working.
(ElectonicsWEEKLY,
September 20, 2006)
Fingerprint identification
Hand geometry
We have known for a long
time that each person has
unique fingerprints that will
not mach another’s. Most
think that a fingerprint
scanner is for identifying
but it is more to
authenticate the user. For
example Disney theme
parks use fingerprint
geometry to give ticket
holder access to different
areas.
This technology uses digital
cameras and lights to
measure a person’s finger
geometry. When a person
places their finger on a
scanner it takes a picture
Much like fingerprint geometry hand

and all of your fingers are also scanned
and digitally imaged. This picture of a
hand scanner is not only for giving
access to a room but also keeps track
of an employee’s time at work. Some
people complain of having to use this
machine because it is invading their
personal space. So Ingersoll Rand, the
company who developed this product
has made it more appealing by using
an advanced antimicrobial technology
to reduce the spread of
microorganisms. Making I more
bacterial resistant. They have designed
this to completely eliminate employee
badges and also a well known problem
in companies, buddy punching. This is
where an employee will clock there
friend in for them when they are
actually out skiing. Each employee can
easily be given certain time restrictions
to a room.
5 | P a g e

Whenever I see a movie that someone is using a retina
scanner I have a hard time believing that it’s real. But
with the use of a CCD digital camera and near infrared
light can be done. A takes a high-contrast photo of a
person’s iris. With the help of this infrared the scanner can
capture a picture of a person’s iris making it easy to
compute who is there. When the picture is taken the
computer will find the center of the pupil, the edge of
the pupil, the edge of the iris, and the eyelids and
eyelashes. Then it translates all that info into code to
analyze the patterns. This is a very accurate way of
identifying someone. (Coughlin, Jan 8, 2006)
This is one of the faster
growing forms of biometrics
according to some studies.
When someone speaks they
move their mouth in a certain
way and also have unique
vocal cavities, thus making it
impossible to exactly sound
like another person. (Dong-
hun, 2006) The way a voice
reader works is a person will
say a phrase or just say
enough word into a speaker
where there voice is being
read by a voice
spectrogram. This has the
ability to read sound
frequency on a vertical axis
and time on the horizontal
axis. Different speech sounds
create different shapes and
then if it matches the person

will have access to an area.
There could be many
problems with this though,
such as a person may become ill and there voice may
change. Also there a noisy background could cause
problems. Another issue is that someone could use a
recording to gain access. But this is why some of them have
the ability to ask a random question and if the voice
matches the answer it will work.
"Irises are incredibly
intricate. Like a snowflake,
no two are the same",
David Johnston of LG
Electronics' iris technology
division in Jamesburg, N.J.
(Coughlin, Jan 8, 2006)
Voice verification
Eye scanning

6 | P a g e
This is one of the newcomers
to the biometric security
world. I never thought that I
had a unique typing pattern
but according to studies done
by the National Science
Foundation and the National
Institute of Standards and
Technology it is true. Mainly
two things are measured. A
person dwell time and flight
time, how long each key is
pressed and released.
Keyboard dynamics systems
can measure a person’s
keyboard input up to 1000
per second. But of course in
order be able to verify
someone, the user must take
the time to type for a
keystroke dynamic system
enough times so that that
there patterns can be stored
in a database. The bank of
Utah is starting to use this on

their online banking in order
to indentify customers. (Key
Stroke Dynamics, 2007)
change and remember it for
future signature recognition.
Places that this is being used
today are in the IRS,
pharmaceutical companies,
and prisons. This technology
will continue to grow in our
society due to the fact that it
is useful and efficient. I could
see this popping up in our
banks and even grocery
stores. Of all the biometric
verification systems, this one
is the most accepted and
not too intrusive to a
customer.
Signature Recognition
The way this technology works
is a signature systems analyzes
a couple different signatures.
It read two things from the
person signing, one the way
they move the pen and two
the way the signature is
written (GAITS). The speed,
pen pressure, direction, stroke
length, and when the pen is
lifted from the device are all
taken into account. The

device has the ability to
match up the signature with
ones stored into the database
and if a person writes the
name a little different from the
first time it will detect the
Keyboard dynamics systems
can measure a person’s
keyboard input up to 1000
per second
Keystroke Dynamics
7 | P a g e
Our Privacy (excerpt from my past article review)
Who knows what the future holds for us

maybe when we arrive at the airport
terminals we will be required to place our
thumbs on a scanner so we can be let on
to the plane. Schools are getting more and
more concerned with who is entering our
schools. I could see that one day every
student is required to where a bag around
there neck that will let them into the
building and track them where ever they
are in the building. But I have to raise the
question. Where does our privacy stop and
the need for a secure environment begin?
When will the government stop and say we
are going too far for this security. Are we
giving up on the trust of people? Will we
one day be forced to monitor all the
activities we make?
I personally feel that when it comes
to having that feeling of safety there
shouldn’t be much limit. I will happily do a
retina scan if it means I will be safer. In my
opinion there is no greater security than
using biometric technology, it’s really hard
to fake being someone else.
Vein Recognition
This section will talk of the latest
development in biometric systems.
Develped in Tokyo, Japan – Fujitsu
Laboratories Ltd. (Biometric

Watch)This picture shows what
they are calling “the worlds’s first
contactless biometric
authentication system”. This system
has the ability read palms
basically. Well really its reading
patterns of blood veins in the
palm. Its crazy to think but just like
everyone has a unique fingerprint,
we also have unique vein patterns.
But even more unique your veins
pattern will never change like a
fingerprint may. When I first came
across this system I was in awe.
They have truly reinvented the will
and are thinking completely
outside the box. Some people
dislike other systems due to the
fact that you have to touch it, but
this one gets ride of that whole
hygeine issue. Infrared light is used
to capture a picture of the palm.
The software then extracts patterns
and compares them to others in a
database. The veins absorb
infrared rays, and then they show
up black on the resulting image.
The rest of the hand is white. The
system is vertually flawless and is
very simple to operate.

8 | P a g e
Have you ever seen a movie where someone is identified in
big group of people by facial recognition systems and they
are able to get the bad guy? Well that kind of technology is
not a fake Hollywood thing but is real. But unlike the accuracy
of the Hollywood films in reality it hasn’t proven that
successful. This system has been one of the most difficult and
headache causing among biometric scientist. The
government has tested these systems in airports and other
places in the past and usually only get around a 60%
accuracy rate. That number being pretty good will not be
good enough to use in society. These systems work my
recognizing a face and measuring distinct facial features. All
of our faces have unique landmarks. There are different rises
and valleys that are found on a face. The landmarks are
called nodal points (Stephen Coleman, June 2000). And
there are about 80 of these nodal points on our faces.
Programs measure the distance between our eyes, width of
the nose, depth of the eye sockets, shape of the
cheekbones, and length of the jaw line. After the points are
measured they are translated into code called face print. This
is what will be searched in a database to find matches. This is
a fast developing technology and is getting better and better
every year. So don’t count this one out just yet because it will
be the cause of putting lots in jail.
In an article that I found during my research I found a
story of a man that had been taking pictures of some anti-
war graffiti in New York and a couple of months later “weirdly
enough on September 11”, a couple of Homeland Security
officers knocked on his door. He was accused of being part
of a potential “eco terrorist” plan. They were able to find him

using a facial recognition system mounted on the building.
(Button, Irag a Proving Ground For Biometric technology, July
21, 2006)
Face Recognition
9 | P a g e
“Schlage Recognition Systems provides more biometric
terminals for
access control than any other company in the world” according
to
research firm Frost and Sullivan. They make around $10 billion
dollars
a year just in there biometric department. They manufacture
there
product in Campbell, California. The United States military has
seen
use for their product in Iraq and Afghanistan, they were able to
scan captured insurgents hands fingers and sometimes take
facial
recognition shots. Schlage mostly has just produced hand and
finger recognition systems but are now working to expand on to

other biometric technologies. I think they made a wise choice
by
starting out simple before moving onto the more sophisticated
biometric terminals that other companies have chosen to do. The
pictures on the right show both of their systems. (Schlage.com)
Ingersoll-Rand is a global industry. They have more than 125
years
in the business of locks and over 55,000 employees. They make
over $2 billion in annual sales. Ingersoll has established
themselves
in multiple markets such as Schools (secondary, colleges),
airports,
government facilities, healthcare facilities, retail buildings,
homes,
and maritime. They have been lead developers in not only the
mechanical, but also developing the software needed for their
biometric systems. All of the mechanics and electronics and
software must work seamlessly together in order for a good
product and this is exactly what they have developed. They are
really pushing their facial recognition system right now. This is
where the market is heading and they are jumping on the band
wagon. (Ingersoll Rand)
In the article he make the points that it would be such a
convenience to have this technology because you would not
have to carry key or pin codes and passwords around with you.
The particular item that was mentioned in this article is a
deadbolt
latch that anybody can install by themselves. You simply swipe
your finger a crossed the bottom of the latch to unlock it. It can
store hundred of people’s fingerprints. It has a key lock
function on

it as well so if you have any problems the door could still be
open
but this does raise many issues like what happens if you trusted
the
lock enough to leave your key inside your home all of a sudden
the biometric function stops working and now your locked out
of
your house. This technology could be great for children.
Kwikset is
a leader in simple household biometric products and doesn’t
mess
around in the industrial market. (Kwikset)
10 | P a g e
Some of the features that is in the software are the ability to
allow a worker to only enter at certain times of the day and
to also only be allowed into a room on certain days. The
software organizes all of the users on the lock by
departments or door. With each worker or lock user they will
need a card or eyes or a face to let them in but the
software can only understand code so all of that
information will be turned into some kind of code that is

specific to that user. In the software one can find a tab that
will show all of the persons that have entered into a room
and what time they entered. With wireless locks, when a
person enters a room all of that information is updated
automatically to the software.
This is an effective but time
consuming way to program
these biometric terminals
such as a fingerprint scanner.
All one will need in order to
do this is to take the updated
information off the computer
and upload that information
to a PDA. After that has been
done the PDA now has to be
taken to the terminal and
plugged in somehow. First
you have to tell the machine
that your about to upload
information either by a
programming card or other
device. Then the lock knows
that its going to be updated
so it will usually show a green
light or something and know
you can plug a device into
the machine from the PDA.
Then you simply tell the PDA
to send the updated data.
One of the downfalls to this way of programming a lock is that
you will need an employee to physically go around to each
system and plug in the PDA and allow time for the information
to be uploaded and this all takes lots of time and company
money to do. And you will need to hire some kind of specialist

to operate all of this. But that is what comes with security.
Programming with PDA’S
and card programmed
Software
11 | P a g e
First, some of them only have the ability to be programmed by
using the terminal itself and this
requires a lot of patience and work. Someone will come to the
system and lay there hand on
the machine itself while somebody has their hand or finger
scanned in to the computer. Then
they have to enter the employee’s personal information so that
when scanned again the
machine will know whether or not to let the person have access
to a room. This is called Keypad
Programmed, and it takes a lot of time. The disadvantage to this
is that if a company gave to
person full access which would let them enter whenever they
want and then later the company
doesn’t want them to be able to enter when ever, then they will
have to take the time to punch

in all of the correct hours using a keypad.
Second, and probably the fastest and safest way is wirelessly
programming the terminals. Rather
than go around terminal by terminal editing a person’s data,
which takes hours, someone can
sit behind a computer screen and simply edit an employee’s data
right there then send out
that information wirelessly to all of terminals at one time. This
saves the worker lots and lots of
time. The downfall to this kind of system is the cost for the
wireless products, such as routers and
wire and modems. But if you think of how much the company
will save by not needing an
employee to physically go to each terminal time and time again
then it is worth the cost. There
is also the need to buy the software and wirless stuff for each
computer that you want
controlling the biometric terminals. So if you have a big
company and you don’t just want one
guy controlling the access for everyone in the company then you
will need two of everything.
Third, is the ability to do all of this online. No matter where
you are you can get online and
update an employee’s information all with the ability of the
internet and maybe even your
palm pilot. There are many benefits to this kind of system. For
one you don’t just have one
computer doing all of the work and two what if you’re not in
your office and you need to let
someone into a room but you’re in Germany? This is when you
could easily sign onto a secure
company network and send a signal to the lock to let the person
in. That is pretty cool stuff.
But with this system comes a great risk to external hacking. A

computer hacker could gain
access to a company web site and get into the software that
controls all of the employee’s
personal information. This could mean that they could give an
employee that wants to cause
trouble access to room that normally wouldn’t be allowed to get
into. But there are risks with
all of these systems. All somebody can do is make it really hard
for someone to get in and just
hope that they don’t figure out how to gain access.
In this section I will discuss the ways in which these biometric
terminals are programmed. There
are basically three ways in which this is done.
Wireless access and programming
Keypad Programmed
VIP Online Locks
12 | P a g e

Biometric Type Countermeasure Could it work?
Handwriting
Forged signature Probably not. The system
measures the act of
writing- not the result.
Hand geometry
Exact model of
the person’s
hand
Probably, unless the
system also performs a
“liveness test,” like
measuring body
temperature or pulse.
Voiceprint
Recording of the
person’s voice
Maybe. Some systems,
especially those that are
not telephone-based,
can detect the noise
generated during
recording and
playback. Others
request random

passwords instead of
one specific phrase.
Iris Screening
Picture of the
person’s iris
printed on a
contact lens
Maybe. This depends on
the quality of the
printing and whether the
system performs tests
that reveal the presence
of the fake lens.
Vein geometry
Model of the
person’s hand
Probably not, it would
be extremely difficult to
reconstruct and exact
copy of a person’s veins
using materials that the
scanner would identify
as real.
Here is a table of some of the problems with each biometric
system and why some
work better than others. Disadvantages of biometrics are the
fact that they need
electricity, and computers, and time to enter all the data into a
database. This

takes lots of money and time. And if the power fails then a
company could be
seriously in trouble. Also It is never 100% reliable, there are
always way to get
around this technology. Now I will discuss some of the
advantages of biometrics.
There are many
advantages to this
biometric technology,
such as more security
and a safer world. The
advantages could be
as simple as a little child
being locked out of
their home and they
could easily have their
finger scanned to be let
into their home, or
maybe the advantage
of a school needing to
secure their school from
an outside threat.
We live in a world that is
at threat of terrorist
activity all the time and
we are realizing the
need to make our work
places and school s
and government
building more secure
from this threat. The
government is pushing
for this biometric

technology to be
reliable and accurate.
There is an ever
growing job market out
there for people who
like working with this
kind of stuff.
Disadvantages
Advantages
13 | P a g e
(findBIOMETRICS.com, 2007)
What the future holds
I will discuss the information that I found in a PCWorld
article in this portion of my research paper. In the article
it tells how the United States I lagging behind other
nations when it comes to biometrics. And how there are
going to be profound changes in biometrics. It was said
"No company has been making money on biometrics.
We've spent the last three years proving that [biometric
technology] does work and that it can work.” It talks of

how the government needs to lead the way in this
technology and use it in such things as enhancing
border control. But even if the government started using
it in many government agencies, we would still be behind other
nations (Dong-hun, 2006).
One of the main disagreements that were stated in meeting
where the article derived from is
which one of the biometrics are the most effective, facial
recognition, voice recognition, iris
and retinal scanning? It also says that the companies that are
chosen by the government to
develop the new product will have a great advantage over the
smaller companies and they
will probably merge with lots of other companies. When it
comes to technology the U.S. has
never been able to catch up to some other nations. It would be
nice to see us come ahead
in the ever growing biometric technology. The nation is now
realizing the potential of
biometrics and now money is being made among companies.
Above is a graph that I found
that proves the growth of each verification and recognition
system. As we get better at each
system we will start to see each one even out until all are
making about the same annual
revenue. Right now it’s easy to see that Hand and finger
scanning is leading the market but
who knows for how long. Who know what will be the next big
thing developed? Using my
imagination I could see our smell being a neat way to identify
someone. I focused my
research on biometric security but I have found lots of other
ways where biometrics are
being used. Like a robotic baby sitter.

14 | P a g e
Summary
I have explored all of the biometrics systems that I could find
and have come to the
conclusion that the future is here and there is no need to fear. I
think that Universities should
start classes that discuss the fields and get some classes going.
There is lots of money to be
made in biometrics.
We live in a world that is at threat of terrorist activity all the
time and we are realizing
the need to make our work places and school s and government
building more secure from
this threat. The government is pushing for this biometric
technology to be reliable and
accurate. There is an ever growing job market out there for
people who like working with this
kind of stuff. This would be a great profession to go into
because it’s just starting to get big
and I’m sure there is lots of money in it. I could see myself
doing something like this one day.
Who knows what the future holds for us maybe when we arrive
at the airport terminals
we will be required to place our thumbs on a scanner so we can

be let on to the plane.
Schools are getting more and more concerned with who is
entering our schools. I could see
that one day every student is required to where a bag around
there neck that will let them
into the building and track them where ever they are in the
building. But I have to raise the
question. Where do our privacy stop and the need for a secure
environment begin? When
will the government stop and say we are going too far for this
security. Are we giving up on
the trust of people? Will we one day be forced to monitor all the
activities that we make?
I personally feel that when it comes to having that feeling of
safety there shouldn’t be
much limit. I will happily do a retina scan if it means I will be
safer. In my opinion there is no
greater security than using biometric technology, it’s really hard
to fake being someone else.
The more and more I read about the new aged locks, it makes
me wonder why more
and more people are not putting them on their homes. When I
think of this school that can
go on lock down in a matter of second it make me ponder on all
of the school shooting and
how this could help control the situation. At Virginia Tech the
shooter was able to shoot some
students and leave for a while and then easily enter the
unlocked building to shoot more
students. Yes I’m sure it costs lots of money to have something
like this put in but it is worth
lives. I think that our campus should spend the money and have
this kind of system put on
each building. As a locksmith for the school I know that it has
only been done on a couple of

building and it makes the building so much more secure than it
ever was before.
Well it’s been fun doing this research and I feel I have
definitely learned a lot. I hope
that my interest in biometrics doesn’t stop here but that I look
into it a little deeper. But I am
glad that this project is finally done and I hope it is a great
introductory to the field of
biometric security.
15 | P a g e
Works Cited
(n.d.). Retrieved 10 28, 2007, from Biometric Watch:
http://www.biometricwatch.com/BW_20_issue/BW_20.htm
Brief History of Biometrics. (2007, 12). Retrieved 12 1, 2007,
from NCSC :
http://ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMHistory.html
Button, K. (n.d.). Biometrics & Insurgents.
Button, K. (July 21, 2006). Irag a Proving Ground For
Biometric technology. Insurgent 49 , 2.
Coughlin, K. (Jan 8, 2006). Eye-scan security gets a closer look.
The Grand Rapids Press , 1.
Dictionary.com. (2007, 12 7). Retrieved 12 2007, from

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biometrics
Dong-hun, L. (2006). Biometrics, as a New Technolgoy. Theory
& Critique , 2.
ElectonicsWEEKLY. (September 20, 2006). Biometric
revolution. ElectronicsWEEKLY , 2.
findBIOMETRICS.com. (2007). Retrieved 11 10, 2007, from
Biometrics: The Anatomy Lesson:
http://www.findbiometrics.com/Pages/feature%20articles/anato
my.html
GAITS. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 25, 2007, from Signature
Recognition:
http://www.gaits.com/biometrics_signature.asp
Ingersoll Rand. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 26, 2007, from
www.ingersollrand.com
Key Stroke Dynamics. (2007). Retrieved 11 29, 2007, from
Western Carolina University:
http://et.wcu.edu/aidc/BioWebPages/Biometrics_Keystroke.html
Kwikset. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 22, 2007, from www.kwikset.com
Proquest.umi.com. (2007). Retrieved 11 20, 2007, from
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=962748251&sid=1&Fmt=3
&clientId=1670&RQT=309&V
Name=PQD
Schlage.com. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 26, 2007, from
www.schlage.com
Stephen Coleman, P. (June 2000). Solving Cases of Missing
Identity and More. FBI Law
Enforcement Bulletin , 2.

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[Biometric Systems][The world has been waiting] [Th.docx