2. OVERVIEW :
1. Introduction
2. What is Biometrics ?
3. History of Fingerprint
4. What is Fingerprint ?
5. Fingerprint Classification
6. What is Fingerprint Recognition ?
7. Fingerprint Recognition System
8. The General Structure of Fingerprint Scanner
9.Devices
10.Fingerprint Sensors
11.Applications
12.Conclusion.
3. WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?
• Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and
analysing biological data.
• Biometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics.
Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in
computer science as a form of identification and access control
. It is also used to identify individuals.
• Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable
characteristics used to label and describe individuals.
• The technology used for identification of a user based on a
physical or behavioural characteristic, such as a fingerprint,
iris, face, voice or handwriting is called Biometrics.
• Automated methods of recognizing a person based on a
physiological or behavioural characteristics.
4. PHYSIOLOGICAL & BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC
1. Fingerprint
2. Face recognition
3. DNA
4. Palm Print
5. Hand Geometry
6. Iris Recognition
7. Retina and
8. Odour/ Scent
BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTIC
1. Typing Rhythm
2. Signature
3. Gait and
4. Voice
5. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINT :
• Human fingerprints have been discovered on a large number of archaeological
artifacts and historical items.
• In 1684, the English plant morphologist, Nehemiah Grew , published the first
scientific paper reporting his systematic study on the ridge, furrow, and pore
structure
• Johann Christophe Andreas Mayer (1747–1801) was a
German anatomist. In 1788, he was the first person to recognize
that fingerprints were unique to each individual.
• Jan Evangelista Purkyně or Purkinje (1787–1869) proposed the first 9
fingerprint patterns.
• In 1975, The FBI funded the development of fingerprint scanners.
6. WHAT IS FINGERPRINT ?
Skin on human fingertips contains ridges and valleys
which together forms distinctive patterns.
These patterns are fully developed under pregnancy and
are permanent throughout whole lifetime. Prints of those
patterns are called fingerprints.
Injuries like cuts, burns and bruises can temporarily
damage quality of fingerprints but when fully healed,
patterns will be restored. Through various studies it has
been observed that no two persons have the same
fingerprints, hence they are unique for every individual.
7. However , shown by intensive research on fingerprint
recognition, fingerprints are not distinguished by
their ridges and furrows, but by features called Minutia
,which are some abnormal points on the ridges .
Among the variety of minutia types reported in literatures,
two are mostly significant and in heavy usage:
Ridge ending - the abrupt end of a ridge.
Ridge bifurcation - a single ridge that divides into
two ridges.
9. FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION :
• Classification is necessary to reduce the search time and
computational complexity.
• The FBI database has 70 million fingerprints
•
•
Arch
(T
ented Arch)
Arch
Loop
(Right Loop) Whorl
10. WHAT IS FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION ?
• Fingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to as
dactyloscopy ) is the process of comparing questioned
and known fingerprint against another fingerprint to
determine if the impressions are from the same finger
or palm.
• In addition, different from the manual approach for
fingerprint recognition by experts, the fingerprint
recognition here is referred as AFRS (Automatic
Fingerprint Recognition System) , which is program
11. • It includes two sub-domains :
One is fingerprint verification and the other is fingerprint
identification.
Fingerprint verification (one to one matching) :
Fingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of
one person by his fingerprint.
Fingerprint identification ( one to many matching ):
Fingerprint identification is to specify one person’s
identity by his fingerprints.
13. FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION SYSTEM
Fingerprint recognition system operates in three stages :
(i) Fingerprint acquiring device
(ii) Minutia extraction and
(iii) Minutia matching
Fingerprint recognition system
14. 1.Fingerprint acquisition:
For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conduct sensors are
widely used. They have high efficiency and acceptable accuracy
except for some cases that the user’s finger is too dirty or dry.
2.Minutia extractor :
To implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage approach is
widely used by Researchers.
Preprocessing
Minutia extraction and
Post processing stage
15. • For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage:
Image enhancement
Image binarization
Image segmentation
• The job of minutiae extraction closes down to two operations:
Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking.
• In post-processing stage, false minutia are removed and
bifurcations is proposed to unify terminations and bifurcations.
16. 3. Minutiae Matching :
• Generally, an automatic fingerprint verification is achieved with
minutia matching (point pattern matching) instead of a pixel-
wise matching or a ridge pattern matching of fingerprint
images.
• The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a reference
minutia pair and then match their associated ridges first.
• If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are aligned and
matching is conducted for all remaining minutia.
20. DEVICES :
Optical fingerprint sensor
FIU-001/500 by SONY
Electro-optical sensor
[DELSY® CMOS sensor module]
Capacitive sensor
[FingerTIP™ by Infineon]
Keyboard [G 81-12000
by Cherry]
ID Mouse by Siemens
23. ADVANTAGES :
Very high accuracy.
Is the most economical biometric PC user authentication
technique.
It is one of the most developed biometrics
Easy to use.
Small storage space required for the biometric template,
reducing the size of the database memory required
It is standardized.
24. DISADVANTAGES :
For some people it is very intrusive, because is still related to
criminal identification.
It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the finger’s
skin, as well as with the age (is not appropriate with children,
because the size of their fingerprint changes quickly).
Image captured at 500 dots per inch (dpi). Resolution: 8 bits
per pixel. A 500 dpi fingerprint image at 8 bits per pixel
demands a large memory space, 240 Kbytes approximately →
Compression required (a factor of 10 approximately.
25. APPLICATIONS :
Banking Security – ATM security , card transaction
Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)
Information System Security
National ID Systems
Passport control (INSPASS)
Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate control
Voting
Identification of Criminals
Identification of missing children
Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)
26. CONCLUSION :
• The above implementation was an effort to understand how Fingerprint
Recognition is used as a form of biometric to recognize identities of human
beings.
• It includes all the stages from enhancement to minutiae extraction of
fingerprints.
• There are various standard techniques are used in the intermediate stages of
processing.
• At last minutiae extraction and comparison happens.
