This document discusses osseointegration, the direct attachment of bone to an implant surface without intervening soft tissue. It describes the history and definitions of osseointegration as coined by Dr. Branemark. The mechanism of osseointegration involves inflammation, proliferation, and maturation phases. Factors that enhance osseointegration include implant biocompatibility, design characteristics like surface roughness, and loading conditions. Implant surface characteristics such as texture, energy, and chemistry also impact osseointegration. Moderately rough surfaces generally promote the best bone fixation.
This document provides an overview of implant biomaterials. It discusses the history and classifications of biomaterials used for dental implants. Key terms like biocompatibility, biofunctionability, and biotolerance are defined. Common biomaterials used for implants include metals like titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and ceramics like hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. Factors that determine biomaterial selection include corrosion resistance, cytotoxicity of corrosion products, and mechanical properties like modulus of elasticity. Surface modifications can enhance biomaterial integration with bone.
This document provides an overview of dental implants, including their history, classifications, components, and factors influencing osseointegration. It discusses the development of modern endosseous implants from early copper and vitallium screw implants. Implants are classified based on anatomic site, surgical procedure, material, and shape. Key components include the body, apex, abutment, and prosthetic. Osseointegration and bone quality/quantity are important for implant success. The document also outlines Lekholm and Zarb's classification of available bone quality.
Complications failures and maintainence of dental implantRasleen87
The document discusses biological factors that can contribute to failures of osseointegrated oral implants and success criteria. It examines numerous potential problems including hemorrhage during drilling, implant mobility after placement, exposed implant threads, swelling after implant placement, postoperative pain, exposed cover screws, abscesses, sensitive or mobile implants, difficulties securing abutments, loosening prosthetic screws, bone loss around implants, phonetic problems, bleeding and mucositis. It provides potential causes and solutions for each problem.
Biomaterials and their interactions with biological systems were discussed. Historically, biomaterials consisted of common laboratory materials with little consideration of properties. Modern definitions characterize biomaterials as materials intended to interact with biological systems. An ideal biomaterial is inert, biocompatible, mechanically stable, and elicits an appropriate host response for a specific application. Surface properties and bulk properties were described as important for biomaterial performance and biocompatibility. Characterization techniques for analyzing biomaterial properties were also outlined.
This document discusses factors that affect dental implant design, including the magnitude, duration, and type of forces applied to implants. It describes design elements like thread geometry, pitch, depth, and taper that influence stability, load distribution, and surgical placement. Overall, the optimal implant design considers surgical technique, limiting bacterial plaque, preserving bone levels, and withstanding functional forces through features like screw threads that engage bone under compression rather than shear.
Ceramic biomaterials, also called bioceramics, are used to repair or replace damaged bone. They have advantages like high compression strength, wear and corrosion resistance, and the ability to be highly polished. However, they also have disadvantages such as low strength in tension, low fracture toughness, and difficulty in fabrication. The main types are inert ceramics like alumina and zirconia, bioactive ceramics including glass ceramics and bioglass, and biodegradable ceramics like calcium phosphates. Bioceramics are biologically compatible and can enhance healing, but their brittleness limits load-bearing applications. Areas of future research include improving mechanical properties and developing
The Tall Tilted Pin Hole Placement Immediate Loading.pptxNishu Priya
The Tall Tilted Pin Hole Immediate Loading (TTPHIL) concept has evolved from various ideologies in implantology: basal, pterygoid, and angulated/tilted implants under immediate loading.
To maximize the success of rehabilitation, the TTPHIL technique utilizes the use of long tilted bicortical implants. Longer implants have more bone to implant contact, thus, improving osseointegration.
By engaging the alveolar and nasal cortex, hard tissue augmentation procedures and vital structures in the premaxilla are avoided.
In the posterior maxilla, pterygoid implants are placed.
This document discusses osseointegration, the direct attachment of bone to an implant surface without intervening soft tissue. It describes the history and definitions of osseointegration as coined by Dr. Branemark. The mechanism of osseointegration involves inflammation, proliferation, and maturation phases. Factors that enhance osseointegration include implant biocompatibility, design characteristics like surface roughness, and loading conditions. Implant surface characteristics such as texture, energy, and chemistry also impact osseointegration. Moderately rough surfaces generally promote the best bone fixation.
This document provides an overview of implant biomaterials. It discusses the history and classifications of biomaterials used for dental implants. Key terms like biocompatibility, biofunctionability, and biotolerance are defined. Common biomaterials used for implants include metals like titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and ceramics like hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. Factors that determine biomaterial selection include corrosion resistance, cytotoxicity of corrosion products, and mechanical properties like modulus of elasticity. Surface modifications can enhance biomaterial integration with bone.
This document provides an overview of dental implants, including their history, classifications, components, and factors influencing osseointegration. It discusses the development of modern endosseous implants from early copper and vitallium screw implants. Implants are classified based on anatomic site, surgical procedure, material, and shape. Key components include the body, apex, abutment, and prosthetic. Osseointegration and bone quality/quantity are important for implant success. The document also outlines Lekholm and Zarb's classification of available bone quality.
Complications failures and maintainence of dental implantRasleen87
The document discusses biological factors that can contribute to failures of osseointegrated oral implants and success criteria. It examines numerous potential problems including hemorrhage during drilling, implant mobility after placement, exposed implant threads, swelling after implant placement, postoperative pain, exposed cover screws, abscesses, sensitive or mobile implants, difficulties securing abutments, loosening prosthetic screws, bone loss around implants, phonetic problems, bleeding and mucositis. It provides potential causes and solutions for each problem.
Biomaterials and their interactions with biological systems were discussed. Historically, biomaterials consisted of common laboratory materials with little consideration of properties. Modern definitions characterize biomaterials as materials intended to interact with biological systems. An ideal biomaterial is inert, biocompatible, mechanically stable, and elicits an appropriate host response for a specific application. Surface properties and bulk properties were described as important for biomaterial performance and biocompatibility. Characterization techniques for analyzing biomaterial properties were also outlined.
This document discusses factors that affect dental implant design, including the magnitude, duration, and type of forces applied to implants. It describes design elements like thread geometry, pitch, depth, and taper that influence stability, load distribution, and surgical placement. Overall, the optimal implant design considers surgical technique, limiting bacterial plaque, preserving bone levels, and withstanding functional forces through features like screw threads that engage bone under compression rather than shear.
Ceramic biomaterials, also called bioceramics, are used to repair or replace damaged bone. They have advantages like high compression strength, wear and corrosion resistance, and the ability to be highly polished. However, they also have disadvantages such as low strength in tension, low fracture toughness, and difficulty in fabrication. The main types are inert ceramics like alumina and zirconia, bioactive ceramics including glass ceramics and bioglass, and biodegradable ceramics like calcium phosphates. Bioceramics are biologically compatible and can enhance healing, but their brittleness limits load-bearing applications. Areas of future research include improving mechanical properties and developing
The Tall Tilted Pin Hole Placement Immediate Loading.pptxNishu Priya
The Tall Tilted Pin Hole Immediate Loading (TTPHIL) concept has evolved from various ideologies in implantology: basal, pterygoid, and angulated/tilted implants under immediate loading.
To maximize the success of rehabilitation, the TTPHIL technique utilizes the use of long tilted bicortical implants. Longer implants have more bone to implant contact, thus, improving osseointegration.
By engaging the alveolar and nasal cortex, hard tissue augmentation procedures and vital structures in the premaxilla are avoided.
In the posterior maxilla, pterygoid implants are placed.
Recent advances in prosthodontics / crown & bridge courses by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bone is a dynamic and highly vascularized tissue that continues to remodel throughout the lifetime.
It plays an integral role in locomotion, load-bearing capacity, and acts as a protective casing for the internal organs of the body.
Current challenges include the engineering of materials that can match both the mechanical and biological context of real bone tissue matrix and support the vascularization of large tissue constructs.
Scaffolds with new levels of biofunctionality that attempt to recreate nanoscale topographical and biofactor cues from the extracellular environment are emerging as interesting candidate biomimetic materials.
This is a ppt which will give u a better understanding of fracture toughness of a material in short time. It also has great exposure to testing method that we do in our laboratory class in undergraduate courses. So good luck with slide.
This document discusses the biomechanics of edentulism and complete dentures. It begins by defining biomechanics and dental biomechanics. It then describes the support mechanisms for natural dentition, which relies on the periodontal ligament, and complete dentures, which rely on mucosal support. This compromised mucosal support leads to residual ridge reduction over time. The document also discusses occlusal considerations for complete dentures, noting they receive lower bite forces than natural teeth and lack the positional adjustment of the periodontium. Complete denture occlusion and retention depends on balanced muscle forces and intimate mucosal contact with the denture bases.
This document provides an introduction to fracture mechanics from Ozen Engineering Inc. It discusses key fracture mechanics concepts like stress intensity factors, J-integrals, and cohesive zone modeling. It also outlines Ozen's fracture mechanics training sessions which will cover topics like linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis in ANSYS, extended finite element modeling, and fatigue crack propagation modeling.
Temporary anchorage devices (ta ds) in orthodontics 4 presentIshfaq Ahmad
Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) such as miniscrews provide orthodontists improved anchorage control. Miniscrews first emerged in the late 20th century and are now commonly used. They are made of biocompatible materials like titanium and are designed to be mechanically retained rather than osseointegrated for easy removal. Miniscrews come in various shapes, sizes, and designs depending on the site of placement and intended force application. They can be placed interradicularly or in other bones like the palate, mandible, or zygoma. When placed carefully within safe zones and loaded properly, miniscrews provide effective temporary orthodontic anchorage with minimal risk
biomaterials in dental implants / dental implant courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A Clinical Classification System for the Treatment of Postextraction SitesArt...Nguyễn Thị Minh Hiền
This document proposes a new clinical classification system for postextraction sites based on socket anatomy, bone volume, and soft tissue level. The system categorizes sites into 4 classes:
- Class I sites have intact socket walls, adequate bone volume, and soft tissues for immediate or early implant placement.
- Class II sites are also intact but have anatomical limitations preventing immediate placement, requiring ridge preservation or delayed placement.
- Class III sites have 20-50% resorption of buccal bone but adequate implant positioning, allowing augmentation and early or staged placement.
- Class IV sites have over 50% buccal resorption and unfavorable conditions, usually requiring augmentation before staged placement.
This document describes a study on the socket shield technique for tooth replacement with dental implants. The socket shield technique involves retaining part of the facial root when extracting a tooth and immediately placing a dental implant. The study examined 15 patients treated with this technique between 2011-2018. Volumetric analysis using CT scans found that the socket shield technique helped maintain hard and soft tissue volumes compared to traditional immediate implant placement. The technique is described as an effective way to preserve alveolar bone and provide esthetic outcomes for dental implant treatment.
The document discusses immediate loading of dental implants. It begins with introducing immediate loading and defining related terms like immediate restoration, non-functional early restoration, and early occlusal loading. It then covers indications and contraindications for immediate loading, as well as advantages and disadvantages. The rationale for immediate loading is discussed, focusing on reducing surgical trauma and promoting bone remodeling. Factors that can decrease risks of immediate loading like implant number, size, design, and surface area are also outlined.
Advanced soft tissue & hard tissue grafting Clinical TrainingDr. Rajat Sachdeva
Growth Factors, Tenting screws, Sinuslifts, Endoscopic evaluation of sinuslifts, Block grafts, Particulate grafts, Exomed application, Bone ring, CT/FGG grafts harvest/application, Peri-implantitis management, Suturing. Armamentarium, Choice of Biomaterial.
Course Insight :-
Ø Harvesting of autogenous bone from different intraoral sites
Ø Selection of the appropriate graft substitute
Ø Performing minimal invasive grafting procedures
Ø Successfully performing all the intraoral bone grafting procedures in implant practice such as
a) Using Particulate bone substitutes to graft the periimplant bone defects
b) Socket grafting
best dental care, best dental clinic in ashok vihar, best orthodontic treatment in delhi, braces treatment in ashok vihar, bright smile, dental clinic in new delhi, dentist in ashok vihar, dr.rajat sachdeva, india, modi dental clinic, one hour teeth whitening treatment delhi, oral health care, orthodontic treatment in delhi, sachdeva dental clinic, smile designing, smile makeover, teeth whitening delhi, tooth whitening delhi
Biomechanics of dental implants/dental implant courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
This document discusses immediate loading of dental implants. It defines immediate loading as loading an implant with a restoration within 2 weeks of placement. Immediate loading has benefits like eliminating a second surgery and allowing immediate function. However, it risks overloading the implant interface during bone healing. Factors that reduce this risk include increasing the implant surface area, decreasing occlusal forces, and using bone-friendly surfaces like hydroxyapatite. The document describes procedures for immediate loading in fully and partially edentulous patients, including using a provisional restoration made on the day of surgery or at a follow-up appointment. A soft diet is recommended during initial healing from immediate loading.
The document discusses biomaterials, which are materials used in medical devices that interact with biological systems. Biomaterials are intended to replace or augment damaged organs, tissues, or vessels. Common biomaterial applications include joint replacements, dental implants, heart valves, blood vessel grafts, and intraocular lenses. The development of biomaterials involves identifying needs, designing devices, testing materials, fabricating devices, sterilization, packaging, testing devices, and clinical use. Key considerations for biomaterials include biocompatibility, toxicology, and mechanical performance requirements.
This document discusses fractography, which is the analysis of fracture surfaces. It begins by defining fractography and distinguishing between macrofractography and microfractography. Macrofractography examines fracture surfaces with the naked eye or low-power magnification and can reveal features like the fracture type, origin, and secondary cracks. Microfractography uses higher magnification microscopy to study details like dimple shapes that indicate the fracture mode. Examples are given of using scanning electron microscopes to analyze ductile and brittle fracture surfaces at the microscopic level.
This document discusses implant biomechanics and osseointegration. It notes that osseointegration occurs when an implant bonds to living bone, providing long term stability. Biomechanics involves the interaction between forces and tissues in the body. Key factors for implants include force magnitude and direction, as well as moment arms related to implant location and design. Proper implant selection, placement, and occlusion are important to minimize these forces and moments to prevent implant failure.
types of materials in dental implants , includes a brief history of dental implants
also watch for more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make ppt on some topic do let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
There are several protocols for loading dental implants after surgery based on bone density and healing time requirements. Protocols include Brånemark's loading protocol, progressive loading, and immediate/early loading. The density of the bone where the implant is placed determines the appropriate loading protocol, as less dense bone requires more healing time before loading to allow for sufficient bone mineralization and strength. Progressive loading gradually increases stress on the implant over time to allow the bone to adapt, reducing risks of failure. It is particularly important for lower density bone which is weaker.
Recent advances in prosthodontics / crown & bridge courses by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bone is a dynamic and highly vascularized tissue that continues to remodel throughout the lifetime.
It plays an integral role in locomotion, load-bearing capacity, and acts as a protective casing for the internal organs of the body.
Current challenges include the engineering of materials that can match both the mechanical and biological context of real bone tissue matrix and support the vascularization of large tissue constructs.
Scaffolds with new levels of biofunctionality that attempt to recreate nanoscale topographical and biofactor cues from the extracellular environment are emerging as interesting candidate biomimetic materials.
This is a ppt which will give u a better understanding of fracture toughness of a material in short time. It also has great exposure to testing method that we do in our laboratory class in undergraduate courses. So good luck with slide.
This document discusses the biomechanics of edentulism and complete dentures. It begins by defining biomechanics and dental biomechanics. It then describes the support mechanisms for natural dentition, which relies on the periodontal ligament, and complete dentures, which rely on mucosal support. This compromised mucosal support leads to residual ridge reduction over time. The document also discusses occlusal considerations for complete dentures, noting they receive lower bite forces than natural teeth and lack the positional adjustment of the periodontium. Complete denture occlusion and retention depends on balanced muscle forces and intimate mucosal contact with the denture bases.
This document provides an introduction to fracture mechanics from Ozen Engineering Inc. It discusses key fracture mechanics concepts like stress intensity factors, J-integrals, and cohesive zone modeling. It also outlines Ozen's fracture mechanics training sessions which will cover topics like linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis in ANSYS, extended finite element modeling, and fatigue crack propagation modeling.
Temporary anchorage devices (ta ds) in orthodontics 4 presentIshfaq Ahmad
Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) such as miniscrews provide orthodontists improved anchorage control. Miniscrews first emerged in the late 20th century and are now commonly used. They are made of biocompatible materials like titanium and are designed to be mechanically retained rather than osseointegrated for easy removal. Miniscrews come in various shapes, sizes, and designs depending on the site of placement and intended force application. They can be placed interradicularly or in other bones like the palate, mandible, or zygoma. When placed carefully within safe zones and loaded properly, miniscrews provide effective temporary orthodontic anchorage with minimal risk
biomaterials in dental implants / dental implant courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A Clinical Classification System for the Treatment of Postextraction SitesArt...Nguyễn Thị Minh Hiền
This document proposes a new clinical classification system for postextraction sites based on socket anatomy, bone volume, and soft tissue level. The system categorizes sites into 4 classes:
- Class I sites have intact socket walls, adequate bone volume, and soft tissues for immediate or early implant placement.
- Class II sites are also intact but have anatomical limitations preventing immediate placement, requiring ridge preservation or delayed placement.
- Class III sites have 20-50% resorption of buccal bone but adequate implant positioning, allowing augmentation and early or staged placement.
- Class IV sites have over 50% buccal resorption and unfavorable conditions, usually requiring augmentation before staged placement.
This document describes a study on the socket shield technique for tooth replacement with dental implants. The socket shield technique involves retaining part of the facial root when extracting a tooth and immediately placing a dental implant. The study examined 15 patients treated with this technique between 2011-2018. Volumetric analysis using CT scans found that the socket shield technique helped maintain hard and soft tissue volumes compared to traditional immediate implant placement. The technique is described as an effective way to preserve alveolar bone and provide esthetic outcomes for dental implant treatment.
The document discusses immediate loading of dental implants. It begins with introducing immediate loading and defining related terms like immediate restoration, non-functional early restoration, and early occlusal loading. It then covers indications and contraindications for immediate loading, as well as advantages and disadvantages. The rationale for immediate loading is discussed, focusing on reducing surgical trauma and promoting bone remodeling. Factors that can decrease risks of immediate loading like implant number, size, design, and surface area are also outlined.
Advanced soft tissue & hard tissue grafting Clinical TrainingDr. Rajat Sachdeva
Growth Factors, Tenting screws, Sinuslifts, Endoscopic evaluation of sinuslifts, Block grafts, Particulate grafts, Exomed application, Bone ring, CT/FGG grafts harvest/application, Peri-implantitis management, Suturing. Armamentarium, Choice of Biomaterial.
Course Insight :-
Ø Harvesting of autogenous bone from different intraoral sites
Ø Selection of the appropriate graft substitute
Ø Performing minimal invasive grafting procedures
Ø Successfully performing all the intraoral bone grafting procedures in implant practice such as
a) Using Particulate bone substitutes to graft the periimplant bone defects
b) Socket grafting
best dental care, best dental clinic in ashok vihar, best orthodontic treatment in delhi, braces treatment in ashok vihar, bright smile, dental clinic in new delhi, dentist in ashok vihar, dr.rajat sachdeva, india, modi dental clinic, one hour teeth whitening treatment delhi, oral health care, orthodontic treatment in delhi, sachdeva dental clinic, smile designing, smile makeover, teeth whitening delhi, tooth whitening delhi
Biomechanics of dental implants/dental implant courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
This document discusses immediate loading of dental implants. It defines immediate loading as loading an implant with a restoration within 2 weeks of placement. Immediate loading has benefits like eliminating a second surgery and allowing immediate function. However, it risks overloading the implant interface during bone healing. Factors that reduce this risk include increasing the implant surface area, decreasing occlusal forces, and using bone-friendly surfaces like hydroxyapatite. The document describes procedures for immediate loading in fully and partially edentulous patients, including using a provisional restoration made on the day of surgery or at a follow-up appointment. A soft diet is recommended during initial healing from immediate loading.
The document discusses biomaterials, which are materials used in medical devices that interact with biological systems. Biomaterials are intended to replace or augment damaged organs, tissues, or vessels. Common biomaterial applications include joint replacements, dental implants, heart valves, blood vessel grafts, and intraocular lenses. The development of biomaterials involves identifying needs, designing devices, testing materials, fabricating devices, sterilization, packaging, testing devices, and clinical use. Key considerations for biomaterials include biocompatibility, toxicology, and mechanical performance requirements.
This document discusses fractography, which is the analysis of fracture surfaces. It begins by defining fractography and distinguishing between macrofractography and microfractography. Macrofractography examines fracture surfaces with the naked eye or low-power magnification and can reveal features like the fracture type, origin, and secondary cracks. Microfractography uses higher magnification microscopy to study details like dimple shapes that indicate the fracture mode. Examples are given of using scanning electron microscopes to analyze ductile and brittle fracture surfaces at the microscopic level.
This document discusses implant biomechanics and osseointegration. It notes that osseointegration occurs when an implant bonds to living bone, providing long term stability. Biomechanics involves the interaction between forces and tissues in the body. Key factors for implants include force magnitude and direction, as well as moment arms related to implant location and design. Proper implant selection, placement, and occlusion are important to minimize these forces and moments to prevent implant failure.
types of materials in dental implants , includes a brief history of dental implants
also watch for more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make ppt on some topic do let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
There are several protocols for loading dental implants after surgery based on bone density and healing time requirements. Protocols include Brånemark's loading protocol, progressive loading, and immediate/early loading. The density of the bone where the implant is placed determines the appropriate loading protocol, as less dense bone requires more healing time before loading to allow for sufficient bone mineralization and strength. Progressive loading gradually increases stress on the implant over time to allow the bone to adapt, reducing risks of failure. It is particularly important for lower density bone which is weaker.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of streptococcal sore throat, also known as strep throat. It outlines the goals of therapy as providing symptomatic relief, preventing complications, and preventing spread. Diagnosis involves culturing throat secretions to identify group A streptococcus. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and tender lymph nodes. First-line treatment is penicillin, with amoxicillin as an alternative. Other antibiotic options for penicillin-allergic patients include cephalosporins, macrolides, and clindamycin. Early treatment with antibiotics can reduce symptoms and complications of strep throat.
Bērnu infekciju slimību izraisītās izmaiņas žāvāLinda Veidere
2015./2016.akad.gada LOR pulciņa 10.sēdes prezentācija "Bērnu infekciju slimību izraisītās izmaiņas žāvā". Autore Alise Jakovļeva (RSU MF V kursa studente).
Paraganglioma - klīnika un ķirurģiskā terapijaAlise Adoviča
2016./2017.m.g. ORL un radioloģijas SZP apvienotās sēdes prezentācija "Paraganglioma: klīnika, ķirurģiskā terapija". Autore: Anda Rēdere (RSU MF V kursa studente)
2016./2017.m.g. ORL un radioloģijas SZP apvienotās sēdes prezentācija "Kakla daļas radioloģiskā anatomija no ORL aspekta". Autore: Jūlija Ivanova (RSU MF IV kursa studente)
2. Biomateriāli
Jebkura pēc izcelsmes dabīga vai sintētiska viela
(izņemot medikamenti) vai vielu kombinācija, kas
var tikt izmantota uz jebkādu laika periodu kā
pilnīga sistēma vai tās daļa, kas ārstē, palielina vai
aizvieto audus, orgānus vai organisma funkcijas.
Medicīniskas ierīces, kas izstrādātas audu
aizvietošanas vai rekonstrukcijas mērķiem.
3. Biomateriālu īpašības
Biosaderība – materiāla saderība ar apkārtējiem
audiem, kad telpa starp materiālu un audiem ir
dabiska, bez radītām izmaiņām – bez iekaisīgu un
imunoloģisku reakciju izpausmēm.
Biomateriāli lokāli vai sistēmiski nav toksiski,
netraucē audu šūnu normālu diferenciāciju, nav
alergēns un imunogēns.
4. Biomateriālu klasifikācija
Biotoleranti materiāli
netiek atgrūsti, bet tiek atdalīti no apkārtējiem audiem fibrozas
kapsulas izveidošanās rezultātā;
Bioinerti materiāli
netiek atdalīti, tāpēc pilnībā kontaktē ar audiem bez novērotas
bioloģiskas savstarpējas mijiedarbības;
Bioaktīvi materiāli
pateicoties savstarpējai mijiedarbībai ar audiem, veicina audu
ieaugšanu, kā rezultātā materiāls tiek aizstāts ar jauniem audiem;
Bioinduktīvie materiāli
inducē audu veidošanos ārpus to dabīgās lokalizācijas.
5. Implantācijai audos piemēroti:
biotoleranti un bioinerti materiāli
Audu aizvietošanai:
bioaktīvie un bioinduktīvie materiāli
6. Transplantāti
Autotransplantāts (autografts) –
no paša cilvēka ķermeņa citas anatomiskas vietas
iegūti audi, kas tiek transplantēti uz nepieciešamo
vietu.
Kaulu transplantātu avoti:
Tragus, antitragus,
concha, calvaria,
crista iliaca,
costa, tibia.
7. Transplantāti
Allotransplantāti tiek iegūti no ģenētiski līdzīgiem
donoriem, tas ir, no cilvēkiem, visbiežāk līķiem,
kuru materiāls tiek uzglabāts bankās.
• Acelulāra dermas transplantāts
• Sasaldēts kauls, demineralizēts-sasaldēts-izkaltēts
kaula transplantāts, u.c.
Otorinolaringoloģijā un galvas-kakla ķirurģijā šie
materiāli netiek lietoti.
8. Transplantāti
Kseno-transplantāti tiek iegūti no dažādām
dzīvnieku sugām (visbiežāk vērsis).
Lietošanas ierobežojums:
• Atgrūšanas risks
• Infekciju transmisijas risks (Kreicfelda Jakoba
slimība, Vēršu spongiformā encefalopātija)
10. Metāli un to sakausējumi
• Titāns un tā sakausējumi (visplašāk pielietots,
labākā biosaderība, viegls, rezistents pret koroziju,
relatīvi mīksts, viegli deformējams)
• Zelts, sudrabs, tantāls
• Nerūsējošais tērauds (Ni jonu izdale→ Ni
hipersensitivitāte, relatīvi trausls, raksturīgs izteikts
Me «nogurums»)
16. Keramika
Neorganisks, nemetālisks ciets materiāls, kas satur
metāla un nemetāla atomus savienotus ar jonu,
kovolentām saitēm.
• Bioaktīvs stikls, stikla jonomērcementi (divejāda
struktūra, laba biosaderība, laba termoizturība,
trauslums)
• Hidroksiapatīts Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (bioaktīvs,
bioinduktīvs (osteoinduktīvs), osteokonduktīvs)
• Kalcija fosfātcements Ca3(PO4)2
18. Izmantošana
Mastoidālā dobuma obliterācija (pēc radikālas
mastoidektomijas):
Frontālā sinusa obliterācija (hroniskas infekcijas
prevencija, pēc traumas vai audzēja)
25. Kopsavilkums:
Transplantāti vs Implantāti
Transplantātu pieejamība – ierobežota
Neviens sintezēts materiāls pilnībā neatbilst dzīvu
audu biomehāniskam raksturojumam
Neviens sintezēts materiāls nespēj remodelēties,
atkarībā no mehāniskajām slodzēm dzīvajā
organismā
26. Izmantotā literatūra
Malard O1, Espitalier F, Bordure P, Daculsi G, Weiss P, Corre P.
Biomaterials for tissue reconstruction and bone substitution of the ear, nose
and throat, face and neck. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2007 Sep;4(5):729-
39.
Rondini-Gilli E, Grayeli AB, Borges Crosara PF et al. Ossiculoplasty with
total hydroxiapatite prostheses anatomical and functional outcomes. Otol.
Neurotol. 24940, 543-547 (2003)
Yung MW. The use of hydroxyapatite granules in mastoid obliteration.
Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci. 21(6), 480-484 (1996)
Byron J. Bailey, Jonas T. Johnson. Head and Neck Surgery –
Otolaryngology. Grafts and Implants in Facial, Head, and Neck Surgery.
Fourth edition.
Treace HT. Biomaterials in ossiculoplasty and historu of develompent of
prostheses for ossiculoplasty. Otolaryngol. Clin. North. Am. 27(4), 655-
662 (1994)
27. Izmantotā literatūra
Han-Bin Lee, Hye Jin Lim, Minhyuk Cho, Suk-Min Yang, Keehyun Park,
Hun Yi Park, Yun-Hoon Choung. Clinical Significance of β-Tricalcium
Phosphate and Polyphosphate for Mastoid Cavity Obliteration during
Middle Ear Surgery: Human and Animal Study. Clinical and Experimental
Otorhinolaryngology 2013; 6(3): 127-134.
Katrin Sternberg, Current requirements for polymeric biomaterials in
otolaryngology. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;
8: Doc11.
V. Budu, T. Decuseara, R.Baican, D.Cohocaru, I.Bulescu, M.Georgescu,
M.Tusaliu, B. Mocanu. Compatible biomaterials used in ENT practice.
Scientific Bulletin of the Electrical Engineering Faculty, 2015, No.2. (30)
29. Tests
Bioaktīvi materiāli:
a) tiek atdalīti no apkārtējiem audiem fibrozas
kapsulas izveidošanās rezultātā;
b) netiek atdalīti, tāpēc pilnībā kontaktē ar audiem
bez novērotas bioloģiskas savstarpējas
mijiedarbības;
c) pateicoties savstarpējai mijiedarbībai ar audiem,
veicina audu ieaugšanu, kā rezultātā materiāls tiek
aizstāts ar jauniem audiem;
30. Tests
Kurš transplantātu veids ir zelta standarts
transplantoloģijā:
a) autotransplantāti
b) allotransplantāti
c) ksenotransplantāti
31. Tests
Kurš metāls visbiežāk izmantots implantātiem
otorinolaringoloģijā?
a) Titāns
b) Teflons
c) Tantāls
Editor's Notes
Pirms materiāla lietošanas tiek testēta arī materiāla mutagenitāte un kancerogenitāte.
Balstoties uz audu reakciju pret biomateriālu, materiāli tiek klasificēti:
Atbilstoši biomateriālu mijiedarbībai ar aufiem izšķir:
1) Biotoleranti materiāli
netiek atgrūsti, bet tiek atdalīti no apkārtējiem audiem fibrozas kapsulas izveidošanās rezultātā
2) Bioinerti materiāli
netiek atdalīti, tāpēc pilnībā kontaktē ar audiem bez novērotas bioloģiskas savstarpējas mijiedarbības;
3) Bioaktīvi materiāli
pateicoties savstarpējai mijiedarbībai ar audiem, veicina audu (kaulu) ieaugšanu, kā rezultātā materiāls tiek aizstāts (ar kaulaudiem);
4) Bioinduktīvie materiāli
inducē audu veidošanos ārpus to dabīgās lokalizācijas (p: ektopiskā kaula veidošanās)
Tas nozīmē, ka biotoleranti un bioinerti materiāli ir piemēroti implantācijai (kaulā), bet audu aizvietošanai tiek lietoti bioaktīvie un bioinduktīvie materiāli. [15]
Zelta standarts transplantoloģijā.
Kaulu transplantāti tiek izmantoti: kaulaudu augmentācijā, kaulu dobumu obliterācijās kā arī kaulu defektu likvidācijai, kas radušies traumas, infekcijas vai audzēja ekstirpācijas gadījumā.
Tātad materiāls pēc iegūšanas tiek dažādos veidos apstrādāts, lai samazinātu iespējamās imūnreakcijas, kas novestu pie materiāla atgrūšanas, infekciju transmisijas riskus.
Ir bijuši dažādi mēģinājumi lietot šo transplantātu veidu, piemēram lietojot acelulārās dermas transplantātu deguna starpsienas perforācijas likvidācijai, taču pietiekami labi rezultāti netiek sasniegti, tāpēc
imunoloģisko un infekciozo aspektu dēļ šo transplantātu lietošana ir limitēta un otorinolaringoloģijā kā arī galvas un kakla ķirurģijā šie materiāli netiek lietoti.
Me pieder pie visvecākajiem, vissenāk izmantojamiem biomateriāliem. Ļoti dažādi Me un to sakausējumu varianti tiek lietoti implantātu izgatavošanai, taču biežāk izmantojamie Me otorinolaringoloģijā lietojamiem biomateriāliem ir: Ti, Tērauds un tantāls.
Stapes protēze (stapedioplastikai) (no titāna- tiek uzskatīts par labāko materiālu šai protēzei) (pieejami arī varianti no teflona, hidroksiapatīta, polietilēna)
TORP /PORP– (timpanoplastikai) totālā/parciāla dzirdes kauliņu rekonstrukcijas protēze Ti.
Septal button (starpsienas poga) – pamatā tiek izgatavoti no cita materiāla, bet sastop arī no Ti izgatavotus.
Balss saišu medializācijai, ko pielieto unilaterāla n.laryngeus inferior paralīzes gadījumā paralizētās balss saites novirzīšana mediāli – lai ↓gaisa noplūdi, balss intensitāti ↑, lieto Ti implantu.
Deguna velvju disfunkcijas gadījumā, kad pie ieelpas tiek sakļautas nāsis – attīstās respiratorā nepietiekamība. Deguna velvju dilatācijai lieto implantus, kas tiek fiksēti pie augšējā laterālā skrimšļa.
Keramika ir neorganisks, nemetālisks ciets materiāls, kas satur metāla un nemetāla atomus savienotus ar jonu, kovolentām saitēm.
Ir ļoti plašs keramikas materiālu klāsts no kuriem visbiežāk izmantojamie ir: bioaktīvs stikls, stikla jonomērcementi, hidroksiamatīta kristāli, kalcija fosfāts.
Bioaktīvs stikls, stikla jonomērcementi – tam divejāda struktūra (režģa, amorfa), ir trausli materiāli, tāpēc to izmantošana ir limitēta vietās, kuras ir pakļautas slodzēm, piemēram, ossikuloplastikai tie nav piemēroti)
Jau citas keramikas formas ir HA un CP, kuru sastāvā ir elementi ir kaula pamatsubstances (Ca, P).
HA ir bioaktīvs un bioinduktīvs (osteoinduktīvs- inducē osteoģenēzi), osteokonduktīvs (nodrošina osteoģenēzi uz virsmas) materiāls tāpēc plaši lietojami kaulaudu aizvietošanai un reģenerācijai kā arī citu implantātu pārklāšanai lai veicinātu tā osteointegrāciju.
Kalcija fosfāta ķīmija ir līdzīga, jo tas noteiktos apstākļos veido Hidroksiapatītu.
Mastoidālā dobuma obliterācija, ko iesaka pēc radikālas mastoidektomijas (destruktīva holesteatoma vai hronisks otīts), lai samazinātu ↓ izdalījumu daudzums, sekmē labāku dzirdes funkciju, ↓ holestestomas recidīva risku.
Obliteration using hydroxyapatite is recommended only over non-cholesteatomatous sites because of the risk
of residual disease and the difficulty re-exploring these cases.
Frontālā sinusa obliterācija (hroniskas infekcijas prevencija, pēc traumas vai audzēja)
Polimēri ir ļoti plaši izplatīts materiāls, jo to mehāniskās īpašības ir salīdzinoši viegli maināmas un pielāgojamas nepieciešamajai izmantošanai. Mainot gan to strukturālo, gan ķīmisko sastāvu iespējams iegūt ļoti plašu materiālu klāstu ar dažādām īpašību kombinācijām.
Deguna silikona šinas (lieto pēc septoplastijas)
Attēlos redzami dažāda izmēra izmantojamie silikona bloki dobumu obliterācijai