This document discusses cells, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. It begins by defining the cell and cell theory. It then explains that chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs in plants, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. The document also describes cellular respiration, noting that it occurs in mitochondria and involves the breakdown of glucose to release energy, with oxygen and water produced as byproducts. In summary, it contrasts how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but interconnected processes.

1. Aim: What is a cell?
Do Now:
On your paper.
Notes are in blue.
COOL FACT: What is the biggest single
cell on Earth?

2. COOL FACT: What is the biggest
single cell on Earth?
The nerve cells in a giraffe’s legs are the
LONGEST single cells- each one is 2 meters (6
½ feet) long!
Eggs are single cells- so an ostrich egg is one
huge cell!
The algae Caulerpa looks like a multicellular
plant- but is actually only a single cell- and it can
grow to be a meter long (3 ¼ feet)!
Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest
bacteria on Earth- it’s 0.75 mm in diameter- so
big you can see it with only your eye!!

3. Here are those big cells:
Thiomargarita
namibiensis compared
to a fruit fly!

4. CELLS
You have already learned that
all living things perform the
eight MRS. GONER life
processes.
You can now add one more
thing that all living things do.
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE
MADE UP OF CELLS.

5. Cell Theory
The foundation of modern biology
Credit for the theory is given to three
scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.

6. What is Cell Theory?
All living things are made up of cells
The cell is the structural and
functional unit of organisms
All cells come from pre-existing
cells.
Today we can add:
All cells contain DNA.

7. COMMON CELL TRAITS
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of
performing life functions.

8. Two types of cells
Prokaryotic: No nucleus or other
membrane-bound organelles.
Example: bacteria
Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus and
other membrane-bound
organelles. Example: plants,
fungi, and animals.

9. Prokaryotic Cells
(proh KAYR ee yah tihk)

10. Eukaryotic Cells
(yew KAYR ee yah tihk)

11. How many cells do living things have?
Organisms are made of one or more
cells.
Unicellular organisms are made of one
cell.
Multicellular organisms are made of many
cells.
Prokaryotes are almost always
unicellular.
Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or
multicellular.

12. How many cells do multicellular
organisms have?
Multicellular organisms can have some or
MANY cells.
Human bodies contain around 50 trillion
human cells.
Human bodies contain around 500 trillion
BACTERIA cells
You are ten times more bacteria than “you”
inside of YOU!

13. Cells Alive Activity!
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

14. Wrap-Up!
Turn to the chapter 3 word wall on page 95.
Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

15. Aim: How does a
cell function?
Do Now: On
your paper

16. Cell Organelles
Our bodies maintain homeostasis
through their organ systems.
Single cells need to maintain
homeostasis too.
Cells use organelles to maintain
homeostasis.
Organelles are cell structures that
do specific jobs.

17. 1. CELL MEMBRANE
 Outer covering, protective layer
around ALL cells
 For cells with cell walls,the cell
membrane is inside the cell wall
 Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste
products out of the cell.
 Analogy  Like your skin!

18. 2. NUCLEUS
Directs all cell
activities
Contains
instructions for
everything the cell
does in the form
of DNA
Analogy  your
brain!

19. 3. NUCLEOLUS
Aka “little nucleus”
Found in the
nucleus
Makes ribosomes,
which make
proteins.

20. 4. Ribosomes
Make proteins
Very small, can be floating in the
cytoplasm or attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.

21. 5. Mitochondria
 A cell’s “power plant”
 Makes ATP, which is the
main molecule that the cell
uses for energy.
 Analogy  your muscles!

22. 6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
TWO TYPES:
Rough E.R.
Smooth E.R.
Both types of E.R.
move molecules
around the cell
Analogy  your
circulatory system

23. 7. Golgi Apparatus
Responsible for moving molecules to
the outside of the cell!
Analogy  your sweat glands!

24. 8. Lysosome
Tiny pockets where molecules are
broken down or stored
Analogy  your stomach!

25. Only in Plants: 9. CELL WALL
Provides protection and stability for
the plant cell

26. Only in Plants: 10. CHLOROPLAST
Where photosynthesis takes place
Plants make sugars here.

27. Only in Plants:
11. A Large, Central Vacuole
Full of water- makes plants rigid
When vegetables get soft, they have
have lost water from their vacuoles.

28. Cell City Analogy
Complete the worksheet on page 98 of your
workbook as a group.

29. Vocabulary Game!!
Choose 8 vocab words from the list:
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
CytoskeletonNucleus
Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus
MitochondriaLysosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Wall Chloroplast
Vacuole

31. Wrap-Up!
Turn to the chapter 3 word wall on page 95.
Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

32. Aim: How do plants
obtain nutrients?
Do Now: On your paper
Notes are in yellow.

33. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Where does the energy that
sustains all life come from?
The Sun!!
(Well most of it anyway...)

34. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
A process that uses light energylight energy,,
carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22)) and waterwater
(H(H22O)O) to produce glucoseglucose..
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucoseglucose
SUN
Light energyLight energy

35. internal leaf structure
chloroplastsouter membrane
inner membrane
thylakoid
Plant PhotosynthesisPlant Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
takes place in the
chloroplast

36. Question:Question:
• Why are plants green?
• Chlorophyll, the chemical that captures
the sun's energy, is green!

37. PlantsPlants
• Plants are Autotrophs:
They produce their own food.
• To do this, plants need:
– Energy (from the sun)
– Water (from their ROOTS)
– Carbon Dioxide (from their STOMA)
Stoma

38. Roots Obtain Water
• Roots obtain water
using OSMOSIS
• Water is immediately
pulled up to the
leaves, so the inside
of the roots is
constantly
hypertonic.

39. Stoma Obtain Carbon Dioxide
• A Plant's Stoma are
like little mouths- they
breathe in and out!
• Carbon dioxide comes
in using diffusion
• Oxygen exits using
diffusion
• To prevent water
loss, stoma close
during droughts!

40. ChloroplastChloroplast
• OrganelleOrganelle where photosynthesisphotosynthesis takes place.
GranumThylakoid
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane

41. Chlorophyll MoleculesChlorophyll Molecules
• Chlorophyll moleculesChlorophyll molecules harvest energy byharvest energy by
absorbingabsorbing certain lightcertain light wavelengthswavelengths
((blue-420 nmblue-420 nm andand red-660 nmred-660 nm areare
most important).most important).
• PlantsPlants areare greengreen because thebecause the greengreen
wavelengthwavelength isis reflectedreflected,, not absorbednot absorbed..
• In other words, plantsIn other words, plants DON'T USEDON'T USE
green light!green light!

42. Wavelength of Light (nm)Wavelength of Light (nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave
(more energy) (less energy)

43. Absorption of ChlorophyllAbsorption of Chlorophyll
wavelengthwavelength
Absorption
violet blue green yellow orange red

44. Wrap-Up!
Turn to the chapter 3 word wall on page 95.
Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

45. Aim: How are cellular
respiration and
photosynthesis tomorrow?
Do Now: On your paper
Notes are in yellow

46. Cellular Respiration
Two Types:
1. Anaerobic (Without Oxygen)
– A. The Phosphagen System
– B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
– C. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Aerobic (With Oxygen)

47. Anaerobic Respiration
The Phosphagen system…
A compound called
creatine phosphate can
make ATP (energy)
very rapidly.
Allows muscles to work
very hard, but only for
a very short time.
Lasts for about 8-10
seconds.

48. Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
causes...
A BURNING SENSATION
IN YOUR MUSCLES.
(What trainers are talking
about when they say,
“FEEL THE BURN!!”)
This happens when your
muscles run out of
oxygen.

49. Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol Fermentation is
used by yeast
Happens when yeast
cannot get oxygen
Humans use it to make
bread and beer

50. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
• Aerobic cellular respiration releases
energy by breaking down glucose
using oxygen.
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
oxygen+glucosecarbon dioxide+water+energy

51. Where Does Aerobic
Respiration Happen?
• The cell organelle responsible for
making energy
• Nicknamed the “powerhouse” of the
cell.
• Mitochondria

52. Compare Photosynthesis & Respiration
• Photosynthesis:
• Stores energy from the Sun
• 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Respiration:
• 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O
• Releases Energy from Sugars (ATP)
• What do you notice?

53. What do you notice?
• Photosynthesis:
• Respiration:
Carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen
Sugar + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water

54. Photosynthesis and
Respiration are
OPPOSITE
REACTIONS!!