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Biology 108 Worksheet Essay
1. Define science – Science is the development of concepts about the natural world , often by using the scientific method 2. Define multicellular
organism – are those organisms containing more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform various functions. 3. Identify the 3 domains
of living things. Which domains include one–celled organisms with no nucleus? a) Organized, Homeostatic & Reproduce. b) Bacteria &
Archaea 4. Modern taxonomists (scientists who classify organisms) no longer use the classification of the kingdom of Protists. List the three other
kingdoms of Eukarya. Plants, Fungi & Animals 5. List and give a brief explanation of the steps of the scientific method. The... Show more content
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The reporter may misunderstand what is printed 9. Which types of URL's on the internet are considered more reliable when trying to find a website
with scientific information? URL's that end in .edu, .gov, and .org. Which types of URL's should you carefully question and verify? URL's that end in
.com or .net. Why? Because quite a bit of scientific info on the Inet is intended to entice people. 10. What is anecdotal data? Testimonies by individuals
rather than results from a controlled, clinical study which isn't reliable. Why is it considered unreliable supporting scientific information? Because it's
subjective. 11. Why is correlation data (data showing that two events occurred at the same time) not necessarily meaningful? Because one factor might
not be the cause of the other. 12. Briefly define the following: Matter is anything that takes up space. Element is any substance that can't be broken
down into substances with different properties. Atom is the smallest part of an element that displays the properties of the element. 13. What are the
subatomic particles and what is the electrical charge of each? Protons (positively charged), Neutrons (electrically neutral), both found in the Nucleus of
the atom & Electrons (negatively charged). Where in the atom is each of these particles found? In the orbital (Electrons) 14. Which two types of
bonds join atoms into
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Concepts of Electrostasis
Week Five Textbook Exercises
Geoffrey Anderson
PHY/101
December 9, 2014
Mr. Craig Spencer
Week Five Textbook Exercises
Chapter 22: Electrostatics
8) When combing your hair, you scuff electrons from your hair onto the comb. Is your hair then positively or negatively charged? How about the
comb? –The hair becomes positively charged and the comb becomes negatively charged; since, the electrons went from your hair to the comb and the
more electrons there is makes an object more negative.
18)It is relatively easy to strip the outer electrons from a heavy atom like that of uranium (which then becomes a uranium ion), but it is very difficult to
remove the inner electrons. Why do you suppose this is so? –Outer electrons are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second wire has twice the length and twice the number of turns than the first wire.
43)The metal wing of an airplane acts like a "wire" flying through Earth's magnetic field. A voltage is induced between the wing tips, and a current
flows along the wing, but only for a short time. Why does the current stop even though the airplane continues flying through Earth's magnetic field?
–The current stops even though the airplane continues to fly through the Earth's magnetic field, because the losses which occurred when a motor
operates a generator and when the voltage is stepped up by a transformer is not considered. After the completion of each cycle, the energy outputted
decreases due to the losses in the motor, the generator, and the transformer. Therefore, this will stop.
Chapter 32: The Atom and the Quantum
6)Why does classical physics predict that atoms should collapse? –According to classical physics, an accelerated charged particle emits radiation. An
electron that is orbiting the nucleus should radiate energy and move into a spiral path that ends at the nucleus. Therefore, atoms should collapse from a
classical physics description.
28)When and where do Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap? –When the size of the system is very large compared to the de
Brogue wavelength, the Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap.
Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
16)Two protons in an
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Hands-On Science With Squishy Circuit Analysis
In the two articles, "Energy Story, Conducting Solutions and the video "Hands–On Science with Squishy Circuits are similar because they all talk
about how important electricity. They all have something to do with science and electricity. They talk about the importance of it and they're all
involved with science and electricity. The stories and videos all talk about what electricity is and how it is important they also teach you about it. All
of these stories/video have all been informative.
The differences between "Energy Story, Conducting Solutions, and Hands–On Science with squishy circuits" are those two are articles and the other
one is a video. Also The Energy Story talks about what is inside of anatom which are neutrons protons and electrons. When Conducting Solutions talk
about ions. Like what they are what's inside it and other questions. The video talks about how play dough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conducting Solutions is important in life because it apart of science. If you want to be a scientist, then you would need to know what conducting
solutions is. This article also talks about ions and electrical currents. Some demonstrations of this are ammonia vinegar mixed with molecules solutions
and conduct electricity. Some water contains ions which conducts electricity really well Conducting Solutions is really important to know.
The video "Hands–On Science with squishy circuits" is about when this woman and her student Sam learn to make play dough turn into science and
it's still fun. For example, they make a sushi play dough and they get electricity lights and you need salt and sugar to make the lights light up. In
conclusion, all of these stories are very similar and yet different. Like the Energy Story talks about how important electricity is and how it can affect
our lives. These stories give out a lot of information and they can help us with our daily
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Helium: Periodic Table Of Elements
Helium is an element. It is in the first period, in group 8 in the periodic table of elements. Helium is also a nonmetal. Its element symbol is He, and
it has an atomic number of 2, and an atomic mass or molar mass of 4.003 amu. This means that helium contains 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2
neutrons. Helium is the second most common element on the universe. Helium is a noble gas, a noble gas is a substance that does not have color,
taste or odor, and they are not flammable. Noble gases were originally labeled as group 0 in the periodic table because once they were discovered
they believed that they were not able to bond to any other atoms, meaning that they weren't able to combine with other elements to be able to form
chemical compounds. Now they have discovered that some noble gases do form compounds. [1] Helium was discovered by some astronomers named,
Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer. Pierre was studying the suns spectrum when he noticed a yellow line. Later Norman discovered that the line could
not be produced by any elements they had known in that time. Noticing that a new element was formed that came from the suns spectrum. [4]... Show
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But we are using helium so much that we are using more helium that is being produced, so there are new technologies that are trying to find ways to
recycle helium to slow down the problem. There are times that the balloon you inflated with helium begins to sink, that is because the helium can
leak from the balloon. Helium is less dense than normal air, so at times when people inhale it causes their voice to change becoming higher than
normal. Helium is a gas but can turn from liquid to solid, there just needs to be a temperature of absolute zero. When helium is liquid it is used to cool
some metals for superconductivity use. [4] Those are some fun facts on
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Estepr Theory Lab
The purpose of this lab was to determine the atomic structure of small molecules and ions which we did by drawing Lewis Dot Structures, drawing
molecular geometries, and using the VSEPR model on a computer. The VSEPR Theory states that molecular geometries of molecules can be predicted
through their number of electron pairs on the central atom because these electrons will repulse each other as much as they can while still being bound
to the central atom. The Lewis Dot Structures and the molecular geometries that we were asked to draw were in order for us to have background
knowledge of how each molecule was shaped before we had to make them on the computer.
Most of the angles we calculated in the molecular geometry section of our lab were similar to the ones we predicted in Section II.C. For example,
our model for ClF5 was predicted to have less than a 90 degree angle and our calculated result on the computer was 87.52 degrees. Also, the CO32–
predicted model was 120 degree angle and we got 119.99 degrees which rounds up to the predicted model. However, some of the angles we calculated
did not agree with the predictions we made. For example, CH3OH was predicted to have a bond angle of less than 109.5 degrees for both the C and O
bond but our computer model showed an angle of 120.08 degrees for the C bond and 163.40 for the O bond. In the beginning of ... Show more content
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Through this structure we can see which atomic orbitals make up the different parts of molecular orbitals. The HOMO orbital is antibonding with
sigma bonds. The HOMO–1 orbital is a bonding pi orbital. The HOMO–2 orbital is a bonding, sigma orbital. The LUMO orbital is an antibonding pi
orbital. The LUMO–1 is a bonding pi orbital. We can tell this because antibonding orbitals have a gap between the two atoms while bonding orbitals
do not. A sigma bond occurs through axial overlap between atoms. A pi bond occurs with lateral overlapping of
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roseflakes Essay
Faculty of Accountancy, Finance & BusinessBachelor of Business (Honours) in Marketing
BBDT3063 Integrated Marketing Communications
Year 3 SEM 1
Individual Assignment
Title: Proton Iriz (Commercial Advertisement)
Tiger D'Sara (Print Advertisement)
Name : ONG WEI KEAT 13WBR12285
Tutorial Group : RMK Group 6
Tutor's Name: Mr Lim Chin Hock
Date of Submission : 31 October 2014
Plagiarism Statement
Faculty of Accounting, Finance & Business
Plagiarism Statement
Read, complete and sign this statement to be submitted with your written work.
We confirm that the submitted work are all our own work and are in our own words. Name (Block Capitals) Reg. No. Signature
1.ONG WEI KEAT13WBR12285... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the main focus point of Proton Iriz is about its technology and function but this advertisement is focus on the environment and it is trying to
show the emotional appeal to audience in order to affair the emotion of customer and grab their attention.
3.2 Benefit
From the video, the benefit of having Proton Iriz is making the people feel confident. The car provide touch screen, button–press engine such new
technology. People feel confident when driving a modern, new technology and functional new generation car. They will feel proud if the car is
sophisticated and it really is. The video and product also bring happiness and joyful to audience.
3.3 Uniqueness
The uniqueness of the car is about the car provide modern and functional new technology with inexpensive car. Compare with other brands of car,
either there is pro technology but expensive or cheap but not so functional car. So that this car is the one unique. People may feel high class because
they are having better quality of life.
3.4 Potency
The video makes this car become brandy and valued. People are feeling happy and comfortable when having this car is because they feel safe and
trustful with this car.
4.0 Target Audience
4.1 Primary Audience
From the advertisement, obviously we can see there is all Malaysian in the video which include Malay, Chinese and India. Yes, we are actually
targeting all
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The Theory Of The Atom
The atom, a constituent particle of a molecule, affects every aspect of life. The theory of the atom is a phenomenon that has occupied the minds of
many scientists, who implemented their knowledge and wisdom into experiments. The Ancient Greeks were the first known to discover the existence
of the atom. Throughout history the definition of an atom has been changed, added to, and reconfigured, to what we know today.
Democritus was the first who suggested the mere existence of the atom. Democritus lived in the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece as an Ancient
Greek Philosopher. He lived from 460 BC to 370 BC. He believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible, and that they moved in this "void"
or never ending space. Also, he believed atoms to be infinitely small, and that their size cannot be diminished or compressed. He said that atoms did
not have pores, were homogeneous and could be arranged in many different ways. Because the scientific method had not yet been created, Democritus
lacked any experimental support for his atomic philosophy. However, his ideas laid the groundwork for scientists to come.
There was a long hiatus on the study of the atom, but picked back up in the early eighteenth century with a British chemist and schoolteacher with the
name of John Dalton. He lived in the early 1800s in England. He was born in Cumberland England and died in Manchester. Dalton took Democritus's
ideas, elaborated on them and formed them into a scientific theory. There
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Questions and Answers on Ernest Rutherford Essay
What school did Ernest Rutherford go to? How far did he go in his education? Why?
Ernest received his early education in Government schools. At the age of 16 he showed great talent so entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he
was awarded a University scholarship to the University of New Zealand, Wellington. 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship,
enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge. It is believed that Ernest received more scholarships that any other chemist.
Who were Ernest's family? What did they do?
Ernest was born August 30, 1871, in New Zealand he was the 4th child in a family of 7 sons and 5 daughters. His Father James Rutherford, a Scottish
wheelwright immigrated to New Zealand with his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alpha particles are emitted at high speed by some radioactive materials. Rutherford bombarded the gold foil with alpha particles which proved that
particles weren't indivisible. Alpha particles have a positive electric charge and they are much more massive than the electron.
What version of the atom did Ernest discover to be true? How does it compare to today's understanding?
Ernest was forced to discard JJ Thomson's Plum Pudding model, he reasoned that the mass of an atom was concentrated in a nucleus. He thus
developed the model of the atom which put all the protons in the nucleus and the electrons orbited around the nucleus like planets around the sun. The
only difference with today's model is that electrons are now thought to be in electron clouds not in specific orbits.
Which scientists model was before Ernest's? How do they compare?
JJ Thompson's plum–pudding model was just before Ernest's model. It states that atoms are made of electrons and unknown positively charged
particles. These particles are randomly placed inside of the atom. Rutherford's model states that atoms contain protons in a very small space inside the
atom. Most of the atom is empty and the electrons orbit around the nucleus like the planets orbit around the sun.
What did ernest contribute to the structure of the atom?
Through Rutherford's gold foil experiment, Ernest discovered the nucleus of the atom.
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In What Two Ways Can Two Atoms Share Electrons When...
1. Describe the attractive forces and repulsive forces that exist between two atoms as the atoms move closer together.
A. An attractive force occurs between the protons (nucleus) of one atom and the electrons of another atom. a repulsive force is a force that occurs
between like charged electrons and like charged protons of the two atoms.
2. Compare a bond between two atoms to a spring between two students.
A. Each student on either side of the spring represents an atom & the spring between them acts as the bond between them.
3. In what two ways can two atoms share electrons when forming a covalent bond?
A. The electrons can be equally shared (covalent bond) or one atom can provide all of the electrons shared in the bond. The latter is called
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The Physics Of Atomic Theory
Science would not be where it is today if not for those who have devoted a great deal of their life to making new discoveries and figuring different
aspects of the universe. Over 30 different scientists have added on the development of atomic theory, and made science changing discoveries that are
still today quite impressive, even in comparison to modern day scientists. There are countless scientists involved in the evolution of atomic theory, but
less than 50 have majorly impacted the way we view atomic theory today.
Discovery and experimentation on the atom first began in the Greek Era with scientists as old as Democritus and Aristotle. Democritus was believed to
be the first person to touch on the atomic theory. He stated that he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also published a table of atomic weights. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the most important tables in the history atomic
development. He arranged the atoms into 7 groups with similar properties, and published his first periodic table of elements. Not only did it
organize things tremendously, but also allowed Mendeleev to predict new elements. After him in 1873, came James Clerk Maxwell who proposed
that electric and magnetic fields filled the void. Six years later in 1879, Sir William Crookes made an enormous discovery... He studies the effects
of sending and electric current through a gas in a sealed tube. This electrode was called a cathode and the particles were cathode rays. He discovered
that cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a possible
negative charge; cause pinwheels in their path to spin showing they have mass. In 1896 while studying the effect of x–rays on photographic film, Henri
Becquerel discovered some chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off very penetrating rays. He exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight,
believing that uranium absorbed the sun's energy and emitted it as x–rays. This hypothesis was considered to be a failure because it was overcast in
Paris, however Becquerel developed his plates anyways and the images were still clear! This proved
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Personal Understanding of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Being the...
Every element is valuable and unique due to the endless arrangements of sub–atomic particles, which fascinates me. This allows for a diversity of
elemental properties, sparking innovation for chemists to develop new products from different tasting chocolates to materials used for rockets– shaping
society and the environment of the modern world. The sheer range of applications where chemistry is involved inspires me to contribute, while learning,
unlocking why everything behaves the way it does.
With the hydrogen fusion project in construction and the recent use of hydraulic fracturing which has caused environmental and social dispute, I chose
to undertake the extended project qualification related to this, energy, as chemistry leads these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having read Phillip Balls 'the elements', Bill Brysons philosophical book 'short introduction on nearly everything' and a regular reader of chemistry
review; I have encountered various topics and experiments that I would like to know more about, for example colloidal gold, the properties of this
suspended gold, how this happens and its applications.
Outside my academic ability I am passionate about music, playing the bass guitar and guitar. I have performed at school concerts presenting my
creativity to large audiences. I have participated in sport days for high jump, cross country and 800m runs obtaining podium positions using hard
work. I captain a 5 man team in the prestigious berry hall league (5 a side football) at school and we attempt to finish the season on top; I took the
credit of being "the best signing of the season" last year. With the family or solo, I have travelled across Europe, Asia and America developing tastes
for new food, understanding new cultures and apprehending to new environments. As the whole world is involved in Chemistry, my travel experiences
will prove vital in working or studying, involving Chemistry, abroad.
I have been employed, working as a co–secretary for a landscape architecture company. Dealing with memorandums, company's purchase report and
mainly helping with IT. From this, I obtained crucial communicational and presentational skills
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Pricing Strategy Of Proton
6.1 Product As one of the largest automobile manufacturers in Malaysia, the portfolio of Proton models includes Saga, Wira, Waja, Gen.2, Persona,
Savvy, Exora, Satria Neo and Perdana. The product strategy of Proton is to introduce the right car, for the right market, at the right place and at the right
time. After the acquisition of Lotus, Proton adopts Mitsubishi and Lotus automobile technology to improve the consumer confidence towards Proton's
products and the quality of the automobiles. Proton has always strived to produce innovative products to extend its market and attract customers from
categories in terms of age and income. In 2015, Proton has launched its new product, Proton IRIZ. Proton IRIZ Proton IRIZ has 2 four–cylinder petrol
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It has 2 distribution channels, Proton Edar and EON Proton, which has a reduction in number of outlets to 302 outlets in 2008 to reduce the cost.
Proton also has its products distributed globally to various countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, United Kingdom and Australia to expand
its market. The company has also set up showrooms and service centrals at the main cities to attract more local customers and provide convenience for
the customers to obtain Proton's product and receive services after sales. Meanwhile, Proton built its manufacturing plants in Shah Alam and Tanjung
Malim. The manufacturing plants comprise buildings with high technology such as Automatic Line Control to achieve production
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Ous Said..
enefit from a plurality of producers operating in a very competitive market.
The OECD Competition Committee debated oligopolies in 1999. – Extracts.
A formal definition of oligopoly is: "...a market structure with a small number of sellers – small enough to require each seller to take into account its
rivals'current actions and likely future responses to its actions." – Recognised interdependence is the hallmark of oligopoly.
Kantzenbach and Kruse (1987, 10) offer a more technical definition asserting that an oligopoly exists, "... if the variation of a behavioural parameter by
one of a group of competing firms leads to a perceptible change in selling conditions for the other competing firms..., thus causing them...to respond by
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It is also and excellent example of how not to manage your CHANNELS.
What do you think is going to happen to the channels very soon? Will they defect to a more lucrative offer by Toyota or Perodua?
Will they ask the government to bail them out – since most of the channels are owned by quite illustrious Datuks and Tan Sri's.
And what will happen to the many second hand car dealers in the market? Will they have to bear the brunt of the actions taken by the new car dealers
market?
Overall – 2008 is just around the corner, this is the time when the extension granted to PROTON for AFTA comes to an end and the market goes thru
another shake–up. The future is very difficult to predict now that regulations are about to be loosened.
Here is a possible scenario of the future:
2008 – tariffs are brought down to 5% – Industry sales slump to the lowest point in history. PROTON management scrambles to do last minute
methods to halt declining sales –massive promotion and discounting campaign –Trade in at the highest rates
Mid 2008
Most of the channels for Proton bail out. Market share declines to 15%. Surge in sales for Honda and Toyota who now can price much lower.
PERODUA launches 1.5 and 1.6 DVVT Sedan for thier drivers to upgrade – keeping thier share of the market.
GM and VW try to break in to Malaysian market but have a hard time
End 2008 – Share prices for Proton
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How Do Atoms Bond To Form A Molecules?
Introduction Our study of life begins with physics and chemistry. All substances are composed of matter and all matter is composed of atoms. What is
matter? Matter is anything, any substance that have mass and which takes up space and all matter is composed of atom. An atom is a basic unit of a
chemical element and an extremely small amount of a thing. When atoms bond they can form this so called molecule. Molecule is the smallest particle
in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. This term paper could answer the following
questions: What are the atomic structures? If atoms bond to form a molecule what do you call those bonds? What are the processes that are needed to
perform that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules.
Let us furthermore understand what an atom is. Atoms are natures building material. All substances are composed of matter, and all matter is
composed of atoms. Atoms are composed of protons which is the positive charged particles, neutrons is the neutral particles and electrons which it is
the negatively charged particles. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. Electrons are found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus. Negatively
charged electrons circle the nucleus of the atom, while the nucleus is composed of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. An atom's atomic
number refers to its number of protons, while its atomic mass refers to the number of protons and neutrons. Every different atom has a characteristic
number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic number is the number of protons. Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties
and belong to the same element.
Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton. The sum of protons and neutrons is the atoms atomic
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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Renewable Resources
Hydrogen and Fuel cells
Renewable energy
Hydrogen and fuel cells are not technically renewable energy although they are everywhere and don't cause much pollution. With hydrogen, it can
be used as fuel and the only emission is water. By using hydrogen there can be a large reduction in green house gases and air pollution. Plus the
hydrogen can be used in the fuels cells to power electric motors or batteries for electricity. If your wondering what fuel cells is, there pretty much
batteries, or what you would power an electric car with. The only thing about hydrogen is that it is hard to obtain, or it takes more energy to make
it than it gives off. Hydrogen is an element on the periodic table and is in the gas family. Hydrogen's atomic number is 1and it was discovered by a
man by the name of Henry Cavendish in the year of 1766. Hydrogen has no color, taste, and smell, is slightly soluble in water and is highly
explosive. Hydrogen can be found anywhere in the universe and is used as the fuel for many solar reactions. The hydrogen that is in our atmosphere
has three different isotopes and they are called protium, which has one proton, then deuterium, which has one proton and one neutron. Then the third is
tritium, which has one proton and two neutrons. Now if your wondering what protons and neutrons are, then you came to the right place. A proton is
sub atomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom. A neutron is a sub atomic particle with a negative
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Neutrino Research Paper
Neutrinos, which are quite similar to the electrons, are subatomic particles which come from the disintegration of radioactive substances. They are one
of the few particles that make up the entire universe. They are considered the "baby" particles which have very little electric charge. Weak neutrinos can
carry very large parts of information from the universe. Neutrinos have all the needed requirements to be considered in astronomy. They have been
around since the birth of the universe. According to the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory, there are so many neutrinos that they combine
together to sum up to a temperature of 1.9 Kelvin, which is about –271.2 degrees Celsius (All 1). Other neutrinos are consistently being made
unnaturally. Neutrinos are as unique as astronomical messengers because they can come from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beta decay contradicted the law of conservation of energy due to the fact that the energies of electrons emitted by beta decay were shown in an
experiment performed by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in 1911. They then showed discrete spectrums. Instead of the experiment showing electron
energies emitted by beta decay producing discrete spectrums, they should've shown continuous spectrums. In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli introduced the
electron neutrino as an unknown neutron particle with the difference of energy and final particles. Pauli considered it hypothetical. Enrico Fermi
referred to them as neutrinos because the name "neutrino" is the Italian name of the neutron. In 1934, he based a theory of beta decay to include the
neutrino (All 1). They were also referred to them as "ghostly" because of their properties. Because of this, they had to wait about 25 years after these
unknown particles were introduced in order for there to be the first experiment to detect neutrinos. The article "Detection of the Free Neutrino: a
Confirmation" was then awarded with the 1995 Nobel Prize (All
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Atom Research Paper
Atoms
Atom is the fundamental building block of all stuff, or what scientists like to call "matter". An individual atom is very small. In fact, the smallest type
of atom, hydrogen, has a diameter of 10–8 cm. Every single object is composed of atoms. Our body is made up of many, many individual atoms.
There are also many different types of atom. These different types are called elements. Examples of some elements are hydrogen, oxygen, and helium.
Under normal conditions many atoms can stick together to form larger, different stuff. Scientists call material that results from the joining of different
types of atoms "compounds". Atoms are not the smallest things there but are made up of still smaller stuff. Also, atoms can be broken apart... Show
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At a later moment, they are struck more on another side and so change their direction of motion. Many scientists, who had previously resisted the
notion of atoms because they could not be observed, were convinced by Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion. Now we have special
microscopes capable of enabling us to see single atoms. A molecule may consist of two or more different kinds of atoms or may consist of one or
more of the same kind if atom. For example, the two principal of gases of the air of our atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen. Each molecule of
gaseous nitrogen is composed of two atoms of nitrogen bound together by electrical forces, and likewise for gaseous oxygen. A rarer gas in our
atmosphere is carbon dioxide, a molecule of which contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. On the other hand, molecule of helium gas
contains only one atom of helium. Atoms are bound together to form molecules by electrical forces.
The composition of atoms Atoms are neutral as a whole, they consist of smaller particles that are electrically charged. If two atoms are far apart
compared to the size of the atoms, each atom acts like an electrically neutral object because the effects of the positive and negative charges cancel each
other out. However, if the atoms are close together, each feels the electrical forces from the charged constituents of the other because the positive and
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Atomic Structure: A Positively Charged Electron
Atomic Structure
All atoms are made up of three microscopic components; a positively charged proton, a neutral neutron, and a negatively charged electron. The proton
and neutron make up the nucleus (the center) which makes up the entire mass of the atom. The number of protons determines the atomic properties and
the atomic number of the element. Protons also determine electron affinity; the atoms size depends on how attracted the electrons are to the protons.
The electron(s) orbit around the nucleus; they orbit so fast that they create an electron cloud. Outer electrons are further away from the nucleus because
electrons in lower orbital shells shield the positive pull. Additionally, electrons are curial in bonding. Chemical Bonds
There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a water molecule, for example, oxygen is more electronegative so the electrons orbit around the oxygen more than the hydrogens. In nonpolar
molecules, the electrons orbit each atom equally. Ionic bonds are formed from an anion and a cation. The electrons are not shared. The metal readily
gives up its electron and the nonmetal readily accepts the electron. Examples of ionic bonds are within salts. In biology, hydrogen bonds are very
weak, like in DNA, but from a chemical stand point, they are strong. Conversely, many hydrogen bonds can be very strong. Hydrogen bonds are only
created with a hydrogen attached to a nitrogen, oxygen, and/or fluorine atom.
Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are simply at least two molecules reacting together to form a new molecule (products). In chemical reactions,
bonds are broken and formed. An example of a physical change would be the bumper of my Ford Ranger rusting compared to a physical change
which would be water boiling or freezing. For the most part, chemical changes cannot be reversed whereas physical changes can. Examples of
chemical reactions in regards to molecular biology include cellular respiration and
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Analysis Of The Nothing That Is A Natural History Of Zero...
The Nothing that is about Everything The Nothing That Is A Natural History of Zero by Robert Kaplan is a book literally a book about the
number zero and how it was formed. He takes the reader on a journey through time and shows the transformation of not just zero but numbers in
general from multiple countries and empires. Kaplan starts off his book by describing zero and what its possibilities are in the world. Then he
jumps into the Sumerians who were one of the first to create a number system comprised of stick that had a triangle on the top. Slowly their
number system evolved but never had a zero. They started making place holders for the larger numbers and assigning different sizes to the shapes
in order to show a larger amount. He then moves on to the Greeks who he credits the discovery of zero. It is believed that the O came from the
Greek word omicron which is the first letter of ouden or nothing. Zero was not originally used to show the absences of something but as a place
holder or a space between other numbers. It was then used by Greek astronomers as anything from minutes and seconds to degrees but still not as
zero today. It wasn't until 730 AD that the Greeks used an informal way to show zero. They would count using their fingers and zero was a relaxed
hand. The Greeks even created a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Indians created their own type of arithmetic called Bakhsali and they had to learn to solve fractions and multiply them. Hindus was one of the
people to uses this math to solve many different problems like foiling and solving for x. Another important figure is Donald Knuth who came up
with exponents they were originally pictured as 3 3. The more arrows placed in between the threes the more exponents were stacked on each other.
Later on Kaplan shows a property of zero, he is setting quadratics equal to zero so they can be
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
How Did Henri Becquerel Discovered The Discovery Of The...
Shortly after the discovery of X–rays, another form of strong rays were discovered. In 1896, French scientist Henri Becquerel discovered natural
radioactivity. Many scientists of the period were working with cathode rays, and other scientists were gathering evidence on the theory that the atom
could be subdivided. Some of the new research showed that certain types of atoms break by themselves. It was Henri Becquerel who discovered this
experience while investigating the properties of fluorescent minerals. Becquerel was researching the principles of fluorescence, wherein certain
minerals glow (fluoresce) when exposed to sunlight. He utilized photographic plates to record this fluorescence.
One of the minerals Becquerel worked with was a uranium
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Proton Company Case Study
1.3 Problem Statement
A problem statement is a move that a document makes to help the reader realize why that is important. Problem statement that I would like to state in
this study is in formal way and informal way. Problem that has been existing in the Malaysian Automotive Industry is involving the reputation,
government policies, consumer perceptions and competitiveness. One of the problems faced by Malaysian Automotive Industry is reputation. For many
years Proton car is always being branded as a cheap and below par car manufacturer. Due to this unwanted reputation, consumers are sceptical about
Malaysian cars where it does not guarantee any assurance. Since Proton was formed in 1985, Proton managed to breakthrough in domestic and
international market as an affordable car. But over the years, Proton has compete aggressively with other automotive manufacturers due to localization
of many foreign manufacturers in Malaysia. Due to the localization, foreign cars has been in the market in lower prices. This makes Proton as a car
that does not have resale value because the pricing of Malaysian cars depreciates rapidly each year. The second problem that Malaysian Automotive
Industry is government policies. For many years Proton has been one of the most important GLC's in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Malaysian Automotive Industry should like towards globalization because globalization factor is essential to push Proton moving forward. This
research promises some rebuilding strategies in Proton. Knowledge Management would be the best solution for the automotive performance. KM
strategy can help idea and knowledge coordination in Proton. I believe this can help the Malaysian Automotive Industry to revamp their industry to
make Proton as one of the growing force in the automotive sector. Research and development should be given extra
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Atoms In Electrons
Atoms in Electrons "Energy levels in Atoms exist all over the world. Some atoms consist of protons and neutrons making up a nucleus; they are
surrounded by electrons. Rutherford made designs and conclusions to develop his nuclear atomic model. Although Rutherford's model couldn't
explain other properties of elements, such as why metals or compounds of metals give off colors when the flame is heated" (Wilbraham et al 136).
John Dalton. (Early nineteenth century) He combined an idea of elements with the earlier theory of atoms. He had the following ideas about matter:
(1) matter is made up of atoms. (Wikipedia) Matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of different elements combine in simple
whole–number ratios to form chemical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are all somehow using electromagnetic radiation differ only in their wave length, frequency and energy. All of these forms of energy as
well as many others are organized to what is called "The electromagnetic spectrum." All types of electromagnetic energy travel through space as
waves. So, knowing what a wave is first, it is defined as the distance a wave travels as it completes the cycle. That distance is measured in the
appropriate pomegranate for length which can vary from pedometers to kilometers. The frequency of a wave is the count of how many cycles occur
in a given period of time, and it is measured in hertz or in cycle per second. The speed of a wave is the product of its wave length and frequency.
Electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed, which is the speed of light through a vacuum. It follows through this relationship between speed,
frequency, and wavelength; that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency. This means that if all else is equal, then increasing the
frequency of a wave will decrease the wave length
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The Importance Of Energy Experiments
The initial hypothesis of this lab was mostly refuted by the data with some exceptions. While most of the data showed that there was no true
relationship between the number of valence electrons and the number of spectral lines, a few of the elements did prove to have said relationship. For
instance, the elements Lithium, Sodium, Barium, and Potassium all had valence electron numbers that lined up with the wavelengths. Additionally,
when reviewing the first graph, it is clear that there is no obvious trend or correlation within the data. This became evident through the extreme
differences between the numbers within the first graph. However, through the second graph, it became clear that this is a much more accurate
representation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the initial reasoning behind the hypothesis makes sense, but was proved wrong as a different pattern was discovered. Perhaps had the
lab been executed slightly differently, a different trend would have been found, or possibly the data would have supported the hypothesis. While only
given one class period to complete this lab, it is possible that it was slightly rushed, resulting in different results. Additionally, it would have been
beneficial to test each element more than once to ensure that the most accurate information was being gathered. This may have led to unexpected
results as something may have gone wrong with the Spectrometer and its data collection. It is also a possibility that the Spectrometer was not given
enough time to fully collect the data. Perhaps it was not close enough to the flame, or it was turned off before it was finished gathering information.
There are a few points of uncertainty–––as mentioned above–––in the lab procedure that could have led to varying results. For instance, the procedure
was repeated multiple times for certain elements, but others were only tested twice. This is definitely a point of inconsistency, las it would have been
better to test all of the elements multiple times if we were doing it to a select few. Through discussion with other participants of this lab, everyone
gathered vastly different results. While the same data was
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Atomic Number Is A Correct Answer
Atomic number, is a correct answer. Atomic number is the total number of proton of the element. (Gilbert, 2012) It is always used to differentiate the
elements since every element have their unique atomic number. The differences of atomic number enabled elements to react with other substances
differently. For example, Neon which haveatomic number of 8, acts like an inert gas. Meanwhile group 1 element Sodium which have atomic number of
11, reacts vigorously with water. Such characteristic have made elements unique from each other.
Choice C. Mass number, is an incorrect answer. Mass number is the total number ofproton and neutron of the element. The unit for mass number is
atomic mass unit(amu) or Dalton(Da). (Brand, 2013) The presence of isotopes might cause two elements to have the same atomic weight. For example,
the atomic weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This explains why elements in periodic table are not differentiated and grouped based on their atomic weight.
Choice D. Only A and B are correct, is not a correct answer. Since atomic weight (choice A) is not a correct answer, choice D is eliminated.
Choice E. Only A, B, C are correct, is an incorrect answer. Since atomic weight (choice A), and mass number (choice C) are incorrect answer, choice E
is eliminated.
The ability to differentiate elements through atomic numbers is helpful in real world. The elements are grouped together in the periodic table based on
the number of valence electrons which are related to the atomic number of the element. The elements in the same group always have similar chemical
properties. Such knowledge enabled us to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the material. In order to improve the
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Atomic Bomb Definition Essay
ATOMIC NUMBER & MASS– atomic no. refers to no. of protons in the nucleus (determines what each element is)
– Atomic mass equals total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons.
– The atomic number and atomic mass increases as you go both across the period and down the group. The atomic mass and the atomic number
increases as the nuclei gaining more neutrons and protons.
– Going left to right on the periodic table, the atomic mass increases as protons are being added to the nucleus, more protons attract the outer electrons
the nucleus bringing them closer to the nucleus.
ATOMIC RADIUS helps measure the size of its atoms, usually distance between nucleus and its valence electrons.
– Atomic radius increases moving down a group as energy levels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electrons increase, which atoms contribute to the 'sea of electrons'. The melting point rises due to bigger molecules meaning the heat energy supply
must also get bigger.
– Moving across the period metals generally have a high melting point while most non–metals have low melting points.
– The particles in a solid are held together by intermolecular forces and to convert a solid into liquid you therefore must overcome the forces.
– Going down group 1, when any of the metals are melted, the bond (metallic) has been weakened so the atoms then can more freely, the decrease in
melting point when going down the group shows a decrease in strength.
– Going down group 4, the bonds change from covalent to metallic, decreasing the strength of the bonds as atoms increase and the bonds get bigger.
– melting point decreases as molecules get bigger, therefore the probability of temporary dipoles occurring increases and this is responsible for the
attractions. Molecules with greater dipoles need more energy to break these bonds causing the melting point to be higher.
DENSITY – is the relationship between the mass and volume of a substance
– Density will increase when going down the group as mass has a large increment compared to
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Hi Darwin Essay
Hi Jenny, The "warm little pond" is a theory that many modern biologist believe all life originated from. Whilst there had been plenty of theories prior
to Darwin's on the origin of life, his was the first that proposed an explanation that is consonant with the larger picture of evolution of life on earth.
Darwin's theory of "the warm little pond" stipulates that life originated in shallow bodies of water that contained very simple chemicals present in
early earth. Adding the presence of an energy source such as heat, light or electricity, Darwin believed that life could form. The most significant test of
this theory was the Urey–miller experiment in the 1950's. This involved sending an electrical current through a sealed flask containing a chemical
solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water which were all the chemicals thought to be present in very early earth. At the conclusion of the
experiment, two percent of the carbon had formed amino acid 13 of which that are used to make proteins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
al 2014) citing that the Miller–Urey experiment only provides one possible mechanism for their abiotic synthesis, and does not explain the origin of
life. It has since been discovered, that the earth's early atmosphere is nothing like what Urey and Miller recreated in the flask with scientists believing
that the Earth had a very neutral atmosphere, similar to the current atmospheres of mars and Venus comprising mostly of carbon dioxide with small
amounts of hydrogen and nitrogen. This led to the proposal of new theories such as (Mulkidjanian Galperin 2009) theory suggesting that life on Earth
originated at photosynthetically–active porous structures, similar to deep–sea hydrothermal vents, made of zinc sulfide. They stipulate that under the
high pressure of a carbon dioxide dominated atmosphere, these zinc suffice structures could form on the surface of the
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Albert Einstein's Atomic Bomb Experiments
Atoms, when thinking of this word the terms of protons, electrons and, neutrons come to mind. Also what comes to the mind of every chemist and
most people are the names of J.J Thompson, E.R Rutherford, Robert Millikan, and of course Albert Einstein. These people made some astonishing
advancements in the work of atoms from Thompsons's cathode ray experiment to Einstein's photoelectric effect experiment and what they hold in
common is that these are the great experiments that learn and understand atoms to this very day. Starting off with J.J Thompson he was and still, is
highly esteemed for his discovery of the negatively charged particles within the atom, later to be known as electrons. What he is even more so
esteemed for is, his cathode ray ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when, shown through the examination that when light is beamed onto a piece of metal, a small current flows through the metal. The light is
giving its energy to the electrons in the atoms of the metal and granting them access to move around, generating the current. However, not all colors of
light alter metals in this way. No matter how bright a red light you have, it will not make a current in a metal, but even a faint blue light will event in a
current flowing. With light as photons, Einstein showed that red light can't displace electrons because its distinct photons don't have enough energy –
the impacts are just not large enough to shift the electrons. However, blue light can dislodge electrons – each individual photon has more energy than
the red photon. And photons of ultraviolet light, which have yet more energy, will give electrons enough energy to go or spring off away from the
metal altogether. These contributions now make up the basic grounds for what we know of atoms today. As science grows, we will see that we can go
further in this and not only prove these same experiments but improve them. It was the work of these four J.J Thompson, Rutherford, Millikan and,
Einstein that we have this information now and are to utilize it to the very last
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The Biological Significance Of The Properties Of Water Essay
The Biological Significance Of The Properties Of Water
The human body 15% lipids, 12% proteins but by far the biggest % is water which makes up a massive 70% of the human body. This is the
equivalent of 49kg in an average male adult human of mass 70kg. This is a good indication of just how important water is in the human life.
Without water we would not be able to life and Earth is therefore the only planet in this galaxy with life as we know it except for Mars where ice has
been discovered so water may have been present once.
Water is a polar molecule, meaning that it has a positive and a negative pole. This is due to the fact that the water is anoxygen atom covalently bonded
to 2 separate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is this cohesion that allows water to travel up tree trunks to the highest branches on trees, if the cohesion was weaker the water would simply flow
back down the xylem vessels due to gravity, therefore without this property of water tall trees and plants would die.
This cohesion of the water creates a surface tension on the surface of water in for example, a pond. In a pond small insects such as pond skaters
which are relatively dense can float on the water and live on the surface of the water. Without the tension such organisms would have no habitat and
would die.
Water also acts as a good temperature buffer to stabilise experiments within cells. Due to the hydrogen bonds produced bonds between the water
molecules water is given the following properties relating to heat and temperature :–
1. Relatively high heat capacity
2. Relatively large latent heat of vaporisation
3. Relatively large latent heat of fusion
These three properties are very similar and basically mean that a relatively large amount of energy required to change the temperature or state of water.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4184J/kg, over 40 times that of sodium chloride. This means that a lot of energy is required to change the
temperature of water and it is that fact that makes this property very useful in enzyme action. Enzymes in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Periodic Table Research Paper
Every day of your life a basic element is used. There's not a day that goes by that you can survive without some of the elements on the periodic table.
For example the air we breath is made up of elements, we can not live without oxygen, when we go to the dentist, we get our teeth covered in fluoride.
The Periodic Table is basically built like a sectional grid. On the periodic table the elements are arranged in eight sections in order of atomic number
which allows scientists to clearly identify the properties of the elements. The structure has rows and columns separating each element by characteristics.
Each square has its own element containing an atomic number, symbol, name and atomic mass.
The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number. The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of
protons. Electrons are the smallest of the three parts that make up atoms. Both protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. Electrons are sometimes
found in the orbitals or the shells. The atoms of elements have different numbers. Every element has its own unique atomic number. That number tells
you the number of protons in every atom of the element. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having this job you are mixing chemicals making substances. Just about everything you mix is going to have at least one atom that comes from the
periodic table. For example a Bell Metal mixes about a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin. Bell metal ore is a sulfide of tin, copper, and iron called stannite.
According to the Hunting Elements video, only few bells come out the right way, after mixing, pouring, and letting sit overnight. You take on a very
risky job being a ET, items are being demolished right in front of your eyes. An ET I'll work in a variety of environments, the military, fire and police
departments, construction and demolition, mining and other
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Atoms Within Magnets
All magnets produce their own invisible magnetic field that's unable to be seen with the naked eye, and each magnetic field interacts with other
magnetic fields. Magnets are made of metals like iron ore, iron, or alloys, which is a mixture of metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal. Magnets only
react with certain metals such as iron, steel, nickel, or cobalt. They have two poles, one of them is north pole, while the other is called the south pole.
The opposite poles attract, while the same ones repel one another. Everything is made of atoms, and magnets are no exceptions (Rutledge, McDaniel,
Boudreau, Ramroop, Teng, Sprout, Costa, Hall, & Hunt, 2012). Atoms within magnets contain electrons which carries electrical charges. These
electrons circumvent
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Proto Pump Inhibitors Essay
Description/Synopsis: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Laryngopharyngeal
reflux (LPR) due to their potential to inhibit gastric acid production. Unfortunately, high doses of PPIs are associated with adverse health outcomes.
The use of PPIs has been shown to affect the absorption of minerals and vitamin–like calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Not only the risk of other severe
conditions like hyperparathyroidism, diarrhea and pneumonia increases upon the long–term use of PPIs but the negative effects also extend to
coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic diseases. PPIs reduce the efficacy of the drug clopidogrel which inhibits platelet activation thereby
contributing to coronary heart disease and myocardial... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is further reported to induce atrophic gastritis which can ultimately lead to gastric carcinoma. Results of study: PPIs are generally considered safe,
but initial studies reported that the short–term use of this drug (8 months) was associated with adverse effects like vomiting/nausea, dizziness,
headache, and hypersensitivity reaction. On the basis of these observations, thereafter, several studies unraveled potential long–term effects of PPI
therapy. The studies reveal that upon intake of PPIs calcium absorption efficiency decreases by 41% in elderly women. It is shown that odds ratio
for hip fracture increase with the intake of PPIs over subsequent years from 1.22 at one year, 1.41 at two years, 1.54 at three years to 1.59 at four
years. A significant difference in the value was seen between men and women and the odds ratio was analyzed to be 1.78 vs 1.36, respectively. A
study further showed the increment in the odds ratio to 1.62 and 1.92 respectively upon the use of PPIs for 5 and 7 years, respectively. The OR for
Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with the use of PPIs for above a year was
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Physics Of The Atomic Theory
Matter is anything made up of atoms and molecules and the study of these "things" called atoms dates back to the time of Ancient Greece to the
present. The information about atoms known today is certainly much greater than what was known centuries ago. First, there were only hypotheses on
this idea that everything in the world is made up of tiny, unseeable particles. As technology advanced, these hypotheses were tested, critiqued, modified,
and built upon. A mass of knowledge is known regarding atoms, thanks to the research of numerous chemists and physicists. The atomic theory is the
building block to the study of matter, just as the atom is the building block to all matter. Around 400 BCE was when the Greek philosopher
Democritus, alone with his teacher Leucippus, the idea of the atom was born (the word atom comes from the Greek word "atomos" or "atomon"
meaning "that which cannot be split"). This was a completely new concept, and Democritus's theory stated that atoms were indestructible and
homogenous, and different states of matter were made up of differently shaped atoms: solids had sharp and pointy atoms and liquids had large round
atoms. Later these ideas would be proved inaccurate, however, this was the beginning of the discovery of the atom even though the people of this time
had no instruments capable of testing the theory. It was not until centuries later that the atomic theory was truly looked at again. In 1803 an English
chemist and physicist named
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Protons And Neutrons
Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons have positive charge; electrons have negative charge and neutrons are neutral. The
magnitude of charges of protons and neutrons is the same. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while the electrons moves around it. Mass
number is addition of the protons and neutrons. Atomic number is the number of protons. [1] The mass of an atom is less than the number we obtain by
adding up the masses of all the protons and neutrons. This is the binding energy. The nucleus of an atom determines if it is stable or unstable. The
higher the binding energy, the more stable an atom is. Unstable nuclei are radioactive, where they decay until they form stable nuclei. They emit
different particles to form more stable daughter nuclei. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alpha particles are composed of 2 protons and also 2 neutrons. It has a plus 2 charge. They are the nucleus of a helium atom. When an unstable
nuclei releases an alpha particle, the mass number decreases by 4, and the atomic number decreases by 2. This means that a new element forms due
to this emission. Alpha particles are released by relatively large nuclei. [3] It can travel across the air, however does not travel well in solid. Alpha
particles are able to ionize the solid that it is passing through. [4] Beta particles occurs when an unstable nuclei emits an electron, which has a negative
charge. To conserve the charges in the atom, one of the neutrons in the nucleus spontaneously changes into aproton. The mass number stays the same,
however, the atomic number increases by 1. [3] This also means that a new element forms. It can travel through air and compared to alpha particles,
they can penetrate through solid matter more, however its ionization ability is less than the alpha particles. [4] The other type of emission is gamma
rays. Gamma rays are photons; they are a
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Liam Goldsworthy On Protons
Liam Goldsworthy – What are electrons, protons and neutrons made of? – Essay
Everything that exists in the world is made up of atoms, from the asteroids that float around in space to the very cells inside a human body. Atoms are
everywhere and that's because atoms make up everything. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, each element has different amount of
protons, neutrons and electrons. For instance one Helium atom has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons. Helium is an extremely stable element
so there are no variations such as ions or isotopes. So we know that atoms make up everything in the universe and atoms are made up of protons,
neutrons and electrons. So what makes protons, neutrons and electrons? Diagram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electrons are known to fall into orbits or energy levels. These orbits are not visible like the orbit of a planet or celestial body. The reason is that
atoms are so small and the best microscopes can only view so much of atoms at that scale. Even if we could view electrons they would move too fast
for the human eye. We can only estimate where the electrons are, that is why the modern model of the atoms has anelectron cloud surrounding the
nucleus of an atom instead of a set orbit. Electrons are classed under as fermions seen in diagram 3, as far as we know electrons have no internal
structure instead they are oscillations of the electron field or quantum field
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Sodium: One Of The Most Fascinating Elements On The...
Sodium is one of the most well known and abundant yet fascinating elements on the periodic table. Sodium was given its name after a chemist who
electrolytically produced a heretofore unknown element from molten soda. This gave him the new element that he named sodium after the word soda
which is the collective name for several forms of sodium carbonate. The word "soda" likely came from the Arabic word "suda" which means
headache. This element has eleven protons, eleven neutrons, and no electrons. This gives it an atomic number of eleven and an atomic mass of
22.989768. Sodium is a metal which means that it is an effective conductor of electricity as well as heat. Compounds of sodium had been known off
and used extensively throughout ancient times but sodium as its own element was not discovered until 1807. The man who discovered it was an
English chemist named... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These areas include the Earth's crust, which is about three percent sodium, the ocean, where eighty percent of the material dissolved in it is sodium
chloride, and in evaporated prehistoric seas and mineral deposits. In the early 1900s, an American chemist named Hamilton Young Castner developed
the Castner process to commercially produce and isolate sodium from compounds such as sodium chloride. It was a modification of Davy's process to
allow more to be produced. Sodium is a one of the most abundant elements on planet and it is most commonly found in salt or as sodium chloride.
Sodium has just one naturally occurring isotope called sodium–23. However, there are six radioactive isotopes that are known of. The most common
and most used of these six are sodium–22 and sodium–24. They are used in the medical field as well as in things like pipes to detect when oil is
leaking. Other uses of sodium are in power plants as a heat exchange medium, in light bulbs because of its yellow flame, and in artificial rubber. The
most common use is in salt as a flavor
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John Dalton
John Dalton was born in 1766 in England. At the age of 14 years old, Dalton became a teacher and taught at a Quaker school in his village, where he
attended until eleven years old. "Dalton continued teaching himself science, mathematics, Latin, Greek and French." At the age of 26, he taught
mathematics and natural philosophy at Manchester's New College. In 1794, he wrote his first scientific paper about color blindness. Although it was
later proven wrong, he was the first to research about it. He then wrote more scientific papers about "heat conduction, gas expansion by heat, the
properties of light, the aurora borealis, and meteorology" (Famous Scientists).
The discovery of the atomic theory begins in 1801 when Dalton gave a series of lectures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, all atoms of a particular element are identical. Third, atoms of different elements have different properties. Fourth, Atoms cannot be destroyed
nor created. Fifth, in a chemical reaction, atoms link to one another, or separated from one another. Finally, atoms combine in whole number ratios to
form compounds (Famous Scientists).
Dalton's Atomic Theory has changed chemistry for the better. Without his research, the world would probably be different today. "The splitting of the
atom in the 20th century could most likely not have been accomplished without Dalton laying the foundation of knowledge about the atomic makeup of
simple and complex molecules." Dalton's discovery has allowed mankind to manufacture chemical compounds with the correct proportions of different
elements for certain compounds. Because of his theory, humans are able to make the right medicines to cure people from sickness. His discovery has
taken the knowledge of mankind to the next level.
John Dalton was an intelligent person. His Atomic Theory has been carried on for many centuries and never has been proven wrong. Dalton has
helped mankind to understand the nature of materials. He passed away in 1844 due to a series of
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How Atoms Are Made Out Of Molecules
Atoms:
Introduction to :
Matter is basically everything. Everything is made out of matter and matter is made out of molecules which are made out of atoms. Everything you
look at whether it is a liquid a solid or a gas is made out of atoms. In this essay I will tell you what atoms are made out of. After that I will tell you
about the molecules in each form of matter (liquid, solid, gas). After that I will tell you about positive, negative, and neutral charges.
What are atoms made out of?
Atoms are made out of neutrons, protons, and electrons.The nucleus is like a shell around the middle of the atom. Inside this shell, there are protons.
There are also neutrons. Outside of the nucleus there are electrons. The electrons orbit around the nucleus. This is how atoms are constructed. If you
put these atoms together they create molecules which then create matter. Matter can take a liquid, solid or gas form.
Forms of matter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A liquid is considered a liquid when it has the ability to flow. The reason a liquid can flow is because the particles are able to move each other.
Atoms can form molecules. There are many different types of molecules. One type is a water molecule. Water a molecules are formed with two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. This the one of the most common molecules. Liquids are dense which means that these molecules are packed
closely together. Like a liquid, solids are also usually very dense and have a pattern of molecules. All the molecules would be the same distance apart.
With liquids however this is not true. With liquids however, they are close to each other but are not lined up. One molecule might be 1 millimeter
away but another might be 2. A gas is completely different from the two. A gases molecules are spread apart and
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What Is The Unequal Sharing Of Electrons In Nuclear Molecules
Chapter 2: The Chemistry and Energy of Life
Concept 2.1
What is the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom? An equal amount of protons and neutrons are placed together in the center of
the atom. The nucleus contains the protons and neutrons. Electrons are surrounded on the outside rings of the atom.
According to the octet rule, what would be the simplest way for a sodium atom to achieve electron stability? A sodium atom only has one valence
electron. So, the best way to achieve electron stability is to bond with a halogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain why or why not. Generally, the neutron determines its chemical stability, although in the case of deuterium the isotope remains stable. This is
because there is insignificant mass difference between protons and neutrons.
Concept 2.2
How do differences in electronegativity result in the unequal sharing of electrons in polar molecules? A molecule containing an atom with high
electronegativity will be more polar than a molecule containing an atom with a lower electronegativity. The higher the electronegativity the more
insatiable the atom becomes when it comes to sharing.
For each of the following, is it a Hydrogen bond donor, acceptor, both, or neither? Aldehyde is a hydrogen bond acceptor. Amino is a hydrogen bond
acceptor and donor. Hydroxyl is both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor.
What are the functional groups on this molecule? What is the R group to which they are attached? Is the R group hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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Essay on Ernest Rutherford and The Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand born British physicist who is famously known for "splitting the atom." His work on the gold foil experiment
contributed greatly to the model of the atom and helped develop the standard model of the atom to what we now use today. Without his contributions
we would still be using the Plum Pudding model, an out dated and incorrect model, and we would have less of an understanding of how atoms form
the world around us.
Before Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment the most popular model of the atom was the "plum pudding model" developed in 1904 by the person
who also discovered the electron in 1897, J.J. Thompson. It was the most common model of the atom and stated that electrons (plum) floated around
with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He positioned a variety of metal foil in the route of the alpha rays, including gold, silver, tin, copper and aluminium (at different times) to observe
whether the flashes of light moved, spread out, or changed at all. He found that as the various metals disrupted the paths of the rays the flashes
become more spread out. This result indicated that alpha particles were being deflected as they passed through the metals. Rutherford wanted to
know if alpha particles could be deflected at a larger angle, as the current tool developed by Geiger could only measure deflection of up to a few angles.
Geiger was joined by Ernest Marsden to create a new instrument to detect whether alpha particles could be deflected at greater angles. This device
was different from the previous in the way that the gold foil and radium were both inside a metal cylinder, which was fixed to a swivel. The
microscope attached penetrated the wall of the cylinder. The lens of the microscope was covered in a zinc sulphide screen and the microscope could be
moved in a full circle around the foil so Geiger could tally the flashes of light from every possible angle. He observed alpha particles deflecting by as
much as 150В°.
The results of this experiment proved the plum pudding model of the atom to be incorrect as some of the alpha particles (helium atoms) deflected
meaning the atom has a dense centre of positive charge. Particles either hit the positive
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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Biology 108 Worksheet Essay

  • 1. Biology 108 Worksheet Essay 1. Define science – Science is the development of concepts about the natural world , often by using the scientific method 2. Define multicellular organism – are those organisms containing more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform various functions. 3. Identify the 3 domains of living things. Which domains include one–celled organisms with no nucleus? a) Organized, Homeostatic & Reproduce. b) Bacteria & Archaea 4. Modern taxonomists (scientists who classify organisms) no longer use the classification of the kingdom of Protists. List the three other kingdoms of Eukarya. Plants, Fungi & Animals 5. List and give a brief explanation of the steps of the scientific method. The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The reporter may misunderstand what is printed 9. Which types of URL's on the internet are considered more reliable when trying to find a website with scientific information? URL's that end in .edu, .gov, and .org. Which types of URL's should you carefully question and verify? URL's that end in .com or .net. Why? Because quite a bit of scientific info on the Inet is intended to entice people. 10. What is anecdotal data? Testimonies by individuals rather than results from a controlled, clinical study which isn't reliable. Why is it considered unreliable supporting scientific information? Because it's subjective. 11. Why is correlation data (data showing that two events occurred at the same time) not necessarily meaningful? Because one factor might not be the cause of the other. 12. Briefly define the following: Matter is anything that takes up space. Element is any substance that can't be broken down into substances with different properties. Atom is the smallest part of an element that displays the properties of the element. 13. What are the subatomic particles and what is the electrical charge of each? Protons (positively charged), Neutrons (electrically neutral), both found in the Nucleus of the atom & Electrons (negatively charged). Where in the atom is each of these particles found? In the orbital (Electrons) 14. Which two types of bonds join atoms into ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 2. Concepts of Electrostasis Week Five Textbook Exercises Geoffrey Anderson PHY/101 December 9, 2014 Mr. Craig Spencer Week Five Textbook Exercises Chapter 22: Electrostatics 8) When combing your hair, you scuff electrons from your hair onto the comb. Is your hair then positively or negatively charged? How about the comb? –The hair becomes positively charged and the comb becomes negatively charged; since, the electrons went from your hair to the comb and the more electrons there is makes an object more negative. 18)It is relatively easy to strip the outer electrons from a heavy atom like that of uranium (which then becomes a uranium ion), but it is very difficult to remove the inner electrons. Why do you suppose this is so? –Outer electrons are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The second wire has twice the length and twice the number of turns than the first wire. 43)The metal wing of an airplane acts like a "wire" flying through Earth's magnetic field. A voltage is induced between the wing tips, and a current flows along the wing, but only for a short time. Why does the current stop even though the airplane continues flying through Earth's magnetic field? –The current stops even though the airplane continues to fly through the Earth's magnetic field, because the losses which occurred when a motor operates a generator and when the voltage is stepped up by a transformer is not considered. After the completion of each cycle, the energy outputted decreases due to the losses in the motor, the generator, and the transformer. Therefore, this will stop. Chapter 32: The Atom and the Quantum 6)Why does classical physics predict that atoms should collapse? –According to classical physics, an accelerated charged particle emits radiation. An electron that is orbiting the nucleus should radiate energy and move into a spiral path that ends at the nucleus. Therefore, atoms should collapse from a classical physics description. 28)When and where do Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap? –When the size of the system is very large compared to the de Brogue wavelength, the Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap.
  • 3. Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 16)Two protons in an ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 4. Hands-On Science With Squishy Circuit Analysis In the two articles, "Energy Story, Conducting Solutions and the video "Hands–On Science with Squishy Circuits are similar because they all talk about how important electricity. They all have something to do with science and electricity. They talk about the importance of it and they're all involved with science and electricity. The stories and videos all talk about what electricity is and how it is important they also teach you about it. All of these stories/video have all been informative. The differences between "Energy Story, Conducting Solutions, and Hands–On Science with squishy circuits" are those two are articles and the other one is a video. Also The Energy Story talks about what is inside of anatom which are neutrons protons and electrons. When Conducting Solutions talk about ions. Like what they are what's inside it and other questions. The video talks about how play dough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Conducting Solutions is important in life because it apart of science. If you want to be a scientist, then you would need to know what conducting solutions is. This article also talks about ions and electrical currents. Some demonstrations of this are ammonia vinegar mixed with molecules solutions and conduct electricity. Some water contains ions which conducts electricity really well Conducting Solutions is really important to know. The video "Hands–On Science with squishy circuits" is about when this woman and her student Sam learn to make play dough turn into science and it's still fun. For example, they make a sushi play dough and they get electricity lights and you need salt and sugar to make the lights light up. In conclusion, all of these stories are very similar and yet different. Like the Energy Story talks about how important electricity is and how it can affect our lives. These stories give out a lot of information and they can help us with our daily ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 5. Helium: Periodic Table Of Elements Helium is an element. It is in the first period, in group 8 in the periodic table of elements. Helium is also a nonmetal. Its element symbol is He, and it has an atomic number of 2, and an atomic mass or molar mass of 4.003 amu. This means that helium contains 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons. Helium is the second most common element on the universe. Helium is a noble gas, a noble gas is a substance that does not have color, taste or odor, and they are not flammable. Noble gases were originally labeled as group 0 in the periodic table because once they were discovered they believed that they were not able to bond to any other atoms, meaning that they weren't able to combine with other elements to be able to form chemical compounds. Now they have discovered that some noble gases do form compounds. [1] Helium was discovered by some astronomers named, Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer. Pierre was studying the suns spectrum when he noticed a yellow line. Later Norman discovered that the line could not be produced by any elements they had known in that time. Noticing that a new element was formed that came from the suns spectrum. [4]... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... But we are using helium so much that we are using more helium that is being produced, so there are new technologies that are trying to find ways to recycle helium to slow down the problem. There are times that the balloon you inflated with helium begins to sink, that is because the helium can leak from the balloon. Helium is less dense than normal air, so at times when people inhale it causes their voice to change becoming higher than normal. Helium is a gas but can turn from liquid to solid, there just needs to be a temperature of absolute zero. When helium is liquid it is used to cool some metals for superconductivity use. [4] Those are some fun facts on ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 6. Estepr Theory Lab The purpose of this lab was to determine the atomic structure of small molecules and ions which we did by drawing Lewis Dot Structures, drawing molecular geometries, and using the VSEPR model on a computer. The VSEPR Theory states that molecular geometries of molecules can be predicted through their number of electron pairs on the central atom because these electrons will repulse each other as much as they can while still being bound to the central atom. The Lewis Dot Structures and the molecular geometries that we were asked to draw were in order for us to have background knowledge of how each molecule was shaped before we had to make them on the computer. Most of the angles we calculated in the molecular geometry section of our lab were similar to the ones we predicted in Section II.C. For example, our model for ClF5 was predicted to have less than a 90 degree angle and our calculated result on the computer was 87.52 degrees. Also, the CO32– predicted model was 120 degree angle and we got 119.99 degrees which rounds up to the predicted model. However, some of the angles we calculated did not agree with the predictions we made. For example, CH3OH was predicted to have a bond angle of less than 109.5 degrees for both the C and O bond but our computer model showed an angle of 120.08 degrees for the C bond and 163.40 for the O bond. In the beginning of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Through this structure we can see which atomic orbitals make up the different parts of molecular orbitals. The HOMO orbital is antibonding with sigma bonds. The HOMO–1 orbital is a bonding pi orbital. The HOMO–2 orbital is a bonding, sigma orbital. The LUMO orbital is an antibonding pi orbital. The LUMO–1 is a bonding pi orbital. We can tell this because antibonding orbitals have a gap between the two atoms while bonding orbitals do not. A sigma bond occurs through axial overlap between atoms. A pi bond occurs with lateral overlapping of ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 7. roseflakes Essay Faculty of Accountancy, Finance & BusinessBachelor of Business (Honours) in Marketing BBDT3063 Integrated Marketing Communications Year 3 SEM 1 Individual Assignment Title: Proton Iriz (Commercial Advertisement) Tiger D'Sara (Print Advertisement) Name : ONG WEI KEAT 13WBR12285 Tutorial Group : RMK Group 6 Tutor's Name: Mr Lim Chin Hock Date of Submission : 31 October 2014 Plagiarism Statement Faculty of Accounting, Finance & Business Plagiarism Statement Read, complete and sign this statement to be submitted with your written work. We confirm that the submitted work are all our own work and are in our own words. Name (Block Capitals) Reg. No. Signature 1.ONG WEI KEAT13WBR12285... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Although the main focus point of Proton Iriz is about its technology and function but this advertisement is focus on the environment and it is trying to show the emotional appeal to audience in order to affair the emotion of customer and grab their attention. 3.2 Benefit From the video, the benefit of having Proton Iriz is making the people feel confident. The car provide touch screen, button–press engine such new technology. People feel confident when driving a modern, new technology and functional new generation car. They will feel proud if the car is sophisticated and it really is. The video and product also bring happiness and joyful to audience. 3.3 Uniqueness The uniqueness of the car is about the car provide modern and functional new technology with inexpensive car. Compare with other brands of car, either there is pro technology but expensive or cheap but not so functional car. So that this car is the one unique. People may feel high class because they are having better quality of life.
  • 8. 3.4 Potency The video makes this car become brandy and valued. People are feeling happy and comfortable when having this car is because they feel safe and trustful with this car. 4.0 Target Audience 4.1 Primary Audience From the advertisement, obviously we can see there is all Malaysian in the video which include Malay, Chinese and India. Yes, we are actually targeting all ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 9. The Theory Of The Atom The atom, a constituent particle of a molecule, affects every aspect of life. The theory of the atom is a phenomenon that has occupied the minds of many scientists, who implemented their knowledge and wisdom into experiments. The Ancient Greeks were the first known to discover the existence of the atom. Throughout history the definition of an atom has been changed, added to, and reconfigured, to what we know today. Democritus was the first who suggested the mere existence of the atom. Democritus lived in the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece as an Ancient Greek Philosopher. He lived from 460 BC to 370 BC. He believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible, and that they moved in this "void" or never ending space. Also, he believed atoms to be infinitely small, and that their size cannot be diminished or compressed. He said that atoms did not have pores, were homogeneous and could be arranged in many different ways. Because the scientific method had not yet been created, Democritus lacked any experimental support for his atomic philosophy. However, his ideas laid the groundwork for scientists to come. There was a long hiatus on the study of the atom, but picked back up in the early eighteenth century with a British chemist and schoolteacher with the name of John Dalton. He lived in the early 1800s in England. He was born in Cumberland England and died in Manchester. Dalton took Democritus's ideas, elaborated on them and formed them into a scientific theory. There ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 10. Questions and Answers on Ernest Rutherford Essay What school did Ernest Rutherford go to? How far did he go in his education? Why? Ernest received his early education in Government schools. At the age of 16 he showed great talent so entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship to the University of New Zealand, Wellington. 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge. It is believed that Ernest received more scholarships that any other chemist. Who were Ernest's family? What did they do? Ernest was born August 30, 1871, in New Zealand he was the 4th child in a family of 7 sons and 5 daughters. His Father James Rutherford, a Scottish wheelwright immigrated to New Zealand with his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Alpha particles are emitted at high speed by some radioactive materials. Rutherford bombarded the gold foil with alpha particles which proved that particles weren't indivisible. Alpha particles have a positive electric charge and they are much more massive than the electron. What version of the atom did Ernest discover to be true? How does it compare to today's understanding? Ernest was forced to discard JJ Thomson's Plum Pudding model, he reasoned that the mass of an atom was concentrated in a nucleus. He thus developed the model of the atom which put all the protons in the nucleus and the electrons orbited around the nucleus like planets around the sun. The only difference with today's model is that electrons are now thought to be in electron clouds not in specific orbits. Which scientists model was before Ernest's? How do they compare? JJ Thompson's plum–pudding model was just before Ernest's model. It states that atoms are made of electrons and unknown positively charged particles. These particles are randomly placed inside of the atom. Rutherford's model states that atoms contain protons in a very small space inside the atom. Most of the atom is empty and the electrons orbit around the nucleus like the planets orbit around the sun. What did ernest contribute to the structure of the atom?
  • 11. Through Rutherford's gold foil experiment, Ernest discovered the nucleus of the atom. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 12. In What Two Ways Can Two Atoms Share Electrons When... 1. Describe the attractive forces and repulsive forces that exist between two atoms as the atoms move closer together. A. An attractive force occurs between the protons (nucleus) of one atom and the electrons of another atom. a repulsive force is a force that occurs between like charged electrons and like charged protons of the two atoms. 2. Compare a bond between two atoms to a spring between two students. A. Each student on either side of the spring represents an atom & the spring between them acts as the bond between them. 3. In what two ways can two atoms share electrons when forming a covalent bond? A. The electrons can be equally shared (covalent bond) or one atom can provide all of the electrons shared in the bond. The latter is called ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 13. The Physics Of Atomic Theory Science would not be where it is today if not for those who have devoted a great deal of their life to making new discoveries and figuring different aspects of the universe. Over 30 different scientists have added on the development of atomic theory, and made science changing discoveries that are still today quite impressive, even in comparison to modern day scientists. There are countless scientists involved in the evolution of atomic theory, but less than 50 have majorly impacted the way we view atomic theory today. Discovery and experimentation on the atom first began in the Greek Era with scientists as old as Democritus and Aristotle. Democritus was believed to be the first person to touch on the atomic theory. He stated that he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... He also published a table of atomic weights. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the most important tables in the history atomic development. He arranged the atoms into 7 groups with similar properties, and published his first periodic table of elements. Not only did it organize things tremendously, but also allowed Mendeleev to predict new elements. After him in 1873, came James Clerk Maxwell who proposed that electric and magnetic fields filled the void. Six years later in 1879, Sir William Crookes made an enormous discovery... He studies the effects of sending and electric current through a gas in a sealed tube. This electrode was called a cathode and the particles were cathode rays. He discovered that cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a possible negative charge; cause pinwheels in their path to spin showing they have mass. In 1896 while studying the effect of x–rays on photographic film, Henri Becquerel discovered some chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off very penetrating rays. He exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight, believing that uranium absorbed the sun's energy and emitted it as x–rays. This hypothesis was considered to be a failure because it was overcast in Paris, however Becquerel developed his plates anyways and the images were still clear! This proved ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 14. Personal Understanding of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Being the... Every element is valuable and unique due to the endless arrangements of sub–atomic particles, which fascinates me. This allows for a diversity of elemental properties, sparking innovation for chemists to develop new products from different tasting chocolates to materials used for rockets– shaping society and the environment of the modern world. The sheer range of applications where chemistry is involved inspires me to contribute, while learning, unlocking why everything behaves the way it does. With the hydrogen fusion project in construction and the recent use of hydraulic fracturing which has caused environmental and social dispute, I chose to undertake the extended project qualification related to this, energy, as chemistry leads these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Having read Phillip Balls 'the elements', Bill Brysons philosophical book 'short introduction on nearly everything' and a regular reader of chemistry review; I have encountered various topics and experiments that I would like to know more about, for example colloidal gold, the properties of this suspended gold, how this happens and its applications. Outside my academic ability I am passionate about music, playing the bass guitar and guitar. I have performed at school concerts presenting my creativity to large audiences. I have participated in sport days for high jump, cross country and 800m runs obtaining podium positions using hard work. I captain a 5 man team in the prestigious berry hall league (5 a side football) at school and we attempt to finish the season on top; I took the credit of being "the best signing of the season" last year. With the family or solo, I have travelled across Europe, Asia and America developing tastes for new food, understanding new cultures and apprehending to new environments. As the whole world is involved in Chemistry, my travel experiences will prove vital in working or studying, involving Chemistry, abroad. I have been employed, working as a co–secretary for a landscape architecture company. Dealing with memorandums, company's purchase report and mainly helping with IT. From this, I obtained crucial communicational and presentational skills ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 15. Pricing Strategy Of Proton 6.1 Product As one of the largest automobile manufacturers in Malaysia, the portfolio of Proton models includes Saga, Wira, Waja, Gen.2, Persona, Savvy, Exora, Satria Neo and Perdana. The product strategy of Proton is to introduce the right car, for the right market, at the right place and at the right time. After the acquisition of Lotus, Proton adopts Mitsubishi and Lotus automobile technology to improve the consumer confidence towards Proton's products and the quality of the automobiles. Proton has always strived to produce innovative products to extend its market and attract customers from categories in terms of age and income. In 2015, Proton has launched its new product, Proton IRIZ. Proton IRIZ Proton IRIZ has 2 four–cylinder petrol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It has 2 distribution channels, Proton Edar and EON Proton, which has a reduction in number of outlets to 302 outlets in 2008 to reduce the cost. Proton also has its products distributed globally to various countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, United Kingdom and Australia to expand its market. The company has also set up showrooms and service centrals at the main cities to attract more local customers and provide convenience for the customers to obtain Proton's product and receive services after sales. Meanwhile, Proton built its manufacturing plants in Shah Alam and Tanjung Malim. The manufacturing plants comprise buildings with high technology such as Automatic Line Control to achieve production ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 16. Ous Said.. enefit from a plurality of producers operating in a very competitive market. The OECD Competition Committee debated oligopolies in 1999. – Extracts. A formal definition of oligopoly is: "...a market structure with a small number of sellers – small enough to require each seller to take into account its rivals'current actions and likely future responses to its actions." – Recognised interdependence is the hallmark of oligopoly. Kantzenbach and Kruse (1987, 10) offer a more technical definition asserting that an oligopoly exists, "... if the variation of a behavioural parameter by one of a group of competing firms leads to a perceptible change in selling conditions for the other competing firms..., thus causing them...to respond by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It is also and excellent example of how not to manage your CHANNELS. What do you think is going to happen to the channels very soon? Will they defect to a more lucrative offer by Toyota or Perodua? Will they ask the government to bail them out – since most of the channels are owned by quite illustrious Datuks and Tan Sri's. And what will happen to the many second hand car dealers in the market? Will they have to bear the brunt of the actions taken by the new car dealers market? Overall – 2008 is just around the corner, this is the time when the extension granted to PROTON for AFTA comes to an end and the market goes thru another shake–up. The future is very difficult to predict now that regulations are about to be loosened. Here is a possible scenario of the future: 2008 – tariffs are brought down to 5% – Industry sales slump to the lowest point in history. PROTON management scrambles to do last minute methods to halt declining sales –massive promotion and discounting campaign –Trade in at the highest rates
  • 17. Mid 2008 Most of the channels for Proton bail out. Market share declines to 15%. Surge in sales for Honda and Toyota who now can price much lower. PERODUA launches 1.5 and 1.6 DVVT Sedan for thier drivers to upgrade – keeping thier share of the market. GM and VW try to break in to Malaysian market but have a hard time End 2008 – Share prices for Proton ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 18. How Do Atoms Bond To Form A Molecules? Introduction Our study of life begins with physics and chemistry. All substances are composed of matter and all matter is composed of atoms. What is matter? Matter is anything, any substance that have mass and which takes up space and all matter is composed of atom. An atom is a basic unit of a chemical element and an extremely small amount of a thing. When atoms bond they can form this so called molecule. Molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. This term paper could answer the following questions: What are the atomic structures? If atoms bond to form a molecule what do you call those bonds? What are the processes that are needed to perform that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules. Let us furthermore understand what an atom is. Atoms are natures building material. All substances are composed of matter, and all matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are composed of protons which is the positive charged particles, neutrons is the neutral particles and electrons which it is the negatively charged particles. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. Electrons are found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons circle the nucleus of the atom, while the nucleus is composed of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. An atom's atomic number refers to its number of protons, while its atomic mass refers to the number of protons and neutrons. Every different atom has a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic number is the number of protons. Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and belong to the same element. Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton. The sum of protons and neutrons is the atoms atomic ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 19. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Renewable Resources Hydrogen and Fuel cells Renewable energy Hydrogen and fuel cells are not technically renewable energy although they are everywhere and don't cause much pollution. With hydrogen, it can be used as fuel and the only emission is water. By using hydrogen there can be a large reduction in green house gases and air pollution. Plus the hydrogen can be used in the fuels cells to power electric motors or batteries for electricity. If your wondering what fuel cells is, there pretty much batteries, or what you would power an electric car with. The only thing about hydrogen is that it is hard to obtain, or it takes more energy to make it than it gives off. Hydrogen is an element on the periodic table and is in the gas family. Hydrogen's atomic number is 1and it was discovered by a man by the name of Henry Cavendish in the year of 1766. Hydrogen has no color, taste, and smell, is slightly soluble in water and is highly explosive. Hydrogen can be found anywhere in the universe and is used as the fuel for many solar reactions. The hydrogen that is in our atmosphere has three different isotopes and they are called protium, which has one proton, then deuterium, which has one proton and one neutron. Then the third is tritium, which has one proton and two neutrons. Now if your wondering what protons and neutrons are, then you came to the right place. A proton is sub atomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom. A neutron is a sub atomic particle with a negative ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 20. Neutrino Research Paper Neutrinos, which are quite similar to the electrons, are subatomic particles which come from the disintegration of radioactive substances. They are one of the few particles that make up the entire universe. They are considered the "baby" particles which have very little electric charge. Weak neutrinos can carry very large parts of information from the universe. Neutrinos have all the needed requirements to be considered in astronomy. They have been around since the birth of the universe. According to the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory, there are so many neutrinos that they combine together to sum up to a temperature of 1.9 Kelvin, which is about –271.2 degrees Celsius (All 1). Other neutrinos are consistently being made unnaturally. Neutrinos are as unique as astronomical messengers because they can come from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Beta decay contradicted the law of conservation of energy due to the fact that the energies of electrons emitted by beta decay were shown in an experiment performed by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in 1911. They then showed discrete spectrums. Instead of the experiment showing electron energies emitted by beta decay producing discrete spectrums, they should've shown continuous spectrums. In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli introduced the electron neutrino as an unknown neutron particle with the difference of energy and final particles. Pauli considered it hypothetical. Enrico Fermi referred to them as neutrinos because the name "neutrino" is the Italian name of the neutron. In 1934, he based a theory of beta decay to include the neutrino (All 1). They were also referred to them as "ghostly" because of their properties. Because of this, they had to wait about 25 years after these unknown particles were introduced in order for there to be the first experiment to detect neutrinos. The article "Detection of the Free Neutrino: a Confirmation" was then awarded with the 1995 Nobel Prize (All ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 21. Atom Research Paper Atoms Atom is the fundamental building block of all stuff, or what scientists like to call "matter". An individual atom is very small. In fact, the smallest type of atom, hydrogen, has a diameter of 10–8 cm. Every single object is composed of atoms. Our body is made up of many, many individual atoms. There are also many different types of atom. These different types are called elements. Examples of some elements are hydrogen, oxygen, and helium. Under normal conditions many atoms can stick together to form larger, different stuff. Scientists call material that results from the joining of different types of atoms "compounds". Atoms are not the smallest things there but are made up of still smaller stuff. Also, atoms can be broken apart... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... At a later moment, they are struck more on another side and so change their direction of motion. Many scientists, who had previously resisted the notion of atoms because they could not be observed, were convinced by Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion. Now we have special microscopes capable of enabling us to see single atoms. A molecule may consist of two or more different kinds of atoms or may consist of one or more of the same kind if atom. For example, the two principal of gases of the air of our atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen. Each molecule of gaseous nitrogen is composed of two atoms of nitrogen bound together by electrical forces, and likewise for gaseous oxygen. A rarer gas in our atmosphere is carbon dioxide, a molecule of which contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. On the other hand, molecule of helium gas contains only one atom of helium. Atoms are bound together to form molecules by electrical forces. The composition of atoms Atoms are neutral as a whole, they consist of smaller particles that are electrically charged. If two atoms are far apart compared to the size of the atoms, each atom acts like an electrically neutral object because the effects of the positive and negative charges cancel each other out. However, if the atoms are close together, each feels the electrical forces from the charged constituents of the other because the positive and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 22. Atomic Structure: A Positively Charged Electron Atomic Structure All atoms are made up of three microscopic components; a positively charged proton, a neutral neutron, and a negatively charged electron. The proton and neutron make up the nucleus (the center) which makes up the entire mass of the atom. The number of protons determines the atomic properties and the atomic number of the element. Protons also determine electron affinity; the atoms size depends on how attracted the electrons are to the protons. The electron(s) orbit around the nucleus; they orbit so fast that they create an electron cloud. Outer electrons are further away from the nucleus because electrons in lower orbital shells shield the positive pull. Additionally, electrons are curial in bonding. Chemical Bonds There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In a water molecule, for example, oxygen is more electronegative so the electrons orbit around the oxygen more than the hydrogens. In nonpolar molecules, the electrons orbit each atom equally. Ionic bonds are formed from an anion and a cation. The electrons are not shared. The metal readily gives up its electron and the nonmetal readily accepts the electron. Examples of ionic bonds are within salts. In biology, hydrogen bonds are very weak, like in DNA, but from a chemical stand point, they are strong. Conversely, many hydrogen bonds can be very strong. Hydrogen bonds are only created with a hydrogen attached to a nitrogen, oxygen, and/or fluorine atom. Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are simply at least two molecules reacting together to form a new molecule (products). In chemical reactions, bonds are broken and formed. An example of a physical change would be the bumper of my Ford Ranger rusting compared to a physical change which would be water boiling or freezing. For the most part, chemical changes cannot be reversed whereas physical changes can. Examples of chemical reactions in regards to molecular biology include cellular respiration and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 23. Analysis Of The Nothing That Is A Natural History Of Zero... The Nothing that is about Everything The Nothing That Is A Natural History of Zero by Robert Kaplan is a book literally a book about the number zero and how it was formed. He takes the reader on a journey through time and shows the transformation of not just zero but numbers in general from multiple countries and empires. Kaplan starts off his book by describing zero and what its possibilities are in the world. Then he jumps into the Sumerians who were one of the first to create a number system comprised of stick that had a triangle on the top. Slowly their number system evolved but never had a zero. They started making place holders for the larger numbers and assigning different sizes to the shapes in order to show a larger amount. He then moves on to the Greeks who he credits the discovery of zero. It is believed that the O came from the Greek word omicron which is the first letter of ouden or nothing. Zero was not originally used to show the absences of something but as a place holder or a space between other numbers. It was then used by Greek astronomers as anything from minutes and seconds to degrees but still not as zero today. It wasn't until 730 AD that the Greeks used an informal way to show zero. They would count using their fingers and zero was a relaxed hand. The Greeks even created a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The Indians created their own type of arithmetic called Bakhsali and they had to learn to solve fractions and multiply them. Hindus was one of the people to uses this math to solve many different problems like foiling and solving for x. Another important figure is Donald Knuth who came up with exponents they were originally pictured as 3 3. The more arrows placed in between the threes the more exponents were stacked on each other. Later on Kaplan shows a property of zero, he is setting quadratics equal to zero so they can be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 24. How Did Henri Becquerel Discovered The Discovery Of The... Shortly after the discovery of X–rays, another form of strong rays were discovered. In 1896, French scientist Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity. Many scientists of the period were working with cathode rays, and other scientists were gathering evidence on the theory that the atom could be subdivided. Some of the new research showed that certain types of atoms break by themselves. It was Henri Becquerel who discovered this experience while investigating the properties of fluorescent minerals. Becquerel was researching the principles of fluorescence, wherein certain minerals glow (fluoresce) when exposed to sunlight. He utilized photographic plates to record this fluorescence. One of the minerals Becquerel worked with was a uranium ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 25. Proton Company Case Study 1.3 Problem Statement A problem statement is a move that a document makes to help the reader realize why that is important. Problem statement that I would like to state in this study is in formal way and informal way. Problem that has been existing in the Malaysian Automotive Industry is involving the reputation, government policies, consumer perceptions and competitiveness. One of the problems faced by Malaysian Automotive Industry is reputation. For many years Proton car is always being branded as a cheap and below par car manufacturer. Due to this unwanted reputation, consumers are sceptical about Malaysian cars where it does not guarantee any assurance. Since Proton was formed in 1985, Proton managed to breakthrough in domestic and international market as an affordable car. But over the years, Proton has compete aggressively with other automotive manufacturers due to localization of many foreign manufacturers in Malaysia. Due to the localization, foreign cars has been in the market in lower prices. This makes Proton as a car that does not have resale value because the pricing of Malaysian cars depreciates rapidly each year. The second problem that Malaysian Automotive Industry is government policies. For many years Proton has been one of the most important GLC's in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Malaysian Automotive Industry should like towards globalization because globalization factor is essential to push Proton moving forward. This research promises some rebuilding strategies in Proton. Knowledge Management would be the best solution for the automotive performance. KM strategy can help idea and knowledge coordination in Proton. I believe this can help the Malaysian Automotive Industry to revamp their industry to make Proton as one of the growing force in the automotive sector. Research and development should be given extra ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 26. Atoms In Electrons Atoms in Electrons "Energy levels in Atoms exist all over the world. Some atoms consist of protons and neutrons making up a nucleus; they are surrounded by electrons. Rutherford made designs and conclusions to develop his nuclear atomic model. Although Rutherford's model couldn't explain other properties of elements, such as why metals or compounds of metals give off colors when the flame is heated" (Wilbraham et al 136). John Dalton. (Early nineteenth century) He combined an idea of elements with the earlier theory of atoms. He had the following ideas about matter: (1) matter is made up of atoms. (Wikipedia) Matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole–number ratios to form chemical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... They are all somehow using electromagnetic radiation differ only in their wave length, frequency and energy. All of these forms of energy as well as many others are organized to what is called "The electromagnetic spectrum." All types of electromagnetic energy travel through space as waves. So, knowing what a wave is first, it is defined as the distance a wave travels as it completes the cycle. That distance is measured in the appropriate pomegranate for length which can vary from pedometers to kilometers. The frequency of a wave is the count of how many cycles occur in a given period of time, and it is measured in hertz or in cycle per second. The speed of a wave is the product of its wave length and frequency. Electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed, which is the speed of light through a vacuum. It follows through this relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength; that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency. This means that if all else is equal, then increasing the frequency of a wave will decrease the wave length ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 27. The Importance Of Energy Experiments The initial hypothesis of this lab was mostly refuted by the data with some exceptions. While most of the data showed that there was no true relationship between the number of valence electrons and the number of spectral lines, a few of the elements did prove to have said relationship. For instance, the elements Lithium, Sodium, Barium, and Potassium all had valence electron numbers that lined up with the wavelengths. Additionally, when reviewing the first graph, it is clear that there is no obvious trend or correlation within the data. This became evident through the extreme differences between the numbers within the first graph. However, through the second graph, it became clear that this is a much more accurate representation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Additionally, the initial reasoning behind the hypothesis makes sense, but was proved wrong as a different pattern was discovered. Perhaps had the lab been executed slightly differently, a different trend would have been found, or possibly the data would have supported the hypothesis. While only given one class period to complete this lab, it is possible that it was slightly rushed, resulting in different results. Additionally, it would have been beneficial to test each element more than once to ensure that the most accurate information was being gathered. This may have led to unexpected results as something may have gone wrong with the Spectrometer and its data collection. It is also a possibility that the Spectrometer was not given enough time to fully collect the data. Perhaps it was not close enough to the flame, or it was turned off before it was finished gathering information. There are a few points of uncertainty–––as mentioned above–––in the lab procedure that could have led to varying results. For instance, the procedure was repeated multiple times for certain elements, but others were only tested twice. This is definitely a point of inconsistency, las it would have been better to test all of the elements multiple times if we were doing it to a select few. Through discussion with other participants of this lab, everyone gathered vastly different results. While the same data was ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 28. Atomic Number Is A Correct Answer Atomic number, is a correct answer. Atomic number is the total number of proton of the element. (Gilbert, 2012) It is always used to differentiate the elements since every element have their unique atomic number. The differences of atomic number enabled elements to react with other substances differently. For example, Neon which haveatomic number of 8, acts like an inert gas. Meanwhile group 1 element Sodium which have atomic number of 11, reacts vigorously with water. Such characteristic have made elements unique from each other. Choice C. Mass number, is an incorrect answer. Mass number is the total number ofproton and neutron of the element. The unit for mass number is atomic mass unit(amu) or Dalton(Da). (Brand, 2013) The presence of isotopes might cause two elements to have the same atomic weight. For example, the atomic weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This explains why elements in periodic table are not differentiated and grouped based on their atomic weight. Choice D. Only A and B are correct, is not a correct answer. Since atomic weight (choice A) is not a correct answer, choice D is eliminated. Choice E. Only A, B, C are correct, is an incorrect answer. Since atomic weight (choice A), and mass number (choice C) are incorrect answer, choice E is eliminated. The ability to differentiate elements through atomic numbers is helpful in real world. The elements are grouped together in the periodic table based on the number of valence electrons which are related to the atomic number of the element. The elements in the same group always have similar chemical properties. Such knowledge enabled us to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the material. In order to improve the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 29. Atomic Bomb Definition Essay ATOMIC NUMBER & MASS– atomic no. refers to no. of protons in the nucleus (determines what each element is) – Atomic mass equals total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons. – The atomic number and atomic mass increases as you go both across the period and down the group. The atomic mass and the atomic number increases as the nuclei gaining more neutrons and protons. – Going left to right on the periodic table, the atomic mass increases as protons are being added to the nucleus, more protons attract the outer electrons the nucleus bringing them closer to the nucleus. ATOMIC RADIUS helps measure the size of its atoms, usually distance between nucleus and its valence electrons. – Atomic radius increases moving down a group as energy levels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Electrons increase, which atoms contribute to the 'sea of electrons'. The melting point rises due to bigger molecules meaning the heat energy supply must also get bigger. – Moving across the period metals generally have a high melting point while most non–metals have low melting points. – The particles in a solid are held together by intermolecular forces and to convert a solid into liquid you therefore must overcome the forces. – Going down group 1, when any of the metals are melted, the bond (metallic) has been weakened so the atoms then can more freely, the decrease in melting point when going down the group shows a decrease in strength. – Going down group 4, the bonds change from covalent to metallic, decreasing the strength of the bonds as atoms increase and the bonds get bigger. – melting point decreases as molecules get bigger, therefore the probability of temporary dipoles occurring increases and this is responsible for the attractions. Molecules with greater dipoles need more energy to break these bonds causing the melting point to be higher. DENSITY – is the relationship between the mass and volume of a substance – Density will increase when going down the group as mass has a large increment compared to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 30. Hi Darwin Essay Hi Jenny, The "warm little pond" is a theory that many modern biologist believe all life originated from. Whilst there had been plenty of theories prior to Darwin's on the origin of life, his was the first that proposed an explanation that is consonant with the larger picture of evolution of life on earth. Darwin's theory of "the warm little pond" stipulates that life originated in shallow bodies of water that contained very simple chemicals present in early earth. Adding the presence of an energy source such as heat, light or electricity, Darwin believed that life could form. The most significant test of this theory was the Urey–miller experiment in the 1950's. This involved sending an electrical current through a sealed flask containing a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water which were all the chemicals thought to be present in very early earth. At the conclusion of the experiment, two percent of the carbon had formed amino acid 13 of which that are used to make proteins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... al 2014) citing that the Miller–Urey experiment only provides one possible mechanism for their abiotic synthesis, and does not explain the origin of life. It has since been discovered, that the earth's early atmosphere is nothing like what Urey and Miller recreated in the flask with scientists believing that the Earth had a very neutral atmosphere, similar to the current atmospheres of mars and Venus comprising mostly of carbon dioxide with small amounts of hydrogen and nitrogen. This led to the proposal of new theories such as (Mulkidjanian Galperin 2009) theory suggesting that life on Earth originated at photosynthetically–active porous structures, similar to deep–sea hydrothermal vents, made of zinc sulfide. They stipulate that under the high pressure of a carbon dioxide dominated atmosphere, these zinc suffice structures could form on the surface of the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 31. Albert Einstein's Atomic Bomb Experiments Atoms, when thinking of this word the terms of protons, electrons and, neutrons come to mind. Also what comes to the mind of every chemist and most people are the names of J.J Thompson, E.R Rutherford, Robert Millikan, and of course Albert Einstein. These people made some astonishing advancements in the work of atoms from Thompsons's cathode ray experiment to Einstein's photoelectric effect experiment and what they hold in common is that these are the great experiments that learn and understand atoms to this very day. Starting off with J.J Thompson he was and still, is highly esteemed for his discovery of the negatively charged particles within the atom, later to be known as electrons. What he is even more so esteemed for is, his cathode ray ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This is when, shown through the examination that when light is beamed onto a piece of metal, a small current flows through the metal. The light is giving its energy to the electrons in the atoms of the metal and granting them access to move around, generating the current. However, not all colors of light alter metals in this way. No matter how bright a red light you have, it will not make a current in a metal, but even a faint blue light will event in a current flowing. With light as photons, Einstein showed that red light can't displace electrons because its distinct photons don't have enough energy – the impacts are just not large enough to shift the electrons. However, blue light can dislodge electrons – each individual photon has more energy than the red photon. And photons of ultraviolet light, which have yet more energy, will give electrons enough energy to go or spring off away from the metal altogether. These contributions now make up the basic grounds for what we know of atoms today. As science grows, we will see that we can go further in this and not only prove these same experiments but improve them. It was the work of these four J.J Thompson, Rutherford, Millikan and, Einstein that we have this information now and are to utilize it to the very last ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 32. The Biological Significance Of The Properties Of Water Essay The Biological Significance Of The Properties Of Water The human body 15% lipids, 12% proteins but by far the biggest % is water which makes up a massive 70% of the human body. This is the equivalent of 49kg in an average male adult human of mass 70kg. This is a good indication of just how important water is in the human life. Without water we would not be able to life and Earth is therefore the only planet in this galaxy with life as we know it except for Mars where ice has been discovered so water may have been present once. Water is a polar molecule, meaning that it has a positive and a negative pole. This is due to the fact that the water is anoxygen atom covalently bonded to 2 separate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It is this cohesion that allows water to travel up tree trunks to the highest branches on trees, if the cohesion was weaker the water would simply flow back down the xylem vessels due to gravity, therefore without this property of water tall trees and plants would die. This cohesion of the water creates a surface tension on the surface of water in for example, a pond. In a pond small insects such as pond skaters which are relatively dense can float on the water and live on the surface of the water. Without the tension such organisms would have no habitat and would die. Water also acts as a good temperature buffer to stabilise experiments within cells. Due to the hydrogen bonds produced bonds between the water molecules water is given the following properties relating to heat and temperature :– 1. Relatively high heat capacity 2. Relatively large latent heat of vaporisation 3. Relatively large latent heat of fusion These three properties are very similar and basically mean that a relatively large amount of energy required to change the temperature or state of water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4184J/kg, over 40 times that of sodium chloride. This means that a lot of energy is required to change the
  • 33. temperature of water and it is that fact that makes this property very useful in enzyme action. Enzymes in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 34. Periodic Table Research Paper Every day of your life a basic element is used. There's not a day that goes by that you can survive without some of the elements on the periodic table. For example the air we breath is made up of elements, we can not live without oxygen, when we go to the dentist, we get our teeth covered in fluoride. The Periodic Table is basically built like a sectional grid. On the periodic table the elements are arranged in eight sections in order of atomic number which allows scientists to clearly identify the properties of the elements. The structure has rows and columns separating each element by characteristics. Each square has its own element containing an atomic number, symbol, name and atomic mass. The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number. The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons. Electrons are the smallest of the three parts that make up atoms. Both protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. Electrons are sometimes found in the orbitals or the shells. The atoms of elements have different numbers. Every element has its own unique atomic number. That number tells you the number of protons in every atom of the element. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Having this job you are mixing chemicals making substances. Just about everything you mix is going to have at least one atom that comes from the periodic table. For example a Bell Metal mixes about a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin. Bell metal ore is a sulfide of tin, copper, and iron called stannite. According to the Hunting Elements video, only few bells come out the right way, after mixing, pouring, and letting sit overnight. You take on a very risky job being a ET, items are being demolished right in front of your eyes. An ET I'll work in a variety of environments, the military, fire and police departments, construction and demolition, mining and other ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 35. Atoms Within Magnets All magnets produce their own invisible magnetic field that's unable to be seen with the naked eye, and each magnetic field interacts with other magnetic fields. Magnets are made of metals like iron ore, iron, or alloys, which is a mixture of metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal. Magnets only react with certain metals such as iron, steel, nickel, or cobalt. They have two poles, one of them is north pole, while the other is called the south pole. The opposite poles attract, while the same ones repel one another. Everything is made of atoms, and magnets are no exceptions (Rutledge, McDaniel, Boudreau, Ramroop, Teng, Sprout, Costa, Hall, & Hunt, 2012). Atoms within magnets contain electrons which carries electrical charges. These electrons circumvent ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 36. Proto Pump Inhibitors Essay Description/Synopsis: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) due to their potential to inhibit gastric acid production. Unfortunately, high doses of PPIs are associated with adverse health outcomes. The use of PPIs has been shown to affect the absorption of minerals and vitamin–like calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Not only the risk of other severe conditions like hyperparathyroidism, diarrhea and pneumonia increases upon the long–term use of PPIs but the negative effects also extend to coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic diseases. PPIs reduce the efficacy of the drug clopidogrel which inhibits platelet activation thereby contributing to coronary heart disease and myocardial... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It is further reported to induce atrophic gastritis which can ultimately lead to gastric carcinoma. Results of study: PPIs are generally considered safe, but initial studies reported that the short–term use of this drug (8 months) was associated with adverse effects like vomiting/nausea, dizziness, headache, and hypersensitivity reaction. On the basis of these observations, thereafter, several studies unraveled potential long–term effects of PPI therapy. The studies reveal that upon intake of PPIs calcium absorption efficiency decreases by 41% in elderly women. It is shown that odds ratio for hip fracture increase with the intake of PPIs over subsequent years from 1.22 at one year, 1.41 at two years, 1.54 at three years to 1.59 at four years. A significant difference in the value was seen between men and women and the odds ratio was analyzed to be 1.78 vs 1.36, respectively. A study further showed the increment in the odds ratio to 1.62 and 1.92 respectively upon the use of PPIs for 5 and 7 years, respectively. The OR for Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with the use of PPIs for above a year was ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 37. The Physics Of The Atomic Theory Matter is anything made up of atoms and molecules and the study of these "things" called atoms dates back to the time of Ancient Greece to the present. The information about atoms known today is certainly much greater than what was known centuries ago. First, there were only hypotheses on this idea that everything in the world is made up of tiny, unseeable particles. As technology advanced, these hypotheses were tested, critiqued, modified, and built upon. A mass of knowledge is known regarding atoms, thanks to the research of numerous chemists and physicists. The atomic theory is the building block to the study of matter, just as the atom is the building block to all matter. Around 400 BCE was when the Greek philosopher Democritus, alone with his teacher Leucippus, the idea of the atom was born (the word atom comes from the Greek word "atomos" or "atomon" meaning "that which cannot be split"). This was a completely new concept, and Democritus's theory stated that atoms were indestructible and homogenous, and different states of matter were made up of differently shaped atoms: solids had sharp and pointy atoms and liquids had large round atoms. Later these ideas would be proved inaccurate, however, this was the beginning of the discovery of the atom even though the people of this time had no instruments capable of testing the theory. It was not until centuries later that the atomic theory was truly looked at again. In 1803 an English chemist and physicist named ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 38. Protons And Neutrons Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons have positive charge; electrons have negative charge and neutrons are neutral. The magnitude of charges of protons and neutrons is the same. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while the electrons moves around it. Mass number is addition of the protons and neutrons. Atomic number is the number of protons. [1] The mass of an atom is less than the number we obtain by adding up the masses of all the protons and neutrons. This is the binding energy. The nucleus of an atom determines if it is stable or unstable. The higher the binding energy, the more stable an atom is. Unstable nuclei are radioactive, where they decay until they form stable nuclei. They emit different particles to form more stable daughter nuclei. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Alpha particles are composed of 2 protons and also 2 neutrons. It has a plus 2 charge. They are the nucleus of a helium atom. When an unstable nuclei releases an alpha particle, the mass number decreases by 4, and the atomic number decreases by 2. This means that a new element forms due to this emission. Alpha particles are released by relatively large nuclei. [3] It can travel across the air, however does not travel well in solid. Alpha particles are able to ionize the solid that it is passing through. [4] Beta particles occurs when an unstable nuclei emits an electron, which has a negative charge. To conserve the charges in the atom, one of the neutrons in the nucleus spontaneously changes into aproton. The mass number stays the same, however, the atomic number increases by 1. [3] This also means that a new element forms. It can travel through air and compared to alpha particles, they can penetrate through solid matter more, however its ionization ability is less than the alpha particles. [4] The other type of emission is gamma rays. Gamma rays are photons; they are a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 39. Liam Goldsworthy On Protons Liam Goldsworthy – What are electrons, protons and neutrons made of? – Essay Everything that exists in the world is made up of atoms, from the asteroids that float around in space to the very cells inside a human body. Atoms are everywhere and that's because atoms make up everything. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, each element has different amount of protons, neutrons and electrons. For instance one Helium atom has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons. Helium is an extremely stable element so there are no variations such as ions or isotopes. So we know that atoms make up everything in the universe and atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. So what makes protons, neutrons and electrons? Diagram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Electrons are known to fall into orbits or energy levels. These orbits are not visible like the orbit of a planet or celestial body. The reason is that atoms are so small and the best microscopes can only view so much of atoms at that scale. Even if we could view electrons they would move too fast for the human eye. We can only estimate where the electrons are, that is why the modern model of the atoms has anelectron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom instead of a set orbit. Electrons are classed under as fermions seen in diagram 3, as far as we know electrons have no internal structure instead they are oscillations of the electron field or quantum field ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 40. Sodium: One Of The Most Fascinating Elements On The... Sodium is one of the most well known and abundant yet fascinating elements on the periodic table. Sodium was given its name after a chemist who electrolytically produced a heretofore unknown element from molten soda. This gave him the new element that he named sodium after the word soda which is the collective name for several forms of sodium carbonate. The word "soda" likely came from the Arabic word "suda" which means headache. This element has eleven protons, eleven neutrons, and no electrons. This gives it an atomic number of eleven and an atomic mass of 22.989768. Sodium is a metal which means that it is an effective conductor of electricity as well as heat. Compounds of sodium had been known off and used extensively throughout ancient times but sodium as its own element was not discovered until 1807. The man who discovered it was an English chemist named... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... These areas include the Earth's crust, which is about three percent sodium, the ocean, where eighty percent of the material dissolved in it is sodium chloride, and in evaporated prehistoric seas and mineral deposits. In the early 1900s, an American chemist named Hamilton Young Castner developed the Castner process to commercially produce and isolate sodium from compounds such as sodium chloride. It was a modification of Davy's process to allow more to be produced. Sodium is a one of the most abundant elements on planet and it is most commonly found in salt or as sodium chloride. Sodium has just one naturally occurring isotope called sodium–23. However, there are six radioactive isotopes that are known of. The most common and most used of these six are sodium–22 and sodium–24. They are used in the medical field as well as in things like pipes to detect when oil is leaking. Other uses of sodium are in power plants as a heat exchange medium, in light bulbs because of its yellow flame, and in artificial rubber. The most common use is in salt as a flavor ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 41. John Dalton John Dalton was born in 1766 in England. At the age of 14 years old, Dalton became a teacher and taught at a Quaker school in his village, where he attended until eleven years old. "Dalton continued teaching himself science, mathematics, Latin, Greek and French." At the age of 26, he taught mathematics and natural philosophy at Manchester's New College. In 1794, he wrote his first scientific paper about color blindness. Although it was later proven wrong, he was the first to research about it. He then wrote more scientific papers about "heat conduction, gas expansion by heat, the properties of light, the aurora borealis, and meteorology" (Famous Scientists). The discovery of the atomic theory begins in 1801 when Dalton gave a series of lectures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Second, all atoms of a particular element are identical. Third, atoms of different elements have different properties. Fourth, Atoms cannot be destroyed nor created. Fifth, in a chemical reaction, atoms link to one another, or separated from one another. Finally, atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds (Famous Scientists). Dalton's Atomic Theory has changed chemistry for the better. Without his research, the world would probably be different today. "The splitting of the atom in the 20th century could most likely not have been accomplished without Dalton laying the foundation of knowledge about the atomic makeup of simple and complex molecules." Dalton's discovery has allowed mankind to manufacture chemical compounds with the correct proportions of different elements for certain compounds. Because of his theory, humans are able to make the right medicines to cure people from sickness. His discovery has taken the knowledge of mankind to the next level. John Dalton was an intelligent person. His Atomic Theory has been carried on for many centuries and never has been proven wrong. Dalton has helped mankind to understand the nature of materials. He passed away in 1844 due to a series of ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 42. How Atoms Are Made Out Of Molecules Atoms: Introduction to : Matter is basically everything. Everything is made out of matter and matter is made out of molecules which are made out of atoms. Everything you look at whether it is a liquid a solid or a gas is made out of atoms. In this essay I will tell you what atoms are made out of. After that I will tell you about the molecules in each form of matter (liquid, solid, gas). After that I will tell you about positive, negative, and neutral charges. What are atoms made out of? Atoms are made out of neutrons, protons, and electrons.The nucleus is like a shell around the middle of the atom. Inside this shell, there are protons. There are also neutrons. Outside of the nucleus there are electrons. The electrons orbit around the nucleus. This is how atoms are constructed. If you put these atoms together they create molecules which then create matter. Matter can take a liquid, solid or gas form. Forms of matter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... A liquid is considered a liquid when it has the ability to flow. The reason a liquid can flow is because the particles are able to move each other. Atoms can form molecules. There are many different types of molecules. One type is a water molecule. Water a molecules are formed with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. This the one of the most common molecules. Liquids are dense which means that these molecules are packed closely together. Like a liquid, solids are also usually very dense and have a pattern of molecules. All the molecules would be the same distance apart. With liquids however this is not true. With liquids however, they are close to each other but are not lined up. One molecule might be 1 millimeter away but another might be 2. A gas is completely different from the two. A gases molecules are spread apart and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 43. What Is The Unequal Sharing Of Electrons In Nuclear Molecules Chapter 2: The Chemistry and Energy of Life Concept 2.1 What is the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom? An equal amount of protons and neutrons are placed together in the center of the atom. The nucleus contains the protons and neutrons. Electrons are surrounded on the outside rings of the atom. According to the octet rule, what would be the simplest way for a sodium atom to achieve electron stability? A sodium atom only has one valence electron. So, the best way to achieve electron stability is to bond with a halogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Explain why or why not. Generally, the neutron determines its chemical stability, although in the case of deuterium the isotope remains stable. This is because there is insignificant mass difference between protons and neutrons. Concept 2.2 How do differences in electronegativity result in the unequal sharing of electrons in polar molecules? A molecule containing an atom with high electronegativity will be more polar than a molecule containing an atom with a lower electronegativity. The higher the electronegativity the more insatiable the atom becomes when it comes to sharing. For each of the following, is it a Hydrogen bond donor, acceptor, both, or neither? Aldehyde is a hydrogen bond acceptor. Amino is a hydrogen bond acceptor and donor. Hydroxyl is both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. What are the functional groups on this molecule? What is the R group to which they are attached? Is the R group hydrophilic or hydrophobic? ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 44. Essay on Ernest Rutherford and The Gold Foil Experiment Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand born British physicist who is famously known for "splitting the atom." His work on the gold foil experiment contributed greatly to the model of the atom and helped develop the standard model of the atom to what we now use today. Without his contributions we would still be using the Plum Pudding model, an out dated and incorrect model, and we would have less of an understanding of how atoms form the world around us. Before Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment the most popular model of the atom was the "plum pudding model" developed in 1904 by the person who also discovered the electron in 1897, J.J. Thompson. It was the most common model of the atom and stated that electrons (plum) floated around with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... He positioned a variety of metal foil in the route of the alpha rays, including gold, silver, tin, copper and aluminium (at different times) to observe whether the flashes of light moved, spread out, or changed at all. He found that as the various metals disrupted the paths of the rays the flashes become more spread out. This result indicated that alpha particles were being deflected as they passed through the metals. Rutherford wanted to know if alpha particles could be deflected at a larger angle, as the current tool developed by Geiger could only measure deflection of up to a few angles. Geiger was joined by Ernest Marsden to create a new instrument to detect whether alpha particles could be deflected at greater angles. This device was different from the previous in the way that the gold foil and radium were both inside a metal cylinder, which was fixed to a swivel. The microscope attached penetrated the wall of the cylinder. The lens of the microscope was covered in a zinc sulphide screen and the microscope could be moved in a full circle around the foil so Geiger could tally the flashes of light from every possible angle. He observed alpha particles deflecting by as much as 150В°. The results of this experiment proved the plum pudding model of the atom to be incorrect as some of the alpha particles (helium atoms) deflected meaning the atom has a dense centre of positive charge. Particles either hit the positive ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...