2. • The branch of study that deals with principles and procedures of
identification, classification and nomenclature of organisms is called
taxonomy.
Recall! Taxonomy
11. ● Identification and description of organisms
● Arrangement of organism in various categories
● Evolve a phylogenetic system
Biological Classification
Objectives of Biological Classification-
14. ARISTOTLE
● Father of biology
● Earliest scientific classification based on simple
morphological characters
● Classified living things as plants and animals
History of Classification
15. Several Woody Stems (Shrubs)
Plants One Woody Stem (Trees)
Soft Stem (Herbs)
Animals
RBC
Habitat
Land Dwellers
Water Dwellers
Air Dwellers
Enaima (with RBC)
Anaima
(without RBC)
History of Classification
18. Carolus Linnaeus
★ Father of Taxonomy.
★ Gave two kingdom classification
★ Wrote Species plantarum and Systema naturae
Two Kingdom Classification (1758)
Plantae Animalia
Two Kingdom Classification
21. ERNST HAECKEL
● Proposed three kingdom classification
● Established Kingdom Protista
Ernst Haeckel
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
● Demerit : Not accepted because both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
containing chlorophyll were grouped
together
Three Kingdom Classification
24. R H Whittaker
ROBERT H. WHITTAKER
● Proposed five kingdom classification in 1969
● Established Kingdom Fungi
● Based on :
○ Cell structure
○ Body organisation
○ Mode of nutrition
○ Reproduction
○ Phylogenetic relationship
Five Kingdom Classification
26. Monera
Present Non-
cellulosic
(polysaccharide +
amino acid)
Animalia
Absent
Fungi
Present with
chitin
Cell Wall
Protista
Present in some
(varied
composition)
Plantae
Present with
cellulose
Five Kingdom Classification
32. In Whittaker’s five kingdom classification, all unicellular
eukaryotes, primarily aquatic and having a well defined
nucleus and various cell organelles belong to
Protista
B
Animalia
C
Plantae
D
Monera
A
33. In Whittaker’s five kingdom classification, all unicellular
eukaryotes, primarily aquatic and having a well defined
nucleus and various cell organelles belong to
Protista
B
Animalia
C
Plantae
D
Monera
A
34. R.H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification. In his
system of classification:
★ Kingdom Monera includes all the unicellular prokaryotes.
★ Kingdom Protista includes the unicellular eukaryotes, which
are primarily aquatic and have a well defined nucleus and
various other cell organelles.
Discussion
Protista
B
35. Which kingdom shows maximum nutritional diversity?
Fungi
B
Plantae
C
Animalia
D
Monera
A
36. Which kingdom shows maximum nutritional diversity?
Fungi
B
Plantae
C
Animalia
D
Monera
A
37. Kingdom Monera shows the maximum nutritional diversity.
★ Kingdom Monera includes autotrophs
(chemosynthetic/photosynthetic) heterotrophs
(saprophytic/parasitic).
★ Kingdom Fungi constitutes heterotrophs
(saprophytic/parasitic).
★ Kingdom Plantae includes the autotrophs (photosynthetic).
★ Kingdom Animalia includes Heterotrophs
(holozoic/Saprophytic etc).
Discussion
Monera
A
39. Merits:
★ Prokaryotes got a separate place as Kingdom Monera
★ Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept separate
★ Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom as their mode of nutrition
differs from all other plants
★ Autotrophs and heterotrophs are placed separately.
Merits
40. Demerits:
★ Some unicellular algae (Chlamydomonas) are kept in Kingdom
Protista, away from remaining algae placed in Kingdom Plantae
★ Chlorella and Chlamydomonas (autotrophic) placed with
Paramecium and Amoeba (heterotrophic) in Kingdom Protista
★ No place for viruses and lichens
Demerits
43. Herbert Copeland
R H Whittaker
Four Kingdom
Classification
(1860s)
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
Four Kingdom
Classification
(1860s)
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
