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Biol101 chp52-pp-fall10-101205143228-phpapp02
- 1. Intro to Ecology & the Biosphere BIOL 101 General Biology I Chapter 52 Rob Swatski Asst. Prof. Biology HACC-York1Willy Volk http://flic.kr/p/2EML7W
- 2. 2 Ecology The study of interactions between organisms & the environment Interactions determine the distribution & abundance of organisms Ecologists work at ALL levels: individual organisms entire planet!
- 8. 8 Ecosystem Ecology Studies energy flow & chemical cycling Biotic factors Abiotic factors
- 9. 9 Landscape Ecology Landscape: a mosaic of connected ecosystems Studies how ecosystems are arranged in a geographic area
- 10. 10 Global Ecology Biosphere: the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems Studies the influence of energy & chemicals on organisms across the Earth
- 12. Why is species X absent from an area? Does dispersal limit its distribution? Does behavior limit its distribution? Area inaccessible or insufficient timeYes No No No Yes Yes Habitat selection Do biotic factors (other species) limit its distribution? Predation, parasitism, competition, disease Do abiotic factors limit its distribution? Chemical factors Physical factors Water Oxygen Salinity pH Soil nutrients, etc. Temperature Light Soil structure Fire Moisture, etc. 12 Ecology is COMPLEX!
- 13. Current 1966 1970 1965 1960 1961 1958 1951 1943 1937 1956 1970 Dispersal Natural range expansions13
- 15. 15Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed distribution?
- 16. RESULTS Sea urchin 100 80 60 40 20 0 Limpet SeaweedCover(%) Both limpets & urchins removed Only urchins removed Only limpets removed Control (both urchins & limpets present) August 1982 August 1983 February 1983 February 1984 16
- 17. 17 Abiotic Factors Temp. Water Sunlight Salinity Wind Rocks & soil
- 20. 20
- 21. Temperature Major regulator of biological processes Cells freeze & rupture below 0°C, while proteins denature above 45°C Thermoregulation by mammals & birds consumes energy! 21
- 22. Water Availability in habitat is major limiting factor Adaptations for water conservation Salinity: affects osmosis & water balance 22
- 23. Sunlight Light intensity & quality affect photosynthesis Water absorbs light Most PSN occurs near water’s surface UV stress in deserts & mountains 23
- 24. 24What major abiotic factors are at work here?
- 26. Climate Long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area Includes temperature, water, sunlight, & wind Macroclimate: patterns on the global, regional, & local level Microclimate: very fine patterns 26
- 27. Low angle of incoming sunlight Sun directly overhead at equinoxes Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 90ºS (South Pole) 60ºS 30ºS 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) 0º (equator) 30ºN 60ºN 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) 90ºN (North Pole) 27 Global Climate Patterns
- 28. March equinox 60ºN 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS June solstice Constant tilt of 23.5º September equinox December solstice 28
- 29. Descending dry air absorbs moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Arid zone Arid zone Tropics 30º 23.5º 0º 23.5º 30º 60ºN 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºS Global air circulation & precipitation patterns 29
- 30. 0º (Equator) 30ºS 60ºS 66.5ºS (Antarctic Circle) 30ºN 66.5ºN (Arctic Circle) 60ºN Westerlies Northeast trades Doldrums Southeast trades Westerlies 30
- 31. Labrador current Gulf stream Equator Cold water 31 Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
- 32. Warm air over land rises. 1 2 3 4 Air cools at high elevation. Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. Cooler air sinks over water. 32 Climate Moderation
- 33. 33 Wind direction Mountain range Leeward side of mountain Ocean Rain Shadow How Mountains Affect Rainfall
- 34. Biomes Major ecological systems that occupy large geographic regions of land or water Varying combinations of biotic & abiotic factors determine biome structure Aquatic & terrestrial biomes 34
- 35. Aquatic Biomes Make up the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area Cover approx. 75% of the Earth’s surface Fresh water or salt water (marine) Have an enormous impact on the biosphere 35
- 38. 38 Phytoplankton & Zooplankton
- 39. 2,000–6,000 m Abyssal zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone Continental shelf 200 m Photic zone 0 Oceanic zoneNeritic zone Intertidal zone detritus 39 Marine Zonation
- 45. 45 Lake Bled, Slovenia
- 46. nutrients O2 46 Eutrophic Lake New Jersey Pine Barrens
- 47. 47
- 48. Wetlands Any habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time Supports plants adapted to water- saturated soil Among the most productive biomes on Earth 48
- 49. Wetland Locations Shallow basins Flooded river banks Along the coasts of large lakes & seas 49
- 52. Estuaries Salt Marshes: influenced by tidal flow Variable salinity Nutrient-rich 52
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- 72. 72 Tropical Coral Reef Biome
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- 77. 77Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent
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- 82. Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice 30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Distribution of Terrestrial Biomes 82
- 83. Tropical forestTemperate grasslandDesert Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Arctic and alpine tundra Annualmeantemperature(ºC) Annual mean precipitation (cm) 30 15 0 0 –15 100 200 300 400 Climograph 83
- 85. Tropical Rainforest Vertical Layering Canopy Low-tree layer Understory Ground layer Forest floor Root layer 85
- 86. 86 Desert
- 87. 87 Savanna
- 91. 91Tundra
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- 93. 93 Credits by Rob Swatski, 2010 http://robswatskibiology.wetpaint.com Visit my website for more Biology study resources! http://www.flickr.com/photos/rswatski Please send your comments and feedback to: rjswatsk@hacc.edu This work bears an Attribution-Noncommercial Share Alike Creative Commons license. Images used in this work bear a Creative Commons license and are attributed to their original authors.