Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
" Disposal options for solid waste of Bangalore city based on its characteris...Dr. Naveen BP
This document analyzes the solid waste characteristics of Bangalore city in India to suggest options for its safe disposal. It finds that Bangalore's waste contains a larger proportion of degradable waste than many other cities. It suggests that a landfill with leachate and gas collection systems is preferable to an inert landfill for Bangalore currently, for technical and economic reasons. Separation of degradable and inert waste with separate landfills is another option.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
IRJET- Substituting Natural Fiber by Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
This document discusses substituting natural fibers like rice straw with plastic waste in composite materials to enhance sustainability. Plastic waste is a major environmental issue in developing countries like India due to high population growth. The objective is to improve the mechanical properties of plastics by reinforcing with treated natural fibers. Rice straw will be treated through chemical and carbonization methods before being reinforced in plastic composites. The composites will be tested to analyze the effect of fiber reinforcement on flexural and tensile strength compared to non-reinforced recycled plastic.
Analysis of Solid Waste for its better Management – a case studyinventionjournals
The document analyzes the composition, characteristics, and quantities of solid waste in Aligarh city, India. It finds that the city's solid waste consists on average of 33% vegetable/food waste, 33% drain silt, 10% plastic/rubber, 5% rag/jute, 8% paper, 5% construction debris, and 8% wooden matter. Sampling of waste was conducted across 16 wards, with characteristics such as moisture content, carbon, and nitrogen content analyzed. The study provides baseline data on the city's waste to inform better management and future planning of waste disposal systems.
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that modeled the environmental impacts of landfilling and incineration waste management scenarios in Odo-Oba, Nigeria using GaBi6 software. Wastes were characterized and sorted, and gas emissions from open burning at a dumpsite were measured. Two scenarios were modeled in GaBi6: landfilling and incineration. The landfill model showed that paper contributed most to global warming and eutrophication potential, while biodegradables and plastics dominated acidification and ozone depletion potential, respectively. The incineration model found that plastics contributed most to acidification, global warming and eutrophication potential. The study concluded that the landfill scenario posed a lesser environmental threat
Olorunnisola, A.O., Richards, A. and Omoniyi, T.E., 2021. A Review on the Renewable Energy from Agricultural and Forest Residues in Nigeria. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 3(1), pp.04-11.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
" Disposal options for solid waste of Bangalore city based on its characteris...Dr. Naveen BP
This document analyzes the solid waste characteristics of Bangalore city in India to suggest options for its safe disposal. It finds that Bangalore's waste contains a larger proportion of degradable waste than many other cities. It suggests that a landfill with leachate and gas collection systems is preferable to an inert landfill for Bangalore currently, for technical and economic reasons. Separation of degradable and inert waste with separate landfills is another option.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
IRJET- Substituting Natural Fiber by Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
This document discusses substituting natural fibers like rice straw with plastic waste in composite materials to enhance sustainability. Plastic waste is a major environmental issue in developing countries like India due to high population growth. The objective is to improve the mechanical properties of plastics by reinforcing with treated natural fibers. Rice straw will be treated through chemical and carbonization methods before being reinforced in plastic composites. The composites will be tested to analyze the effect of fiber reinforcement on flexural and tensile strength compared to non-reinforced recycled plastic.
Analysis of Solid Waste for its better Management – a case studyinventionjournals
The document analyzes the composition, characteristics, and quantities of solid waste in Aligarh city, India. It finds that the city's solid waste consists on average of 33% vegetable/food waste, 33% drain silt, 10% plastic/rubber, 5% rag/jute, 8% paper, 5% construction debris, and 8% wooden matter. Sampling of waste was conducted across 16 wards, with characteristics such as moisture content, carbon, and nitrogen content analyzed. The study provides baseline data on the city's waste to inform better management and future planning of waste disposal systems.
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that modeled the environmental impacts of landfilling and incineration waste management scenarios in Odo-Oba, Nigeria using GaBi6 software. Wastes were characterized and sorted, and gas emissions from open burning at a dumpsite were measured. Two scenarios were modeled in GaBi6: landfilling and incineration. The landfill model showed that paper contributed most to global warming and eutrophication potential, while biodegradables and plastics dominated acidification and ozone depletion potential, respectively. The incineration model found that plastics contributed most to acidification, global warming and eutrophication potential. The study concluded that the landfill scenario posed a lesser environmental threat
Olorunnisola, A.O., Richards, A. and Omoniyi, T.E., 2021. A Review on the Renewable Energy from Agricultural and Forest Residues in Nigeria. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 3(1), pp.04-11.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes health issues related to urban solid waste disposal in four areas of Sri Lanka: Colombo, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Badulla. The study identifies 23 similar diseases in the four areas but finds variation in disease prevalence based on geographical factors, population density, waste generation and collection practices, education levels, income, and public behavior. Colombo had the highest percentage of health issues at 45.6% while Kurunegala had the lowest at 15.4%. Women and children were also found to be more affected than men due to spending more time near dumpsites. The study recommends establishing a centralized waste management system to better control environmental activities and implement an
This document discusses utilizing bio-solid waste in the Gaza Strip to generate electricity and address power shortages. It notes that bio-solid waste accounts for 60-70% of total waste in Gaza and presents environmental and financial problems if not properly managed. The study aims to extract methane gas from bio-solid waste decomposition to generate electricity or use as cooking fuel. It also aims to produce organic fertilizers from bio-solid waste to benefit agriculture. Proper sorting and recycling of bio-solid waste could help tackle waste management issues and reduce dependence on external energy sources.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
Solid waste management practices of households in the university of eastern p...Alexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on solid waste management practices of households in the University of Eastern Philippines. The study found that the types of waste generated differed between households, with plastics being the primary waste in one zone and kitchen waste predominant in two other zones. Waste collection was generally regular but with varying schedules between zones. Identified problems included insufficient waste collection equipment, lack of proper disposal practices and government support. Recommendations included improving waste separation and collection, educating communities, and exploring composting and recycling options.
Compost Quality Assessment Of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC),...IJERA Editor
India produces about 3000 million tons of MSW annually out of which 40 –50 % are compostable. Compost
Quality plays a very important role in making MSW compost a marketable product as they are tested for
fertilizing parameters, heavy metal parameters and harmful pathogens. In the present study, an attempt has been
made to understand the quality of compost so formed by the windrow composting process from the MSW
obtained from Jawahar Nagar, and the vegetable waste from the commercial area Hyderabad by it analysis
(Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such
as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index.Parameters like Moisture content, pH, EC, TOC, Total Nitrogen, Total
Phosphorous, Total Potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and
chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters are within the permissible limits prescribed by
FCO. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for both the samples and it was found that both
the samples had a fertility index value of 4.2 and clean index value of 4.2 for sample I and 3.6 for Sample II was
determined. These Indices values are used to find out the class to which the compost belongs to; and hence it
was found out that sample I belonged to Class A category whereas Sample II belonged to Class C category.
Hence it can be recommended that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of
view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost.
How to design a household waste management training curriculumyayansudrajatunindra
The document discusses the design of a training curriculum for household waste management in Indonesia. It begins by outlining the research methodology used and the key findings of designing such a curriculum. These include that the curriculum can be viewed as a substance, system, or field of study. It then provides background on the importance of proper waste management for environmental and public health. Current practices and challenges in Indonesia are examined, highlighting the need for better management of waste as a resource. The conclusion emphasizes that training local communities on waste management curriculum is crucial to addressing Indonesia's waste problems.
Consumer’s Attitude towards Environmental Sustainability while Purchasing Cov...AI Publications
Environmental sustainability is a term that is of huge relevance to the current as well as the forthcoming generation. It primarily attempts to avoid actions that deplete natural resources in order to maintain ecological equilibrium. Sustainable practices enable a person to consider the future needs of the resources being consumed today. It influences the consumption patterns exhibited by a person. Covid 19 pandemic triggered the demand for a wide range of Covid 19 essential products like N95 masks, sanitizers, etc. As these products are in a huge surge, it is also important to understand the effects they have on environmental sustainability and the attitude of consumers towards the idea of green Covid 19 goods. The goal of this study is to determine the attitude of consumers towards environmental sustainability when purchasing Covid 19 products. A quantitative method is adopted for the study with a sample size of 200, collected using a convenient sampling method. After a detailed analysis of the data collected, we concluded that Environmental Protection, Perceived Availability Barrier, Perceived Quality/Performance Barrier, Perceived time barrier & Personal Norms have a significant influence in consumer’s attitude towards environmental sustainability. We believe that our research findings will build on the existing body of knowledge by addressing the way consumers prioritize their eco-friendly purchases.
Air Inflated Greenhouse as urban farming facilities: Architectural Overviewikhsan setiawan
Urban Farming utilizing land intensification, in order to meet the needs of fresh vegetables and fruits everyday for the community residential / housing in urban areas. Air Inflated Greenhouse as urban farming facilities, can be built and transferred to a residential location / specific housing is easy, safe, fast and lightweight (0,55mm PVC tarpaulin) so that urban farming products closer to consumers in urban settlements, the price impact getting cheaper, but quality. Long-term goal is to develop prototype Air inflated Greenhouse as facilities Urban Farming which fulfills the power, speed, effectiveness, comfort and encourage crops of fruit / vegetable hydroponic hygienic, cheap and profitable, so that the product Air Inflated Greenhouse automatically support an increase in food production, specific target is the availability prototype Air Inflated Greenhouse as Urban Farming facility in order to increase productivity of crops of fruit / vegetable hydroponic hygienic, cheap and profitable, so the high prospects for mass production by SMEs Partners to meet national food requirements. Methods using methods Experiments and Action Research, beginning with the development of design, manufacture, testing and repair of prototype Air Inflated Greenhouse includes (1) a test of strength and endurance of materials Air Inflated Greenhouse to the weather, (2) test material Air Inflated Greenhouse most effective as a component of the structure, (3) test the speed of manufacture, transport, assembly, installation, dismantling Air Inflated Greenhouse, (4) test the temperature, humidity and air pressure in the Air Inflated Greenhouse.
Keywords:Urban Farming, Air Inflated Greenhouse, Terpaulin
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
IRJET- Design Development of Organic Fertilizer Machine for Processing Food W...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and development of an organic fertilizer machine to process food waste. The machine was designed to produce organic fertilizer from food waste in a fast, odorless, and low-cost manner. The document reviews current food waste issues and the benefits of composting as a solution. It then describes the conceptual design of the machine and conclusions that it is an affordable option to shred organic waste for small businesses with less labor requirements compared to other shredders. The machine aims to reduce unscientific landfilling and increase quality compost production.
IRJET-Construction & Demolition Waste Management Practices in Construction in...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on construction and demolition waste management practices in the construction industry in Vadodara, India. It finds that construction waste produces a large quantity of environmentally unfriendly waste that increases project costs. There is currently no accurate estimate of the quantity of waste generated in Vadodara. The document reviews several other studies on construction waste management in India and other Asian countries. These studies found that construction waste is often buried or disposed of without segregation. Improving waste recycling and management could help reduce costs and environmental impacts for the construction industry.
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
Environmental Management
Introduction to Solid Waste
Classification of Solid Waste
Collection Methods of Solid Waste
Transfer & Transportation of Solid Waste
Type of Equipment
Recycling, Reuse & Disposal of Solid Waste
Introduction to Air Pollution
Sources of air pollution & it’s Effects
Classification & Control of Air Pollution
Introduction to EIA functions of Environmental Quality Standards.
Introduction to Noise Pollution & it’s Measure
Environmental Health & Safety
FAO believes that reconciling food and fuel production is complex with no simple solutions. While some argue that using food crops for fuel is always bad, the reality is more nuanced. Flex crops and integrated food-energy systems could potentially increase both food and fuel production without competition if yields are improved. There is likely enough land for increased biofuel production globally at 5-8% of arable land, but land governance is important, and competition over land use must be carefully managed. Biofuels' impacts on food prices are unclear and depend on local conditions. FAO has developed tools to help assess sustainability at various levels and promote best practices. Overall, FAO argues that sustainably producing both food and fuel is possible but
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
IRJET- Sustainable Approach for Development of an EcocityIRJET Journal
This document discusses developing an eco-city in India through sustainable waste management. It analyzes the current solid waste management process and issues in India. The key points are:
1) India's increasing urbanization is leading to higher waste generation and unsustainability. The eco-city concept aims to create more sustainable cities through principles like renewable energy, green spaces, and efficient resource use.
2) Hoshangabad, India is proposed as a study area. It currently faces waste management problems like improper segregation and landfill dumping.
3) The document outlines the steps in solid waste management according to Indian laws - generation, segregation, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It aims to
This presentation discusses sustainable solid waste management. It introduces the topics of solid waste and solid waste management. Solid waste is defined as discarded materials from various sources, while solid waste management aims to control waste generation and disposal in a way that considers public health and the environment. Sustainable solid waste management seeks to minimize resource consumption and waste. The objectives are to reduce waste's negative impacts on human health and the environment. The presentation outlines various solid waste management methods, including source reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment, and landfilling. It concludes that technological advances can help make waste management more sustainable and economically viable.
This presentation discusses sustainable solid waste management. It introduces the topic by defining solid waste, solid waste management, and sustainable solid waste management. The advantages of sustainable management include keeping the environment clean while the disadvantages can include disease. The objectives are to reduce waste's negative impacts on health and the environment. The methodology discusses reducing, recovering, treating, and landfilling waste. It concludes that technological improvements can benefit the environment with lower costs and that sustainable systems will develop further.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes health issues related to urban solid waste disposal in four areas of Sri Lanka: Colombo, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Badulla. The study identifies 23 similar diseases in the four areas but finds variation in disease prevalence based on geographical factors, population density, waste generation and collection practices, education levels, income, and public behavior. Colombo had the highest percentage of health issues at 45.6% while Kurunegala had the lowest at 15.4%. Women and children were also found to be more affected than men due to spending more time near dumpsites. The study recommends establishing a centralized waste management system to better control environmental activities and implement an
This document discusses utilizing bio-solid waste in the Gaza Strip to generate electricity and address power shortages. It notes that bio-solid waste accounts for 60-70% of total waste in Gaza and presents environmental and financial problems if not properly managed. The study aims to extract methane gas from bio-solid waste decomposition to generate electricity or use as cooking fuel. It also aims to produce organic fertilizers from bio-solid waste to benefit agriculture. Proper sorting and recycling of bio-solid waste could help tackle waste management issues and reduce dependence on external energy sources.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
Solid waste management practices of households in the university of eastern p...Alexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on solid waste management practices of households in the University of Eastern Philippines. The study found that the types of waste generated differed between households, with plastics being the primary waste in one zone and kitchen waste predominant in two other zones. Waste collection was generally regular but with varying schedules between zones. Identified problems included insufficient waste collection equipment, lack of proper disposal practices and government support. Recommendations included improving waste separation and collection, educating communities, and exploring composting and recycling options.
Compost Quality Assessment Of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC),...IJERA Editor
India produces about 3000 million tons of MSW annually out of which 40 –50 % are compostable. Compost
Quality plays a very important role in making MSW compost a marketable product as they are tested for
fertilizing parameters, heavy metal parameters and harmful pathogens. In the present study, an attempt has been
made to understand the quality of compost so formed by the windrow composting process from the MSW
obtained from Jawahar Nagar, and the vegetable waste from the commercial area Hyderabad by it analysis
(Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such
as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index.Parameters like Moisture content, pH, EC, TOC, Total Nitrogen, Total
Phosphorous, Total Potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and
chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters are within the permissible limits prescribed by
FCO. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for both the samples and it was found that both
the samples had a fertility index value of 4.2 and clean index value of 4.2 for sample I and 3.6 for Sample II was
determined. These Indices values are used to find out the class to which the compost belongs to; and hence it
was found out that sample I belonged to Class A category whereas Sample II belonged to Class C category.
Hence it can be recommended that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of
view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost.
How to design a household waste management training curriculumyayansudrajatunindra
The document discusses the design of a training curriculum for household waste management in Indonesia. It begins by outlining the research methodology used and the key findings of designing such a curriculum. These include that the curriculum can be viewed as a substance, system, or field of study. It then provides background on the importance of proper waste management for environmental and public health. Current practices and challenges in Indonesia are examined, highlighting the need for better management of waste as a resource. The conclusion emphasizes that training local communities on waste management curriculum is crucial to addressing Indonesia's waste problems.
Consumer’s Attitude towards Environmental Sustainability while Purchasing Cov...AI Publications
Environmental sustainability is a term that is of huge relevance to the current as well as the forthcoming generation. It primarily attempts to avoid actions that deplete natural resources in order to maintain ecological equilibrium. Sustainable practices enable a person to consider the future needs of the resources being consumed today. It influences the consumption patterns exhibited by a person. Covid 19 pandemic triggered the demand for a wide range of Covid 19 essential products like N95 masks, sanitizers, etc. As these products are in a huge surge, it is also important to understand the effects they have on environmental sustainability and the attitude of consumers towards the idea of green Covid 19 goods. The goal of this study is to determine the attitude of consumers towards environmental sustainability when purchasing Covid 19 products. A quantitative method is adopted for the study with a sample size of 200, collected using a convenient sampling method. After a detailed analysis of the data collected, we concluded that Environmental Protection, Perceived Availability Barrier, Perceived Quality/Performance Barrier, Perceived time barrier & Personal Norms have a significant influence in consumer’s attitude towards environmental sustainability. We believe that our research findings will build on the existing body of knowledge by addressing the way consumers prioritize their eco-friendly purchases.
Air Inflated Greenhouse as urban farming facilities: Architectural Overviewikhsan setiawan
Urban Farming utilizing land intensification, in order to meet the needs of fresh vegetables and fruits everyday for the community residential / housing in urban areas. Air Inflated Greenhouse as urban farming facilities, can be built and transferred to a residential location / specific housing is easy, safe, fast and lightweight (0,55mm PVC tarpaulin) so that urban farming products closer to consumers in urban settlements, the price impact getting cheaper, but quality. Long-term goal is to develop prototype Air inflated Greenhouse as facilities Urban Farming which fulfills the power, speed, effectiveness, comfort and encourage crops of fruit / vegetable hydroponic hygienic, cheap and profitable, so that the product Air Inflated Greenhouse automatically support an increase in food production, specific target is the availability prototype Air Inflated Greenhouse as Urban Farming facility in order to increase productivity of crops of fruit / vegetable hydroponic hygienic, cheap and profitable, so the high prospects for mass production by SMEs Partners to meet national food requirements. Methods using methods Experiments and Action Research, beginning with the development of design, manufacture, testing and repair of prototype Air Inflated Greenhouse includes (1) a test of strength and endurance of materials Air Inflated Greenhouse to the weather, (2) test material Air Inflated Greenhouse most effective as a component of the structure, (3) test the speed of manufacture, transport, assembly, installation, dismantling Air Inflated Greenhouse, (4) test the temperature, humidity and air pressure in the Air Inflated Greenhouse.
Keywords:Urban Farming, Air Inflated Greenhouse, Terpaulin
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
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Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Environmental Management
Introduction to Solid Waste
Classification of Solid Waste
Collection Methods of Solid Waste
Transfer & Transportation of Solid Waste
Type of Equipment
Recycling, Reuse & Disposal of Solid Waste
Introduction to Air Pollution
Sources of air pollution & it’s Effects
Classification & Control of Air Pollution
Introduction to EIA functions of Environmental Quality Standards.
Introduction to Noise Pollution & it’s Measure
Environmental Health & Safety
FAO believes that reconciling food and fuel production is complex with no simple solutions. While some argue that using food crops for fuel is always bad, the reality is more nuanced. Flex crops and integrated food-energy systems could potentially increase both food and fuel production without competition if yields are improved. There is likely enough land for increased biofuel production globally at 5-8% of arable land, but land governance is important, and competition over land use must be carefully managed. Biofuels' impacts on food prices are unclear and depend on local conditions. FAO has developed tools to help assess sustainability at various levels and promote best practices. Overall, FAO argues that sustainably producing both food and fuel is possible but
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
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This document discusses developing an eco-city in India through sustainable waste management. It analyzes the current solid waste management process and issues in India. The key points are:
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United Nation's ambassidor's Presentation on World Environmental DayHammadAwan37
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This impactful presentation will shed light on the 3Rs method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—as a cornerstone for responsible consumption and waste management. Discover innovative techniques and strategies to minimize our ecological footprint and foster a circular economy that ensures the longevity of our precious resources.
Together, let's explore actionable steps to safeguard our environment, mitigate climate change, and create a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural world. This World Environmental Day, be part of the global movement for a greener, more sustainable tomorrow."
This document discusses construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling. It begins with definitions and categories of CDW, then discusses the need for recycling CDW. The recycling process and literature on CDW recycling are reviewed. Problems with CDW include lack of disposal sites and environmental impacts. The objectives are sustainable development and incorporating reduce, reuse, recycle concepts. Strategies proposed include government policies, education, and management changes. CDW recycling provides economic and environmental benefits such as jobs, reduced costs and landfills. The conclusion calls for better CDW guidance, responsibility, awareness raising and inert waste disposal systems.
Implementation of green manufacturing in industry a case studyeSAT Journals
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The document discusses emerging trends in green technology, with a focus on green waste management. It describes the scope of studying how switching to green technology benefits organizations over the long run. Specifically, it will examine the monetary and intangible benefits of implementing green technology in workspaces. The document also provides an overview of green waste management methods like composting and discusses trends in renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower.
The document discusses sustainable waste management and resource efficiency. It promotes reducing waste at the source through the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). Effective waste management requires considering the entire lifecycle of products and materials. It should prioritize waste prevention over disposal or recycling. The growing waste problem is exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and unsustainable consumption patterns. Current approaches often do not view waste as a resource or support the informal waste sector. A more circular economy is needed that minimizes resource use and keeps materials in use.
A Decision Support System for the Design and Evaluation of Durable Wastewater...AM Publications
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A Decision Support System for the Design and Evaluation of Durable Wastewater...AM Publications
To develop the waste water solutions challenging task. To design sustainable wastewater solution requires information about new ideas, new systems and latest technology. Generally it is assumed that, decision making needs to involve field experts and engineers to define values and brainstorms solution. This paper describes a decision support system model that is designed to help community planners to identify the solution which balance the environmental, economic and social needs. System will be scalable, adaptable and flexible. Our decision support system will take modular description of components and description of community constraints, suggest the design of alternative waste water system, and facilitates evaluating how well each design satisfies the given constraints. Decision support system will give alternatives with visualization of the effect of various trade-offs and their effect in the relation of the community’s goals.
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Application of an integrative approach for municipal solid waste management a...Alexander Decker
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published Indian ethos SBR Sustainable_consumption__practices_in_Indian_hous(...ThiruVenkat6
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Industrial and Hazardous Waste TreatmentMichael C AdamsColumbi.docxcarliotwaycave
Industrial and Hazardous Waste Treatment
Michael C Adams
Columbia Southern University
Management Considerations
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To determine the efficiency of the investment which as discussed requires various resources, return on investment should be considered. The formula to be applied is:
ROI = Net Income (NI) / Investment (I)
NI = Gross Profit – Expenses
I = Stock + Market Outstanding + Claims
ROI = (1,000,000 – 500,000) / (2,000,000 + 5% of 2,000,000)/5
500,000/480,000
= 1.04
Physical Treatment
According to (Hollysys (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, n.d.) water Treatment Industry project requires a Biological contact oxidation (BCO) scheme as a type of submerged biofilm practice. Unused water comes into contact with the biofilm on the filler. There are microorganisms in the biofilms; hence through immersed aeration organic filter/ biological contact oxidation tank, biofilm-covered fillers submerge in the wastewater. When biofilms and wastewater meets the organic matter are absorbed in the water by the micro-organic elements followed by, oxidization and degradation into new biofilms. Later, the disconnected biofilms from the filler move alongside water to the secondary sedimentation tank, and exits as the remaining water purify. There is ...
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
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objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
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China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY AS A SUSTAINABLE DOMESTIC ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT MEASURE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.2, June 2017
DOI:10.5121/civej.2017.4206 79
BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY AS A SUSTAINABLE
DOMESTIC ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
MEASURE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Athira Ravi and Subha Vishnudas
Division of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science
and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
KEYWORDS
Sustainability, domestic organic waste management, conceptual framework, biotechnology, Kochi city.
1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing population levels, booming economy, rapid urbanization and the rise in community
standards have greatly accelerated the municipal waste generation rate in developing countries
(Minghua et al., 2009). As compared to the western countries, MSW differs greatly with regard
to the composition and hazardous nature, in developing countries like India. (Gupta et al., 1998;
Shannigrahi et al., 1997; Jalan and Srivastava, 1995). MSW contains compostable organic
matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste), recyclables (paper, plastic, glass, metals, etc.),
toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines), and soiled waste (blood stained
cotton, sanitary napkins, disposable syringes) (Jha et al., 2008; Reddy and Galab, 1998). Among
these, the residential organic wastes make the urban waste management in a worse situation.
The wastes generated in communities are the reflection of their ways of life, wealth and culture
(UNCHS, 1989). There are many waste management techniques for the assimilation of these
wastes. One of the most important techniques which is getting attention in developing countries
like India is biogas technology. Interest in biogas technology is growing in India, because of the
increasing awareness of the importance of the renewable energy sources and their potential role
in decentralized energy generation. The rate of growth of biogas technology is expected to
accelerate in the future given the moderately high potential, mounting concerns on
environmental protection and waste minimization. Whatever the technology it must be
sustainable in all means. This paper evaluates the biogas technology as a measure of sustainable
domestic organic waste management for urban residential areas in developing countries like
India.
2. METHODOLOGY
The evaluation of the biogas technology practiced in the study area - Kochi city was carried out
through a questionnaire survey conducted in households who are using this technology inside
the city and outskirts. The questions in the survey were framed based on the conceptual
framework developed for sustainable domestic organic waste management (Ravi and
Vishnudas, 2017). The various aspects of sustainable domestic organic waste management were
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.2, June 2017
80
studied in detail. Then measurable factors were identified for each aspect of sustainable
domestic organic waste management and based on this the question were framed. The overall
objective of the evaluation study was to get an idea of existing biogas plants constructed over
the past ten years, which will help to formulate guidelines for the sustainable domestic organic
waste management in the city. The structured questionnaires were discussed in a panel of
experts from various organizations involved in biogas promotion and extension in the city prior
to the field testing. An interactive approach rather than a question and answer session with the
respondents during the field survey process was adopted to enhance the quality of data and
information collected.
2.1. Sustainable domestic organic waste management (SDOWM)
To achieve sustainable and effective waste management, development strategies must go
beyond purely technical considerations to formulate specific objectives and implement
appropriate measures with regard to political, institutional, social, environmental, economic and
technical aspects of solid waste management (Schubeler et al., 1996) For sustainable domestic
organic waste management, the waste management system should be socially and economically
acceptable to all groups of the society. The environmental impacts of such systems should be
minimum or negligible. The system should be preferably locally manufactured, should have
maximum efficiency, durable and of good quality. The system should be adaptable and
affordable to all sections of the society, simple and easy to operate, low initial and maintenance
cost, energy efficient etc. Thus, the study defines sustainable organic waste management as the
‘domestic organic waste management system which is environmentally friendly, technically
feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable with adequate institutional/organizational
support’. The various aspects of SDOWM were identified and the conceptual framework was
outlined as shown in Figure 1 (Ravi and Vishnudas, 2017).
Figure 1 Conceptual framework for sustainable domestic organic waste management
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.2, June 2017
81
The various measurable factors with respect to biogas technology were identified for each of the
factors of the aspects of sustainable domestic organic waste management. These are presented
in Tables 1 – 5 for evaluating the biogas technology. Table 1 describes the factors identified to
measure the environmental aspects of sustainable domestic organic waste management. The
various aspects are emission prevention, safeguard of community health and user health,
contribution to recycling, use of resources and energy and nutrient reuse potential which
measure the environment friendliness of the system (Zurburgg et al., 2014, Yang et al., 2012,
ISSOWAMA, 2011).
Table 1. Factors identified to measure environmental aspects
Sl.No. Environmental Aspect Measurable factors identified
1 Emission prevention Air pollution status in the kitchen
2 Safeguard community
health
Complaints from neighbours regarding smell or other issues
Mosquito breeding
3 Safeguard user health Infections after the installation of the plant
Diseases after the installation of the plant
4 Contribution to recycling Percentage reduction in the amount of organic waste
5 Use of resources and
energy
Daily availability of biogas
Purpose of the gas
6 Nutrient reuse potential Use of bio slurry
Factors which measure the technical aspects are appropriateness to conditions and climate,
design and construction skill, operation skill, maintenance, coping with changes, cost
effectiveness and prerequisites (Table 2) which measure the technical feasibility (Hazeltine and
Bull, 1999; Akubue, 2000, Baetz et al., 1995). Affordability, cost recovery and access to
capital are the factors identified to measure economic aspects (Table 3) (Zurburgg et al., 2014,
Cellini and Kee, 2010, Nelson and Yudelson, 1976).
Table 2. Factors identified to measure technical aspects
Sl.No. Technical Aspect Measurable factors identified
1 Appropriate to conditions and climate Working condition of the plant
2 Design and construction skill Who constructed the plant
3 Operation skill
Who operates the plant
Is this operable by all members of the family
4 Maintenance
Frequency of repairs
Ease of repair
5 Coping with changes Cope with the amount of waste produced
6 Cost effectiveness Perception of the user for cost effectiveness
7 Prerequisites What are the prerequisites required
Table 3. Factors identified to measure economic aspects
Sl.No. Economical Aspect Measurable factors identified
1 Affordable Income range of people who uses the plant
2 Cost recovery
Cost recovery in terms of LPG cylinder numbers
Cost recovery in terms of fertilizer purchase
3 Access to capital Source of fund
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.2, June 2017
82
Adaptability, equitability, community support and participation and empowerment are the
factors identified to measure the social aspects (Zurburgg et al., 2014, Luthi et al., 2011) of
sustainable domestic organic waste management. (Table 4). These aspects measure both social
and economic sustainability.
Table 4. Factors identified to measure social aspects
Sl.No. Social Aspect Measurable factors identified
1 Adaptable and equitable
Educational status of people
Gender equity
Occupation of the people
2 Community support & participation Is the plant shared by neighbours
3 Empowerment
Time saved after the installation of the plant
Involvement in other activities after the
installation of the plant
Table 5 describes the factors which measure the institutional/organizational aspects (Morgan
and Taschereau, 1996) of sustainable domestic organic waste management. Supporting policy
and legislation, compliance with environmental standards, quality standards, leadership and
skilled staff, monitoring and evaluation and endorsement and support of any agency are the
factors identified.
Table 5. Factors identified to measure institutional/organizational aspects
Sl.No. Institutional/Organizational
aspect
Measurable factors identified
1 Supporting policy and legislation Whether any policy standards available?
2 Compliance with environmental
standards
Whether any environmental standards available?
3 Compliance with quality standards Whether any quality standards available?
4 Endorsed and supported Is the institution/enterprise endorsed/supported
by any agency?
2 Leadership and skilled staff Details of skilled staff
3 Monitoring and evaluation Is there is frequent monitoring and evaluation?
2.2. The study area – The Kochi city
Kochi city (formerly known as Cochin), lies between 9°48’ and 10°50’ latitude and 76°5’ and
76°58’E longitude, Kerala, South India. It is the commercial capital of Kerala, ‘The God’s Own
Country’ and is in the Ernakulam district of Kerala. The Kochi Municipal Corporation extends
to an area of 94.88 sq.km. As per census of India 2001, the population of Kochi Corporation is
5,95,575 and as per census 2011 the population is 6,01,574. The density of the city is 6,340
persons per sq. km against a density of 819 persons per sq. km in Kerala, 382 persons per sq.
km in India and a world average of 46 persons per sq. km in 2011 (Census, 2011).
3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 General Aspects
The study on household size revealed that the average household size of the respondents using
the biogas plant is 4.3. The plant is used more by households of medium household size (3 - 4 )
followed by households with sizes more than four and least by the 0 – 2 size household group.
The study revealed that the size of the land holdings is not a criterion for owning the biogas
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.2, June 2017
83
plant. The plant works almost equally in the land holdings of the size of less than five cents and
above twenty cents. The plant is seen more in households with small land holdings. Only 3% of
the samples reported livestock farming in their house. 97% own a plant of size 1m3. The
installed plants were of the age two to more than five year. The survey revealed that the service
providers decide the size of the plant and the respondents are not aware of the capacity
determination. The non-availability of other fuel sources especially LPG and as a solution to
reduce the organic waste mainly motivated the respondents to install the plant. The users also
responded that they were motivated to install the plant by their friends/ relatives who are well-
wishers of the technology. 74% of the households who own the plant have a vegetable garden in
their home which provides them with the essential needy vegetables for their diet. This will help
to attain self-reliance on organic vegetables rather than depending on the other states. Most of
the respondents were doing some sort of organic farming even in small parcel of land.
3.2 Social Aspects
The various social aspects for a sustainable management can be measured by the educational
status of the people (whether the plant can be operated by people of different educational
status), gender equity (operable or handy by both male and female), occupation. The community
support and participation aspects can be measured by use of a single plant by multiple families
or houses. The empowerment aspect can be measured by the time saved after the installation of
the plant and utilization of time saved by involvement in other activities after the installation of
the plant.
3.3 Economical Aspects
The economical sustainability was measured mainly by the factors like the income range of the
people who uses the plant, measuring the cost recovery aspect in terms of the number of LPG
cylinders, fertilizer purchase etc. and by measuring the access to capital in terms of source of
fund.
The total monthly income of the households includes the income of the respondent and the
family members from all sources. 40% reported that their income falls in the Rs.10K to 15K
category. Income category Rs.15K to 20K constituted 33.33% and more than 20K group
constituted 26.67%. The study reads that the plant is not accessible to the low income groups
but accessible to the middle income groups due to the high initial cost. Almost all of them were
able to afford the cost of the plant themselves. Only 13.33% of the households responded that
there is no reduction in the number of LPG cylinders in a year whereas the rest of the
households responded that there is considerable reduction in the number of LPG cylinders in
terms of 1-4 or even more than 4 numbers. 53% of the households reported that they not even
purchase fertilizer before or after the installation of the plant. 33% reported that there is
reduction to some extend in the purchase of fertilizer where as 13% responded that there in
considerable reduction in the purchase of fertilizers.
3.4 Technical Aspects
The technical aspects of sustainability is assessed by the factors like working condition of the
plant in all climate and location, design and construction skill, operation skill of the family
members irrespective of age, gender or any other discrimination, maintenance skill, ability of
the plant to cope with the changes in the amount of wastes, cost effectiveness and the
prerequisites required. Most of the plants were constructed outside the house (90%) whereas
two households constructed inside the house and one outside the plot. 93% reported that the
plant is working normal in all climates.
The female members are more sensitive to use the plant than the male members. 73% of the
households answered that female member mostly operates the plant, while 13% answered male
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84
member mostly operates the plant and 13.33% answered both men and women operates the
plant. The amount of gas production in biogas digester depends upon the quantity of feeding
added to it daily provided the plant is technically all right. Kitchen waste and other household
wastes were the two major feeding materials used. Majority of the respondents (93%) used
kitchen waste as the feeding material. 3.33% used cow and buffalo dung in addition to the
kitchen waste. Another 3.33% used the poultry droppings from their farm and nearby areas to
feed the plant.
The response of the households were also taken regards the latrine connection to biogas plants.
Few people responded that people are hesitant to handle bio-slurry from latrine-attached plants.
53% answered that the quantity of wastes produced is adequate for the production of gas
whereas 47% answered that the feed is not sufficient for the working of plant. All the plants
were installed by the service provider itself and the respondents were not aware of the standards
and quality controls insisted during the design and construction. The 87% of households
responded that the initial cost of the plant and its installation is quite expensive and 13.33%
responded that the cost is reasonable. 87% responded that water is an essential prerequisite for
the functioning of the plant. 7% each responded that land and agricultural land is also a
prerequisite for the functioning of the plant.
3.5 Environmental Aspects
The measurable factors identified for the assessing the environmental aspect of sustainability
are emission prevention by means of air pollution status in the kitchen, safeguard of community
health by means of complaints from neighbours regarding smell or any other menace like
mosquito breeding, safeguarding user health by means of enquiries about infections and
diseases after the installation of the plant, contribution to recycling by measuring the percentage
reduction in the amount of organic waste, use of resources and energy by measuring the daily
availability of biogas and the purpose of gas, nutrient reuse potential by means of the use of bio
slurry.
All the households do not find any pollution in their kitchen after the installation of the plant.
Most of the respondents reported that with the installation of biogas, cooking using firewood
has decreased and this has reduced the smoke due to firewood stoves in the kitchen after the
installation of biogas plant. The households were asked to report whether there are any
complaints from neighbours regarding smell or any other thing after the installation of biogas.
All of the respondents reported that no such complaints have been raised by the neighbours.
Households were asked whether increase in mosquito breeding has noted after the installation of
the plant. 40% reported that there is considerable increase in the breeding of mosquitoes are
noted after the installation of the plant since the plant is of floating type and the bio slurry is
exposed. 60% have managed the mosquito menace by preventive measures. The following
preventive methods looked essential to avoid mosquito breeding: covering the whole plant with
net; using guppies which feed on mosquito larvae; using bacillus thuringiensis as a biological
control agent for killing larvae; and by means of kerosene or oil dropped in the bio slurry.
All the households reported that no infections or diseases have been affected after the
installation of the plant. 87% confirmed that there is 100% reduction in the percentage of
organic waste after the installation of the plant whereas 13% reported 75% reduction of organic
waste. No accidents due to fire or burning from biogas have been reported by the households.
73% reported that the daily availability of biogas is up to one hour and 8% reported that they are
getting 1-2 hours daily (See Table 10.4). Single burner gas stoves were installed in all the
biogas-households. When asked about the reasons for lesser gas production, the respondents felt
that it was small-sized plant; under-fed plants (more the fish waste more gas is produced); lack
of timely repair and maintenance work; and some others replied that they are not aware of the
reason. Biogas produced was used only for cooking purpose in all the households. 87%
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households reported that they effectively use the bio slurry produced from the plant. Of this
87% use this as organic fertilizer without composting, 10% give out to others and 3.33% drain
to water course or drain. 13.33% reported that they do not use the bio slurry as it is difficult to
use (40%) and no land to use (60%) then effectively.
3.6 Institutional/Organizational Aspects
The factors identified for measuring the organizational or institutional aspect of sustainability
are the stress on policy standards, environmental and quality standards set for the plant, whether
the institution is endorsed or supported, details of skilled staff who installed the plant and the
details of monitoring and evaluation. The study findings revealed that biogas plants were
installed by the service provider themselves. The respondents (43%) are not aware of the
standards set by their service providers or government. Though of the plant owners felt that
some technical standards were set by the service providers as regards the quality of construction
materials and construction methods, 47% of the respondents did not know about those
standards. The rest of the respondents (10%) believed that no such standards were set. All of the
respondents revealed that, only the spot instruction with palm lets from
mason/company/supervisor etc. was received. Regarding the after sale services 90% reported
that they had not even requested for services and 10% reported that the services have been
availed on call.
4. BENEFITS AND BOTTLE NECKS OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY
4.1 Benefits
Biogas is an odourless and colourless flammable gas which burns with a clear blue flame
similar to that produced by Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). It is produced from the bacterial
decomposition and fermentation of organic matter in a bio-digester. The process is enabled by
the addition of water to the organic matter and happens within an optimal temperature range of
between 35 and 40 degrees Celsius (Parker, 2007; Sathianathan, 1975).
One of the main attractions of biogas technology is its ability to generate a flammable gas from
organic waste which is freely available in most communities. Biogas produced from the
controlled bacterial decay of organic matter in a bio-digester largely consists of methane and
carbon dioxide, with these gases constituting two thirds and one third of the total gas output
respectively. Small amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide are also produced
(Fulford, 1988; Parker, 2007). The calorific value of biogas is roughly 20 Mega Joules per m3
and it usually burns with 60% efficiency in a conventional biogas stove (Fulford, 1988). Apart
from the flammable gas produced as primary output, bio-digesters also produce a secondary
product as the digestion process readily converts organic waste into bio-manure. This by-
product, also known as sludge, carries an added advantage in its potential application as a
highly nutritious fertilizer (Parker, 2007, Savola, 2006).
Austin (2003) states that biogas holds wide ranging potential at the household level in its
domestic application to meet heating needs and to provide energy for cooking, lighting, running
water pumps and even generating electricity through internal combustion processes. Akinbami
et al. (2001) furthermore report that biogas has equally positive agricultural applications in its
use for drying crops, pumping water for irrigation and providing a steady supply of fertiliser as
by-product.
In its role as a way to conserve soil nutrients and also to manage organic waste, countries such
as Finland and Sweden have already formally adopted biogas technology. Moreover, biogas has
many useful applications in small-scale industrial operations. Apart from its benefits in terms of
electricity production, biogas energy can be used wherever industrial heating applications are
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86
required, such as in the case of scalding tanks and drying rooms. In addition to the above,
biogas production is associated with significant advantages in the field of environmental health
and environmental management.
Biogas production promotes environmental sanitation by transforming biodegradable organic
waste from a potential public health liability in the form of pathogens and groundwater
pollution into something with positive environmental utility in the form of useful organic
fertilizer and a sustainable and in expensive form of energy. The latter of course aids air quality
by displacing wood and fossil fuels such as charcoal and diesel, thereby reducing deforestation,
greenhouse gas emissions as well as air pollution with its negative consequences for human
health and respiratory function (Engler et al, 1999).
When using biogas, people can involve more additional activities, and social benefits such as
village self-reliance, local employment and skill generation will occur (Ravindranath, 1992).
The daily time spent in feeding a small biogas digester could be as little as 15 minutes
compared to several hours with the collecting of biomass. Time consumed cleaning vessels and
other kitchen equipment can also be lowered since biogas produces less soot than biomass
generally does. Most importantly, the more economical use of time, results in more time
available for education. (Gautam et al, 2009)
Varma (2007), analyzed various technological options, their salient features, environmental
implications, cost norms and suitability to the biophysical environment of Kerala and concluded
that windrow composting, vermi composting and biomethanation (anaerobic composting for
biogas) are the most appropriate techniques for organic waste management as far as Kerala is
concerned.
Some of the health related benefits achieved from the implementation of biogas plants in Nepal
include: reduced smoke exposure in the indoor environment, reduced acute respiratory
infections on population of all ages, improved infant mortality rates, reduced eye ailments,
reduced concentrations of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and suspended particles in indoor
environments (Pandey, 1984).
A properly managed compost operation promotes clean and readily marketable finished
products, minimizes nuisance potential and is simple to operate (World Bank, 1997). There is a
reduction in landfill space where composting is operated as waste management technique (He et
al., 1992, Awomeso et al., 2010). There is also a reduced surface and groundwater
contamination, which is a phenomenon in landfill. According to WHO, 900 million people
experience diarrhoea or contact diseases such as typhoid and cholera through contaminated
water (WHO, 2008). Through composting waste blocking of rivers, canals, drainages could be
reduced (World Bank, 1997). As a flexible waste management, composting enhances recycling
of materials, low transportation cost. In composting there is a minimal emission of greenhouse
gases with subsequent effect on climate change and global warming (Seo et al., 2004).
Moreover, addition of compost to soil reduces soil erosion as well as improvement of soil’s
structure, aeration and water retention. The use of chemical fertilizer could lead to groundwater
pollution. But the use of compost discourages this water pollution.
In short the advantages and benefits of biogas technology can be listed as follows
• Provides a non-polluting and renewable source of energy thereby conserve energy in an
efficient manner.
• Saves women and children from drudgery of collection and carrying of firewood,
exposure to smoke in the kitchen, and time consumed for cooking and cleaning of
utensils. This meets the most popular worldwide objective of women empowerment.
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• Produces enriched organic manure, which can supplement or even replace chemical
fertilizers.
• Leads to improvement in the environment, and sanitation and hygiene, a source for
decentralized power generation and employment generation in the rural areas.
• The technology is cheaper and much simpler than those for other bio-fuels, and it is
ideal for small scale application.
• Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens and parasites, and is quite effective in
reducing the incidence of water borne diseases.
• Environmental benefits on a global scale: Biogas plants significantly lower the
greenhouse effects on the earth’s atmosphere. The plants lower methane emissions by
entrapping the harmful gas and using it as fuel.
4.2 Bottle Necks
Biogas production is however also challenged by limitations. Balsam (2006) explains, firstly,
that the process of digestion in bio-digesters can be relatively slow. Thus, for biogas to be
delivered at useful rates, a fairly large volume of organic waste as input material would be
required. Secondly, biogas cannot be easily bottled for transportation and use at a relatively
large distance away from the source of production. It is therefore only useful if bio-digesters are
located fairly close to the end-users. In view of such limitations, Balsam states that it is
important that decision-makers understand what biogas production entails if it is to be
effectively produced and if its advantages are to be enjoyed by people.
A biogas plant is said to be defective if it does not yield the expected gas as per the
specifications of the plant. This may be due to the operational problems or shortcomings in the
accessories and inputs such as stove, pipeline, valve and feeding rate and installation problems
due to deviation from the standard specification of construction such as using quality,
dimensions and trained masons.
According to Khoiyangbam et al.(2011) the problems faced by biogas technology include high
cost of construction, corrosion of gas holder, leakage of digester tank, defective pipeline,
accumulation of water in pipeline, low biogas production in winter and at high altitude, slurry
comes through the pipeline, plenty of gas inside the plant but will not come in the stove or lamp,
slurry level would not rise in the displacement chamber / outlet pipe, low pH, fluctuation of gas
pressure, carbon dioxide reducing the calorific value, hydrogen sulphide leading to corrosion,
gas does not burn, improper combustion, elongated yellowish flame, flames lifts off, flame
extinguishes, flame too small and too big.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The paper evaluated the sustainability of the biogas technology system practised in Kochi city
and the major findings are as follows. When measuring the social aspects of sustainability, the
evaluation study reveals that the respondents who have installed the plant are mainly
government/salaried and self-employed. A noticeable percentage of daily wage and other
occupation groups also installed the plant. The plants have been installed by the people having
different educational status ranging from school education to post graduation and above.
Sharing of the plant with the neighbours has not been seen during the study except for some
cases. 53% revealed that time is saved in kitchen due to the availability of extra fuel which
increase their involvement in organic farming and gardening activities in their houses. Apart
from this, the technology is used as an alternate for waste disposal. The decision to install the
plant has been done mainly by the female member and after discussion in the family. These
findings show that the technology is affordable and equitable. In addition it has adequate
community support and participation and promotes women empowerment.
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While measuring the economic aspects, the study point out that the system is affordable to all
income groups and almost all of them afforded the cost of installation themselves. The majority
of respondents experienced a reduction in the number of LPG cylinders in one to four numbers
in a year and also reported that there is economic gain in terms of fertilizer purchase also. Even
though the initial capital cost is high it is economical in the long run in terms of saving of other
fuels used in kitchen. These findings reveal that the system is economically sustainable.
Regarding the technical aspects the study assessed that the plant is adaptable to climate and
location and is easily operable, but mostly female members operates it. The plant feeds on
kitchen waste in most cases but also accommodates dung, poultry droppings, leaves etc. Most of
the households responded that the quantity of their feed is sufficient for the functioning of the
plant and almost all the plants are installed by the service provider. This explains the technically
feasibility of the plant.
The plant is free from emission, foul smell or any other menace. It was observed that preventive
measures are done for controlling mosquito breeding. The user or community health is safe and
cases of contagious disease were not reported after the installation of the plant. The majority of
the respondents reported that there is 100% reduction of organic waste. The availability of gas is
about one to two hours. The produced gas is used only for cooking purpose which can be
expanded to many energy saving options like lighting. Apart from this, the nutrient reuse
potential of bio slurry can be efficiently utilized by means of vegetable gardens or for sale the
bio slurry to others. This highlights the environmental friendliness of the system.
The plant is installed by service providers who are mainly NGOs or installation supervisors.
The respondents were given on the spot instruction and through palm lets. This is adequate for
majority of respondents but the training for regular maintenance of the plant is felt not adequate.
The after sale services is satisfactory among the respondents. Even though the technical
sustainability is not at par with standards and other aspects of sustainability, the installation and
maintenance of the plant can be promoted through local bodies to make it more sustainable.
In general, the biogas technology system is socially acceptable, economically viable,
environmental friendly, technically feasible and institutionally stable apart from some minor
issues. The issues include improper operation and maintenance, improper segregation of waste
for feeding the plant, improper application of slurry, optimal use of biogas etc. The key to
proper operation of biogas plant is the daily feeding with mix of right proportions of the wastes
and water, frequent draining of condensed water in the pipeline through the water outlet,
cleaning of stoves and lamps, oiling of gas valves and gas taps, cleaning of overflow outlet,
checking of gas leakage through pipe joints and gas valves and adding of organic materials to
slurry pits. As long as these tasks are carried out reliably and carefully the plant will function
properly.
From the technical review it has been strengthened that biogas production process has become
attractive as its technology has been successfully tested through experience on both small- and
large-scale projects. Therefore, it is concluded that feeding upon renewable resources and non-
polluting in process technology, biogas generation serves a triple function: waste removal,
sustainable management of the environment, and energy production.
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Authors
Athira Ravi is currently a part time research scholar in the Division of Civil
Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and
Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India. Also she is the Deputy Town Planner, Town
and Country Planning Department, Government of Kerala, India. She received
Master of Planning (Housing) from the College of Engineering,
Thiruvananthapuram in 2007. Her current research interests include sustainable
development, urban planning, solid waste management, footprint analysis etc.