This document discusses several key issues in medical ethics, including informed consent, patient capacity, disclosure, and the relationship between doctors and patients. It emphasizes that informed consent requires doctors to disclose appropriate information to patients regarding treatment procedures, risks, and alternatives so patients can make voluntary decisions. Patient capacity and surrogate decision makers are also addressed. Maintaining patient confidentiality and truth telling are presented as important principles underpinning the trust between doctors and those seeking medical care.

1. 1. INFORMATION PROBLEM
2. THE CONSENT FOR MEDICAL
TREATMENT
3. CAPACITY OF THE PATIENTS
4. DISCLOSURE
5. RELATION MODELS BETWEEN
DOCTOR AND PATIENTS
6. VOLUNTARINESS( FREE CHOICE)
7. TRUTH TELLING
8. PRINCIPLE OF CONFIDENTIALITY
(MEDICAL SECRECY)

2. INFORMATION PROBLEMS
 Patient safety.
 Equity of resources.
 Informed consent.
 Dealing with the opposite sex.
 Conflict of intrest.
 Patients rights.
 Disability issues.
 Mental illness, treatment and care of
patients.

3. The consent for medical
treatment
 Informed consent is a process by
which the doctor discloses appropriate
information to patient so that he can
make an apprpopriate decision to
accept the treatment or to refuse it.
 This includes many elements like
procedure, reasonable alternative to
the proposed intervention , risks,
benefits and uncertainties.

4. Capacity of the patient
 Here a person may be capable with
respect to one decision but not wuth
respect to another.
 Doctors can easily identify patient who
is capable and who is not. But in some
cases clinical assesment is required .
 If patient is not capable of making
decision due to his/her medication
than a surrogate decision maker
should speak for the patient.

5. Disclosure
 Proper information by the doctor and
its comprehension by the patient are
the two main key elements in the
medical treatment.
 Disclosure should inform the patient
properly about the treatment and its
expected effects.
 patient’s employment, finance, family
life and other concerns.

6. Relation between doctor and
patient
 Relationship between a doctor and the
patient is based on trust , which gives
rise to doctor’s ethical responsibility to
place patient’s welfare above the
doctor’s own self interest.
 In general, doctor should not treat
themselves as patients family member
those who are employed by business
or insurance companies.

7. Voluntariness (free choice)
 Here it refers to patient’s right to make
health care choices free of any
influence.
 Patient’s freedom can be
compromised by internal factors such
as pain and external factors such as
force, manipulation.

8. Truth telling
 In past over many years and now
major changed has been experienced
all around.
 The purpose of telling truth is not
simply to enable patients to make
informed choices about health but also
to inform them about their situation.

9. Principle of
confidentiality(medical secrecy)
 Confidentiality is very important
between a doctor and a patient.
 Patient share their problem with the
doctor and if that confidentiality will be
broken than the trust between both will
get tampered which will be impactful
on pateint’s health.