nsmu ans

1. Ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics are areas of philosophy that address
topics that are likewise addressed in fields like psychology, political science,
sociology, and anthropology. But instead of concentrating on what different people
call the good life, moral duties, social obligations, or beauty, these areas of
philosophy search for:
+reasons why different people should or should not think about such topics as they
do
the personal or social causes of why different people think about such topics as
they do
ways of getting people to question and ultimately to reject ways they have been
raised
a basic principle or logos by which both philosophy and the social sciences can be
reduced to the physical sciences (especially physics).
Ethics and law have sometimes been distinguished in the following way: the law
attempts to resolve conflict in society by regulating behavior, whereas ethics is
concerned with determining the rules for resolving conflict both in belief and in the
behavior or action based on those beliefs. Ethics thus emphasizes:
+the reasons that can be given as to why certain beliefs should be adopted and
certain actions done.
the ways in which individuals can be excused from being held responsible for their
actions.
how a rational resolution of conflicting beliefs is unattainable due to the different
backgrounds of people.
the difference between an individual's religious training and the requirements of
the laws of his state and nation.
The Greek word "ethics" means:
+a custom
the nature
the behavior
the interaction
the identity
The subject of science "bioethics" are:
+ethical issues in biomedical research
the interaction between man and nature
the duty of the pharmacist
debt doctor
The term "bioethics" means:

2. Business Ethics
The ethics of advertising
"Bridge to the Future"
+ the professional ethics of the doctor
The ethics of science
Deontology - is
teaching about social justice
the science of the rules of behavior in society
part of the ethics
+the doctrine of moral duty
The science of market
The First Law of Medical Ethics states:
Thou shalt not kill
+Do No Harm
Do not disclose others' secrets
Do not break the law
Do not be unfair
Who was the author of the term ethics?
+Aristotle
Plato
Hippocrates
Buddha
What is Euthanasia? Euthanasia, from the Greek words meaning…
violent death
+good death
bad death
What is the difference between "active" and "passive" euthanasia?
"Active" euthanasia refers to an action one takes to end a life, for example, a lethal
injection. "Passive" euthanasia refers to an omission - such as failing to intervene
at a life-threatening crisis, or failing to provide nourishment.
+"Active" euthanasia refers to an omission - such as failing to intervene at a life-
threatening crisis, or failing to provide nourishment.

3. "Passive" euthanasia refers to an action one takes to end a life, for example, a
lethal injection.
What kind of treatments and interventions, then, are morally obligatory, and which
are not?
+No matter how ill a patient is, we never have a right to put that person to death.
Rather, we have a duty to care for and preserve life.
The physician should help incurable patient to die.
How does "voluntary" euthanasia lead to non-voluntary" euthanasia?
"Right to die" proponents couch their arguments in terms of personal freedom and
voluntary choice.
+As soon as you say that people have a "right" to end their lives (voluntary
euthanasia), you have automatically and immediately introduced non-
voluntary euthanasia, that is, killing people without their having asked for it.
How are euthanasia and assisted suicide political issues?
+The first purpose of government is to defend and protect the lives of the citizens,
and both euthanasia and assisted suicide contradict that fundamental purpose.
The government should guarantee the rights of citizens, including the right to
dispose of their lives.
How do advocates of euthanasia and assisted suicide manipulate language to make
their position seem acceptable?
Proponents of euthanasia use frightening concepts and terrible terms.
+Advocates of euthanasia and assisted suicide advance their philosophy and
legislative proposals by using terms such as "assist in dying," and "helping to die."
This is carefully veiled language that, in a way very similar to the phrase "pro-
choice," makes something which is very evil sound very good.
Euthanasia is legalized in the following countries…
+Belgium,
+Netherlands
+some US states
Russia
Does euthanasia contradict the Hippocratic oath?
+It does contradict the Hippocratic oath.....

4. We should remember the oath does not take in count the patients will.
What does the Hippocratic oath mean?
+Do not use your skill for a bad cause.
Use your skill for a bad cause.
What does religion say about euthanasia and/or having a living will?
+God alone is sovereign over when and how a person's death occurs. God has the
final say over death. Euthanasia is man's way of trying to usurp that authority from
God.
God created man free, man has a right to die.
Many legal systems in the world treat all forms of Euthanasia as …
+criminal homicide
legitimate action
Human life is of high worth and significance.
+True
False
A fetus is not technically a human being until it is born.
True
+False
Abortion can have severe effects on a woman’s body.
+True
False
Abortion is just a woman’s issue.
True
+False
Abortion is not “murder” because an unborn fetus is not a human being.
True
+False

5. A fetus cannot feel pain during an abortion.
True
+False
Most abortions are performed fairly quickly.
True
+False
Abortion clinics have a vested economic interest in performing abortions.
+True
False
Fetal tissue harvesting involves scientific testing on aborted baby body parts.
+True
False
Most abortions are attributed to rape and incest.
True
+False
The most famous example of the influence of eugenics and its emphasis on strict
racial segregation on such "anti-miscegenation" legislation was Virginia's ________.
Anti-miscegenation laws
+Racial Integrity Act of 1924
Other ancient civilizations, such as Rome, ________ and Sparta, practiced infanticide
through exposure as a form of phenotypic selection.
Helsinki
+Athens
Stockholm
Many eugenicists took inspiration from the selective breeding of____________ as
their analogy for improving human society.
+Animals
Vegetation

6. The idea of "genius" and "talent" is also considered by ________, a founder of the
American Sociological Society (now called the American Sociological Association).
+William Graham Sumner
American Anti-Imperialist League
Moorfield Storey
Herbert Spencer
As a social movement, eugenics reached its height of popularity in the early decades
of the ________.
+In the early decades of the 20th century
21st century
19th century
Negative eugenic policies in the past have ranged from attempts at segregation to
sterilization and even ________.
Racism
+Genocide
Hate speech
Ethnic cleansing
Which science originated with Gregor Mendel?
Graphology
Hermeneutics
Phenomenology
+Genetics
The person to whom an organ is transplanted is called
+Donor
Recipient
Giver
Which of the following can be donated by a live donor?
+Kidney
Heart
Lung
Eye

7. Organs can be donated only from brain-dead individuals.
True
+False
The family of a deceased person can pledge his organs even if the person had not
signed a donor card during his lifetime.
+True
False
A single donor can donate to multiple recipients.
+True
False
What’s the standard used for defining death in the case of donors?
breathing stops
cardiac death
+brain death
Which country has the lowest rate of organ donation?
France
the United States
+Japan
About 10 percent of patients waiting for a new heart are _____.
also waiting for another organ
prison inmates
+18 years old or younger
A single donor can save the life of how many people?
2 or 3
up to 5
+up to 10
What country has the largest percentage of people signed up as organ donors?
Australia

8. Canada
+Spain
The Oath was written in Ionic Greek in and is usually included in the
Hippocratic Corpus.
+late 5th
century BC
early 5th
century BC
late 4th
century BC
late 3rd
century BC
Primum non nocere is a Latin phrase and core principle of medical ethics that
means: "first, do not kill"
+"first, do no harm"
“first, do not hurt”
“first, do not misuse your skill”
The oath has been modified multiple times. One of the most significant revisions
was first drafted in by the World Medical Association, called the
Declaration of Geneva.
Early 19th
century
In 1914
+In 1948
In 1964
The Declaration of Geneva (Physician's Oath) is a declaration of a physician's
dedication to the humanitarian goals of medicine, a declaration that was especially
important in view of:
consequences of World War II
postwar humanitarian crisis in Europe
treatment of WWII veterans
development of military medicine
+the medical crimes committed in Nazi Germany
The specialty of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of
hereditary disorders is called:
Medical engineering
+Medical genetics
Eugenics
Pathological heredity

9. In almost all organisms RNA is the genetic material, except for some viruses where
it is DNA instead.
True
+False
Every person has a different genetic sequence except for identical twins.
+True
False
The DNA repair enzymes can repair most of mutations, others may escape repair
and can result in abnormalities, such as cancer. What would happen if the mutation
occurs in reproductive cells (germ)/zygote?
The mother(carrier of mutated cells) may develop cancer
+The new offspring may carry the mutation
The new offspring will die
Both parents may have cancerous cells
Somatic mutations play a role in the development of most cancers. Only some
mutations actually cause harm, others may make no harm.
+True
False
What scientist and practitioner is known as "The Father of Genetic Medicine"?
+Victor A. McKusick
Gregor Mendel
Friedrich Miescher
James Watson
Testing for a late-onset genetic disease, like Huntington's disease, before the
person is sick is called:
post-symptomatic screening
+presymptomatic screening
genetic screening
predictive genetic screening
Many genetic diseases (such as diabetes or cancer) are caused by the effects of
multiple genes, and the relationship between the environment and genes. The state
when particular gene is only one determinant for the development of a complex
disorder is defined as:
genetic inferiority
+genetic susceptibility
genetic isolation

10. genetic abnormality
Please choose the most controversial form of genetic engineering in medicine:
production of cheap, easily stored vaccines against major childhood diseases
+the use of cloning technology to create organs for transplantation purposes
large organ transfer from other species (xenotransplants)
use of GMOs for environmental clean up in various parts of the world
International transport of GMOs is regulated by:
+the Cartegena Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
Declaration of Geneva
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights
The term cloning describes a number of different processes that …
+can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity
can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a physical entity
can be used to produce genetically identical copies of an animal
can be used to produce genetically identical copies of an organ
Do clones ever occur naturally?
+Yes
No
Only some bacteria
Only some plants
What are the types of artificial cloning?
gene cloning, medical cloning and therapeutic cloning
+gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning

11. gene cloning, natural cloning and therapeutic cloning
bacteria cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning
What are the potential drawbacks of cloning animals?
Most cloned animal embryos cannot breath
Most cloned animal embryos cannot use brain
+Most cloned animal embryos cannot develop into healthy individuals
Most cloned animal embryos became zombies
The etymology of the word "psychiatry" (from the Greek. "Psyche"-soul, "iatros"-
Doctor) adequately reflects the main objective of the professional activities of the
psychiatrist:
treatment of mental disorders
competent and skilled assistance primarily mentally sick people
+provision of competent and skilled help to every human in need of such
assistance
treatment only those people who are recognized as mentally ill and dangerous to
himself and others
Paternalistic ethical doctrine of mental health care postulates following principles:
+promoting and restoring the health of the patient
providing good care
respecting the patient’s right to self-determination and information
assuming responsibility
involving patients in the planning and implementation of their care
50 years later, the English physician John Connolly actually deepens ethical
dimension of Pinel`s medical method and proposes to delete any restraint against
the insane. The new proposed system was called:

12. +“No restraint”
“No restrictions”
“No paternalism”
“No straitjacket”
Paternalistic model of mental health care prevailed worldwide until the mid XX
century. Harbinger of the crisis of medical paternalism in psychiatry in Western
countries was the crisis of psychiatric hospitals, which began in the 50s of XX
century. In 1955 the WHO Expert Committee called for the need to:
use of psychotropic substances for the treatment of severe psychiatric patients
+expand the treatment of mentally ill without being isolated from society
increase in the number of psychiatric hospitals to isolate them from society
The "Hawaiian Declaration ", adopted in 1977 and revised in 1983 by the World
Psychiatric Association (WPA), defines the minimum ethical standards in the work
of each psychiatrist. The first of the major ethical and legal principles of protection
of mentally ill persons is:
principle of voluntary use of medical measures
+principle of humanity and respect for the dignity of the human person
principle of informed consent to treatment
6. "Declaration of Geneva" VMA (1948) requires every doctor to avoid any
discrimination of patients. Discrimination in the provision of mental patients they
care may be:
mainly cultural
+mainly moral
mainly social
mainly economic
Modern approach to the involuntary treatment of the mentally ill was designated in
1954 by the WHO Expert Committee. According to this approach, a flagrant
violation of medical ethics is:
involuntary use of medical measures
+involuntary hospitalization of mentally ill
obtaining the consent of the competent patients
In Russia, the law does not require a psychiatrist in obtaining consent to treatment
to inform the patient of his diagnosis.
+True
False

13. All mentally ill people have the right to refuse medical intervention (the principle
of voluntarism in health care).
+True
False
"Least restrictive alternative" norm in psychiatry is:
+when application of measures of isolation and restraint is permissible only if the
"ethical monitoring ", continually confirming that there is simply no reasonable
alternative in this patient's condition
guarantee of the civil rights of severely ill patients
when medical stuff is not allowed to impose any restraint on patient
when forbidden to compel the patient to wear a straitjacket