Who is Planting or Removing Trees?
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Human and Climate Drivers of Land Cover Transition in Southern Burkina Faso
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Who is Planting or Removing Trees?
- 1. Africa Burkina Faso Cassou District Mean annual rain-fall: 900 mm Issa Ouedraogo, Ibrahim Toure, Mwenda Borona, and Cheikh Mbow 1986 2014 Issa Ouedraogo Human and Climate Drivers of Land Cover Transition in Southern Burkina Faso i.ouedraogo@cgiar.org Factors of unremitting wood removal Slash & burning agriculture Inappropriate farming practices Firewood removal Repetitive bush fire Uncontrolled grazing Agribusiness and BIODEV (Cashew plantation) Rainfall variability in southern Burkina Faso Seasonal pattern of rainfall and rain intensity in southern Burkina Faso
- 2. Mean annual rain-fall: 900 mm Issa Ouedraogo i.ouedraogo@cgiar.org Cassou District Africa Burkina Faso Shade, fodder, bark, leaves, wood/charcoal Fruits Nuts Processed products Parkia biglobosa Vitellaria paradoxa Lannea microcarpa Adansonia digitata Mangifera indica Saba senegalensis Detarium microcarpum Issa Ouedraogo, Ibrahim Toure, Mwenda Borona, and Cheikh Mbow Carbon + Nutritional and Market Value of these products for food security and adaptation to climate change
- 3. 2000 Land cover change 1990 BA CL GF GS SS WB WS Total 1990 Loss Settlement (BA) 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 Cropland (CL) 0.02 15.13 0.21 0.06 5.57 0.00 5.24 26.24 11.11 Gallery forest (GF) 0.00 0.30 1.72 0.10 2.04 0.00 4.71 8.87 7.15 Grass savannah (GS) 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.60 0.00 0.08 0.75 0.70 Shrub savannah (SS) 0.00 1.56 0.46 0.20 8.23 0.00 9.74 20.19 11.96 Water body (WB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 Wood savannah (WS) 0.00 6.06 2.15 0.14 12.20 0.00 23.30 43.84 20.54 Total 2000 0.11 23.05 4.54 0.55 28.65 0.03 43.07 100.00 51.45 Gain 0.02 7.92 2.82 0.50 20.41 0.00 19.78 51.45 2013 Mean annual rain-fall: 900 mm 2000 BA CL GF GS SS WB WS Total 2000 loss Settlement (BA) 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 Cropland (CL) 0.00 10.68 0.03 0.02 12.06 0.00 0.27 23.05 12.37 Gallery forest (GF) 0.00 0.38 0.49 0.00 2.56 1.09 4.54 4.04 Grass savannah (GS) 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.41 0.00 0.01 0.55 0.50 Shrub savannah (SS) 0.01 7.31 0.12 0.32 20.45 0.00 0.44 28.65 8.20 Water body (WB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.01 Wood savannah (WS) 0.00 6.60 0.46 0.13 32.22 0.00 3.67 43.07 39.40 Total 2013 0.12 25.03 1.11 0.51 67.71 0.02 5.49 100.00 64.53 Gain 0.01 14.35 0.62 0.46 47.26 0.00 1.82 64.53 Issa Ouedraogo i.ouedraogo@cgiar.org Cassou District Land cover change and transition from 1990 to 2013 Transition matrices Africa Burkina Faso Issa Ouedraogo, Ibrahim Toure, Mwenda Borona, and Cheikh Mbow Cover change Net change Swap Cover schemes Symbols 1990 2000 2013 1990-2000 2000-2013 1990-2000 2000-2013 Built up area BA 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 Cropland CL 26.24 23.05 25.03 -3.19 1.98 15.84 8.08 Gallery forest GF 8.87 4.54 1.11 -4.33 -3.42 5.63 1.24 Grass savanna GS 0.75 0.55 0.51 -0.20 -0.04 1.01 0.93 Shrub savanna SS 20.19 28.65 67.71 8.46 39.06 23.92 16.40 Water body WB 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 Wood savanna WS 43.84 43.07 5.49 -0.76 -37.59 39.55 3.64 Gallery forest and wood savannah are very vulnerable to transition to shrub-savannah and they tend to disappear. The stabilisation of cultivated lands is a good sign for agricultural intensification but this will depend on the resilience of the system to the increasing population pressure, climate variability and farming inputs prices.
- 4. Mean annual rain-fall: 900 mm Rainfall Issa Ouedraogo i.ouedraogo@cgiar.org Cassou District Africa Burkina Faso Ecosystem services from trees Benefits Beneficiary and value types Climate stability Buffering intense storms Limiting wind erosion Reducing erosion from water Air quality Water recycling through evapo-transpiration Local population Wild animals Soil quality Atmosphere Water quality Preservation of faunal and floral populations and communities Source of food security Recreational amenities Cultural value Nutrient source to ecosystems Pollination Commercial exploitation Commercial wood Subsistence hunting Ritual and cultural practices Wildlife watchers Farmers near forest or preserving trees on farm Wild animals Fire wood removal Controlled/Uncontrolled charcoal production Seed collection Nut collection from Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa Commercial honey Commercial fruits Comestible leaves Palatable leaves Medical barks and roots Farmers Breeders Foresters Research community Residents in cities Entire population Domestic animals Source of income Community Carbon sequestration and storage Tree diversity Income generation from trees Issa Ouedraogo, Ibrahim Toure, Mwenda Borona, and Cheikh Mbow
- 5. Mean annual rain-fall: 900 mm Level of decision Process Outcomes Issa Ouedraogo i.ouedraogo@cgiar.org Cassou District Africa Burkina Faso Issa Ouedraogo, Ibrahim Toure, Mwenda Borona, and Cheikh Mbow Stakeholders Farmers Breeders Tree cutters Foresters Hunters Inappropriate framing practices Agroforestry Illegal tree cutting Plantation Firewood and Controlled/Uncontrolled charcoal production Government’s Ministries Prices of agric products Research institutes (e.g. ICRAF, CIFOR, etc.) Internat. Conventions of climate and forest Easy access to land Local level National level Global level Policy makers (land chiefs) Agribusiness men Bush fires Government extension services Research institutes (INERA, ICRAF, CIFOR) Land tenure systems Subsidies in farming inputs Food security policy Cotton production incentives Forest protection Energy requirement Reforestation policy Forest protection Tree plantation REDD Agroforestry Food market Agric. development Forest degradation and deforestation Afforestation and reforestation
- 6. Mean annual rain-fall: 900 mm • Plantation of rapidly growing tree species • Improve charcoal production methods • Improve Cooke stove efficiency • Promote biogas (crop residues, cow dank, invasive species) • Promote biodiesel production • Reduction electricity cost in cities • Encourage co-generation of energy Issa Ouedraogo i.ouedraogo@cgiar.org Cassou District Africa Burkina Faso Issa Ouedraogo, Ibrahim Toure, Mwenda Borana, and Cheikh Mbow • Decentralization • Land tenure systems • Direct and indirect incentives to population • Upscaling good ecosystem management practices • Environmental education • Agricultural intensification • Migration control • Carbon market • Crop market (cotton, cashew nut, sesame, maize, etc.) • Energy market (wood and charcoal) • Carbon sequestration • Tree plantation • Carbon market • Value chain studies • Environmental education • Gender empowerment • Migration studies • Climate studies • Vulnerability assessment • Risk management • Successful ecosystem management practices • Agricultural intensification • Demographic studies In pulling zones, control in-migration trough • Registering in-migrants • Controlling cropland size and limits • Punishing illegal wood cutters In pushing zones, reduce out-migration through • Promoting SWC techniques • Improving basic infrastructures • Restoring degraded land • Providing incentives for self development Policy Market Research Migration Energy Government International Research & Development Institutes Sustainable ecosystem management in Cassou