This document provides information on liver function tests. It discusses the three main systems that make up the liver and its key functions including metabolism, excretion, protection and detoxification, and synthesis. It then describes various laboratory tests used to evaluate liver disease and dysfunction, including tests of excretory function (bilirubin, bile salts), enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), synthetic function (albumin, PT), and specialized tests. Causes of liver dysfunction like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and tumors are also mentioned.
Liver function tests (LFTs) evaluate liver health and detect liver damage. LFTs measure enzymes released from damaged liver cells (ALT, AST), synthetic function (albumin, clotting factors), and signs of obstruction (bilirubin, ALP, GGT). Elevations in ALT and AST indicate hepatocyte injury while increased bilirubin, ALP, and GGT suggest cholestasis or blockage of bile flow. LFTs help diagnose liver diseases, determine severity, monitor treatment effectiveness, and assess operative risk or need for transplantation.
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.
The document discusses the normal physiological functions of the liver related to metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and excretion. It then evaluates various biochemical tests used to assess abnormal liver function in liver disorders, including tests related to bilirubin metabolism, bile salts, synthetic function, and enzyme levels. Finally, it discusses the approach to specific liver disorders like cirrhosis and viral hepatitis.
This document discusses various laboratory tests used to evaluate liver function. It describes tests that examine the liver's excretory function like bilirubin, its enzyme levels like ALT and AST, and synthetic function by measuring albumin and prothrombin time. A variety of tests are employed to get a full picture of liver health, as each provides different diagnostic information. Combining test results with a patient's history helps physicians accurately diagnose liver disorders.
This document discusses liver function tests. It describes the various functions of the liver including metabolic, synthetic, secretory, excretory, detoxifying, storage, protective and miscellaneous functions. Liver function tests are indicated to detect and evaluate liver diseases. The tests are classified into groups based on abnormalities in bile pigment metabolism, synthetic function, serum enzyme activities, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, detoxicating function, excretory function, amino acid catabolism, drug metabolism and markers of hepatic fibrosis. Specific tests are described including those measuring bilirubin, proteins, clotting factors, enzymes and metabolic products. Interpretations of different test results are provided for various liver conditions.
This document provides information on liver function tests. It discusses the three main systems that make up the liver and its key functions including metabolism, excretion, protection and detoxification, and synthesis. It then describes various laboratory tests used to evaluate liver disease and dysfunction, including tests of excretory function (bilirubin, bile salts), enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), synthetic function (albumin, PT), and specialized tests. Causes of liver dysfunction like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and tumors are also mentioned.
Liver function tests (LFTs) evaluate liver health and detect liver damage. LFTs measure enzymes released from damaged liver cells (ALT, AST), synthetic function (albumin, clotting factors), and signs of obstruction (bilirubin, ALP, GGT). Elevations in ALT and AST indicate hepatocyte injury while increased bilirubin, ALP, and GGT suggest cholestasis or blockage of bile flow. LFTs help diagnose liver diseases, determine severity, monitor treatment effectiveness, and assess operative risk or need for transplantation.
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.
The document discusses the normal physiological functions of the liver related to metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and excretion. It then evaluates various biochemical tests used to assess abnormal liver function in liver disorders, including tests related to bilirubin metabolism, bile salts, synthetic function, and enzyme levels. Finally, it discusses the approach to specific liver disorders like cirrhosis and viral hepatitis.
This document discusses various laboratory tests used to evaluate liver function. It describes tests that examine the liver's excretory function like bilirubin, its enzyme levels like ALT and AST, and synthetic function by measuring albumin and prothrombin time. A variety of tests are employed to get a full picture of liver health, as each provides different diagnostic information. Combining test results with a patient's history helps physicians accurately diagnose liver disorders.
This document discusses liver function tests. It describes the various functions of the liver including metabolic, synthetic, secretory, excretory, detoxifying, storage, protective and miscellaneous functions. Liver function tests are indicated to detect and evaluate liver diseases. The tests are classified into groups based on abnormalities in bile pigment metabolism, synthetic function, serum enzyme activities, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, detoxicating function, excretory function, amino acid catabolism, drug metabolism and markers of hepatic fibrosis. Specific tests are described including those measuring bilirubin, proteins, clotting factors, enzymes and metabolic products. Interpretations of different test results are provided for various liver conditions.
This content is suitable for medical technologists/technicians/lab assistants/scientists writing the SMLTSA board exam. The content is also suitable for biomedical technology students and people also interested in learning about the liver. This chapter describes the liver and interpretation of the liver function tests. Please note that these notes are a collection I used to study for my board exam and train others who got distinctions using these.
Disclaimer: Credit goes to those who wrote the notes and the examiners of each exam question. Please use only as a reference guide and use your prescribed textbook for the latest and most accurate notes and ranges. The material here is not referenced as it is a collection of pieces of study notes from multiple people, and thus will not be held viable for any misinterpretations. Please use at your own discretion.
1.Detect presence of liver disease.
2.Distinguish among different types of liver diseases.
3.Estimate the extent of known liver damage.
4.Follow the response of treatment
This document discusses the functions of the liver and various liver function tests. It begins by outlining the key roles of the liver in metabolism, secretion, excretion, blood coagulation, and detoxification. It then categorizes and describes various types of liver function tests, including those based on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, plasma proteins, excretory function, bile pigment abnormalities, and drug metabolism. Specific tests discussed in detail include glucose tolerance, galactose tolerance, serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bromosulphthalein retention, and antipyrine breath tests.
The liver has many essential functions and there is no way to compensate for loss of liver function long-term. Liver function tests are used to detect and diagnose liver disease by measuring biomarkers related to the liver's detoxification, excretory, and biosynthetic functions. Key tests include serum bilirubin, liver enzymes AST and ALT, alkaline phosphatase, serum albumin, and prothrombin time. Elevations provide clues to identify pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic causes and whether damage is hepatocellular or cholestatic in nature.
The document discusses liver function tests and the evaluation of jaundice. It covers the functions of the liver and indications for liver function testing. Tests are classified based on abnormalities of bile pigment metabolism and serum enzyme activity. Hemolytic, hepatocellular, and obstructive jaundice are described and differentiated based on total and conjugated bilirubin levels as well as the Van Den Bergh reaction. Causes, interpretation of tests, and the diagnostic workup of different types of jaundice are outlined.
The liver performs many essential metabolic functions and is susceptible to various diseases. Liver function tests assess the status of the liver through biomarkers related to bile pigment metabolism, protein synthesis, clotting factor production, carbohydrate processing, and blood ammonia levels. Elevations in enzymes like bilirubin, AST, ALT, and prolongation of prothrombin time can indicate liver injury or disease states like viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver disease. A variety of other tests are also used to identify underlying etiologies or complications of liver disease.
This document discusses organ function tests, specifically focusing on liver function tests (LFTs) and kidney function tests (KFTs). It provides an overview of the major metabolic functions of the liver and kidney, including synthesis of proteins, detoxification, and regulation of water and electrolyte balance. It then describes various biomarkers that are used in LFTs and KFTs to evaluate organ function and detect injury, such as liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, and creatinine. The limitations of these tests are also noted.
O.F.T. with liver and kidney functions.pdfALLTIMELUCKY
This document discusses organ function tests, specifically liver function tests (LFTs) and kidney function tests (KFTs). It provides an overview of the major metabolic functions of the liver and kidney, including synthesis of proteins, detoxification, and regulation of water and electrolyte balance. It then describes various biomarkers that are measured in LFTs and KFTs to evaluate organ function and detect injury, such as liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, and creatinine. The document emphasizes the importance of these tests but also their limitations in diagnosis.
This document discusses a case of alcoholic liver disease being investigated by Dr. N. Gautam. It provides background information on liver anatomy, alcohol metabolism, and the pathophysiology and clinical presentations of alcoholic liver disease. It describes the typical laboratory investigations performed for ALD including liver enzymes, bilirubin, proteins, and coagulation factors. The document then presents findings from a 45-year-old chronic alcoholic male patient presenting with abdominal pain, jaundice and altered sensorium, with laboratory results consistent with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are noninvasive tests used to screen for and identify types of liver dysfunction. LFTs measure levels of enzymes and proteins to assess liver damage, obstruction of bile flow, and synthetic function. Elevations in different markers can indicate conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer. While normal LFTs don't rule out disease, abnormal results require further clinical examination to diagnose a liver disorder. The document then describes several specific LFT markers and what they indicate, such as bilirubin for hemolysis or obstruction and ALT/AST for hepatocellular injury.
1. Liver function tests measure enzymes and proteins to evaluate liver health and detect liver damage or disease.
2. Elevated bilirubin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and prolonged prothrombin time indicate potential liver issues like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or obstruction.
3. Abnormal albumin, globulin, ammonia, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels also suggest liver or other organ dysfunction and are used to diagnose and monitor conditions.
The document provides information on liver anatomy, physiology, and functions. It also discusses causes of liver disease including dietary deficiencies, infectious agents like hepatitis viruses, toxic agents like alcohol and drugs, and inborn errors of metabolism. Specific conditions discussed include fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis, gallbladder conditions like cholecystitis, and bile duct inflammation (cholangitis). Diet and lifestyle factors are presented for managing conditions like NAFLD and viral hepatitis.
Evaluation of liver function tests pptDhiraj Kumar
The document discusses liver function tests used to evaluate liver disease. It provides details on various tests including:
- Serum bilirubin, which detects liver cell damage and cholestasis. Elevated levels suggest viral or alcoholic hepatitis.
- Liver enzymes like ALT and AST reflect hepatocyte damage, while alkaline phosphatase, GGT, and 5'NT indicate cholestasis.
- Prothrombin time evaluates synthetic function and is a marker of severity in acute liver disease.
- Albumin reflects synthetic capacity but has a long half-life. Prealbumin and coagulation factors are more sensitive markers.
- Transient elastography can stage fibrosis non-invasively
Shodhana Chikitsa in Liver Disease & Diseases of the Hepatobiliary tractHimalayaInfoline
- The document provides an overview of the liver, its structure and functions. It discusses blood supply, synthetic, metabolic and digestive roles of the liver.
- Major liver diseases covered include viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, cirrhosis, cholecystitis and gallstones. Symptoms, causes and features of each condition are summarized.
- Liver function tests and bilirubin metabolism are outlined. Ayurvedic concepts of Kamala and Yakrutodara are also briefly discussed in relation to liver disorders.
contains liver function test overall description in clinical scenario.Contains adequate information on anatomy of liver,functions, classifications of LFT , indications,bilirubin metabolism,Van den berg reaction,liver enzyme panel,special tests.
#LFT
The document provides information on various liver function tests (LFTs). It discusses the purpose and classification of LFTs and describes the normal ranges and clinical significance of increased or decreased levels for specific enzymes and proteins measured in LFTs, including bilirubin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and 5' nucleotidase. Abnormal levels can indicate liver inflammation or injury from various causes like viruses, drugs, or cancer. LFTs are important for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases.
The document discusses liver function tests. It outlines the various functions of the liver including metabolic, synthetic, secretory, excretory, storage, detoxification and haemopoietic functions. It then describes different types of liver function tests that can indicate hepatocellular damage, biliary obstruction, synthetic function, excretory function, metabolic function and detoxification function. Normal ranges are provided for various enzymes and proteins. Causes and biochemical differences between pre-hepatic, hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice are also summarized.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) and their use in evaluating liver diseases. It provides details on 3 key LFTs:
1. Bilirubin tests which are used to diagnose prehepatic (hemolytic), hepatic, and obstructive jaundice. Elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates obstructive jaundice while elevated unconjugated bilirubin indicates hepatic or hemolytic jaundice.
2. Liver enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT which provide information on liver health and injury. Elevated ALT and AST indicate liver parenchymal damage while elevated ALP and GGT can indicate obstructive jaundice.
3
Pathological Changes in the Human Body during Autopsy.pptxHamidhussain73
During an autopsy, the lungs, liver, and brain are examined for signs of disease or damage. Common lung findings include congestion, inflammation, and fluid in the air sacs, which can result from infections, heart failure, or toxins. The liver is checked for inflammation, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and cancer from factors like viruses, alcohol, or medications. The brain is assessed for swelling, tissue death from lack of blood flow, and bleeding, as well as conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis that cause specific pathological changes.
This content is suitable for medical technologists/technicians/lab assistants/scientists writing the SMLTSA board exam. The content is also suitable for biomedical technology students and people also interested in learning about the liver. This chapter describes the liver and interpretation of the liver function tests. Please note that these notes are a collection I used to study for my board exam and train others who got distinctions using these.
Disclaimer: Credit goes to those who wrote the notes and the examiners of each exam question. Please use only as a reference guide and use your prescribed textbook for the latest and most accurate notes and ranges. The material here is not referenced as it is a collection of pieces of study notes from multiple people, and thus will not be held viable for any misinterpretations. Please use at your own discretion.
1.Detect presence of liver disease.
2.Distinguish among different types of liver diseases.
3.Estimate the extent of known liver damage.
4.Follow the response of treatment
This document discusses the functions of the liver and various liver function tests. It begins by outlining the key roles of the liver in metabolism, secretion, excretion, blood coagulation, and detoxification. It then categorizes and describes various types of liver function tests, including those based on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, plasma proteins, excretory function, bile pigment abnormalities, and drug metabolism. Specific tests discussed in detail include glucose tolerance, galactose tolerance, serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bromosulphthalein retention, and antipyrine breath tests.
The liver has many essential functions and there is no way to compensate for loss of liver function long-term. Liver function tests are used to detect and diagnose liver disease by measuring biomarkers related to the liver's detoxification, excretory, and biosynthetic functions. Key tests include serum bilirubin, liver enzymes AST and ALT, alkaline phosphatase, serum albumin, and prothrombin time. Elevations provide clues to identify pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic causes and whether damage is hepatocellular or cholestatic in nature.
The document discusses liver function tests and the evaluation of jaundice. It covers the functions of the liver and indications for liver function testing. Tests are classified based on abnormalities of bile pigment metabolism and serum enzyme activity. Hemolytic, hepatocellular, and obstructive jaundice are described and differentiated based on total and conjugated bilirubin levels as well as the Van Den Bergh reaction. Causes, interpretation of tests, and the diagnostic workup of different types of jaundice are outlined.
The liver performs many essential metabolic functions and is susceptible to various diseases. Liver function tests assess the status of the liver through biomarkers related to bile pigment metabolism, protein synthesis, clotting factor production, carbohydrate processing, and blood ammonia levels. Elevations in enzymes like bilirubin, AST, ALT, and prolongation of prothrombin time can indicate liver injury or disease states like viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver disease. A variety of other tests are also used to identify underlying etiologies or complications of liver disease.
This document discusses organ function tests, specifically focusing on liver function tests (LFTs) and kidney function tests (KFTs). It provides an overview of the major metabolic functions of the liver and kidney, including synthesis of proteins, detoxification, and regulation of water and electrolyte balance. It then describes various biomarkers that are used in LFTs and KFTs to evaluate organ function and detect injury, such as liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, and creatinine. The limitations of these tests are also noted.
O.F.T. with liver and kidney functions.pdfALLTIMELUCKY
This document discusses organ function tests, specifically liver function tests (LFTs) and kidney function tests (KFTs). It provides an overview of the major metabolic functions of the liver and kidney, including synthesis of proteins, detoxification, and regulation of water and electrolyte balance. It then describes various biomarkers that are measured in LFTs and KFTs to evaluate organ function and detect injury, such as liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, and creatinine. The document emphasizes the importance of these tests but also their limitations in diagnosis.
This document discusses a case of alcoholic liver disease being investigated by Dr. N. Gautam. It provides background information on liver anatomy, alcohol metabolism, and the pathophysiology and clinical presentations of alcoholic liver disease. It describes the typical laboratory investigations performed for ALD including liver enzymes, bilirubin, proteins, and coagulation factors. The document then presents findings from a 45-year-old chronic alcoholic male patient presenting with abdominal pain, jaundice and altered sensorium, with laboratory results consistent with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are noninvasive tests used to screen for and identify types of liver dysfunction. LFTs measure levels of enzymes and proteins to assess liver damage, obstruction of bile flow, and synthetic function. Elevations in different markers can indicate conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer. While normal LFTs don't rule out disease, abnormal results require further clinical examination to diagnose a liver disorder. The document then describes several specific LFT markers and what they indicate, such as bilirubin for hemolysis or obstruction and ALT/AST for hepatocellular injury.
1. Liver function tests measure enzymes and proteins to evaluate liver health and detect liver damage or disease.
2. Elevated bilirubin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and prolonged prothrombin time indicate potential liver issues like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or obstruction.
3. Abnormal albumin, globulin, ammonia, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels also suggest liver or other organ dysfunction and are used to diagnose and monitor conditions.
The document provides information on liver anatomy, physiology, and functions. It also discusses causes of liver disease including dietary deficiencies, infectious agents like hepatitis viruses, toxic agents like alcohol and drugs, and inborn errors of metabolism. Specific conditions discussed include fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis, gallbladder conditions like cholecystitis, and bile duct inflammation (cholangitis). Diet and lifestyle factors are presented for managing conditions like NAFLD and viral hepatitis.
Evaluation of liver function tests pptDhiraj Kumar
The document discusses liver function tests used to evaluate liver disease. It provides details on various tests including:
- Serum bilirubin, which detects liver cell damage and cholestasis. Elevated levels suggest viral or alcoholic hepatitis.
- Liver enzymes like ALT and AST reflect hepatocyte damage, while alkaline phosphatase, GGT, and 5'NT indicate cholestasis.
- Prothrombin time evaluates synthetic function and is a marker of severity in acute liver disease.
- Albumin reflects synthetic capacity but has a long half-life. Prealbumin and coagulation factors are more sensitive markers.
- Transient elastography can stage fibrosis non-invasively
Shodhana Chikitsa in Liver Disease & Diseases of the Hepatobiliary tractHimalayaInfoline
- The document provides an overview of the liver, its structure and functions. It discusses blood supply, synthetic, metabolic and digestive roles of the liver.
- Major liver diseases covered include viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, cirrhosis, cholecystitis and gallstones. Symptoms, causes and features of each condition are summarized.
- Liver function tests and bilirubin metabolism are outlined. Ayurvedic concepts of Kamala and Yakrutodara are also briefly discussed in relation to liver disorders.
contains liver function test overall description in clinical scenario.Contains adequate information on anatomy of liver,functions, classifications of LFT , indications,bilirubin metabolism,Van den berg reaction,liver enzyme panel,special tests.
#LFT
The document provides information on various liver function tests (LFTs). It discusses the purpose and classification of LFTs and describes the normal ranges and clinical significance of increased or decreased levels for specific enzymes and proteins measured in LFTs, including bilirubin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and 5' nucleotidase. Abnormal levels can indicate liver inflammation or injury from various causes like viruses, drugs, or cancer. LFTs are important for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases.
The document discusses liver function tests. It outlines the various functions of the liver including metabolic, synthetic, secretory, excretory, storage, detoxification and haemopoietic functions. It then describes different types of liver function tests that can indicate hepatocellular damage, biliary obstruction, synthetic function, excretory function, metabolic function and detoxification function. Normal ranges are provided for various enzymes and proteins. Causes and biochemical differences between pre-hepatic, hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice are also summarized.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) and their use in evaluating liver diseases. It provides details on 3 key LFTs:
1. Bilirubin tests which are used to diagnose prehepatic (hemolytic), hepatic, and obstructive jaundice. Elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates obstructive jaundice while elevated unconjugated bilirubin indicates hepatic or hemolytic jaundice.
2. Liver enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT which provide information on liver health and injury. Elevated ALT and AST indicate liver parenchymal damage while elevated ALP and GGT can indicate obstructive jaundice.
3
Pathological Changes in the Human Body during Autopsy.pptxHamidhussain73
During an autopsy, the lungs, liver, and brain are examined for signs of disease or damage. Common lung findings include congestion, inflammation, and fluid in the air sacs, which can result from infections, heart failure, or toxins. The liver is checked for inflammation, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and cancer from factors like viruses, alcohol, or medications. The brain is assessed for swelling, tissue death from lack of blood flow, and bleeding, as well as conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis that cause specific pathological changes.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being altered. They are present at higher concentrations in cells than plasma. Elevated plasma enzyme levels can indicate cell damage or proliferation. Each enzyme has an active site that binds to substrates, and some have allosteric sites for regulatory molecules. Isoenzymes are multiple forms of the same enzyme that differ in structure. Measuring plasma enzyme levels helps diagnose tissue damage or diseases of organs like the heart, liver, and muscles.
Jaundice, also known as hyperbilirubinemia, is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood and results in a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. It can be categorized as pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic based on where the underlying disorder occurs in the pathway of bilirubin metabolism and excretion. Pre-hepatic jaundice is caused by issues prior to the liver like hemolytic anemias. Hepatic jaundice results from liver disease or drugs affecting the liver. Post-hepatic jaundice is due to gallstones or other issues blocking bile ducts after the liver. Laboratory tests can help distinguish between the types
This document summarizes key information about Staphylococci bacteria. It defines Staphylococci as gram-positive cocci found in clusters that are catalase-positive. The main differences between Staphylococci, Streptococci, and Micrococci are described. Staphylococci can be pathogenic, commensal, or both oxidative and fermentative, while Micrococci are typically commensal and non-fermentative. Important Staphylococcus species like S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus are discussed. Laboratory characteristics, coagulase testing, and virulence factors of Stap
ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens
04 Digestive enzymes of pancreatic origin.pptxHamidhussain73
The document discusses pancreatic digestive enzymes including amylase and lipase. It notes that amylase breaks down starches into smaller units and is produced in the pancreas and salivary glands. Elevated amylase levels can indicate acute pancreatitis or other conditions. Lipase breaks down fats and is also produced primarily in the pancreas. Lipase levels are more specific for pancreatic disorders than amylase and remain elevated longer in acute pancreatitis. Both enzymes can be measured using colorimetric or other laboratory methods.
Jaundice or icterus is used to describe the yellow discoloration of skin , eyes and mucous membranes most resulting from retention of bilirubin.
The upper limit of normal for total bilirubin is 0.2 to 1.2mg/dl, jaundice is not noticeable until bilirubin levels reached to 3 to 5 mg/dl.
Icteric term commonly used in clinical lab refer to a serum or plasma with yellow discoloration
Hamid Hussain presented on the water crisis in Pakistan. Pakistan faces severe water scarcity as it is the 3rd most water-stressed country globally. It receives 145 million acre feet of water annually but can only store 9% of it, with storage capacity for just 30 days against the standard 120 days. The main sources of water are groundwater, rainwater, glaciers, rivers and streams. Major reservoirs include Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam, and Chashma Barrage. Agriculture accounts for 69% of water usage while industry and domestic uses make up 23% and 8% respectively. The water crisis is exacerbated by factors like climate change, population growth, insufficient infrastructure, misuse, and
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Biochemical functions.pptx
1. • Liver in a healthy adult weighs about 1500 g.
• Liver is an essential organ of the body, which performs a wide range of
excretory, synthetic, storage, detoxification and filtration functions. Briefly
these are:
1) Matabolic function It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates,
lipids and proteins: Portal blood, which is rich in all the absorbed nutrients,
enters the liver where glucose is taken up and converted into glycogen or
fatty acids. Blood glucose level in the fasting state is maintained by
conversion of this glycogen back to glucose.GLYCOGENOLYSIS
• Glycogenesis GLUCOSE TO GLYCOGEN
• Glycogenolysis after 10 hrs of fasting
• When glycogen supply depleted it produces glucose from non sugar source
such as pyruvate. Lactate ,aminoacids ( gluconeogenesis) after 15 hr of
fasting
2. • Lipid metabolism
• Gathering of free fatty acids from diet and breaking down to acetyl coA it
can enter into several pathways to form TG, phospholipids, cholesterol.
• Approx 70% of cholesterol is produced from liver .
• Protien metabolism
• All protiens are synthesized from liver except immunoglobulins and adult
haemoglobin.
• Development of Hb in infants
• Synthesis of albumin,acute phase protiens, coagulation protiens also serve
as a pool of amino acids from protein degradation.
3. 2) Synthetic function:
A number of proteins present in the plasma including albumin, globulin
, fibrinogen and other coagulation system proteins except calcium are
synthesized in liver, lipoproteins,cholesterol. Albumin also acts as a
ready source of amino acids whenever required. Coagulation factors,
except VIII C are synthesised in liver. Factor II, V, VII, IX, and X require
Vitamin K for their synthesis, the absorption of which is dependent on
the presence of bile in the small intestine.
4. 3) Excretion and secretory function :Major haem waste product
bilirubin into bile. Excretion of bile pigments bile salts
4) Detoxification function and protective function: ammonia is
detoxified to urea and certain drugs Steroids are inactivated by
conjugation as glucuronides and sulphates before excretion in urine
• Kupffer cells: (phagocytosis), The Kupffer cells remove certain toxic
substances coming from portal circulation before they enter the
general circulation.
5) Storage function: glycogen, fat soluble vitamins D,A, trace elements
and iron.
5. • Derangement of liver functions, singly or in combination, may occur
when liver is assaulted by:
• • Viruses
• • Drugs
• • Industrial chemicals
• • Hypoxia due to shock, congestive cardiac failure ,liver cirrhosis
• • Prolonged biliary obstruction.
• In addition, the disease process also destroys the liver cells and this
causes leakage of intracellular enzymes into plasma where their level
rises.
6. Importance of LFTS
• To assess the severity of the disease
• To differentiate different types of jaundice
• To find out the presence of latent disease
7. LFTS
• These test simply provide exsistance, extent, damage
• Classification of LFTS
1. Test based on excretory function
2. Test based on detoxification function
3. Test based on synthetic function
4. Test based on enzymatic activity
5. Test on metabolic activity
8. Test based on excretory function
• Test related with bilirubin metabolism
• Test related with bile acid metabolism
• Deficiency of bile acids then patients will suffer from steahorrea
• Malabsorption of fats
• Test based on dye-excretion BSP bromosulphthalein test
• Estimation of urobilinogen in urine and feaces
• Colour of stool examination
9. 2) Test based on serum enzymes derived from liver
• ALT
• AST
• ALP
• Gamma-glutamy transpeptidase GGT
• 5-nucletidase enzyme 5NT
10. 3) Test based on metabolic activity
• Galactose tolerance test GTT
• Estimation of esterified cholesterol
4) Test based on synthetic function
• Serum albumin and A/G ratio
• Coagulation factors (Prothrombin time) PT
• Total protein estimation
5) Test based on detoxification
• Estimation of blood urea and ammonia
• Hippuric acid synthesis
11. Test based on Synthetic function
• Although these tests are not sensitive to minimal liver damage
• Useful in quantitating the severity of hepatic dysfunction
• A decreased serum Albumin correlates with severity of functional
impairement
• Found in chronic liver disease rather than in acute liver disease.
• Serum alpha globulin in CLD. Serum gamma globulins in acute
liver disease and CLD, cirrhosis.
• Ig G and Ig M in chronic active hepatitis
• Ig A in alcoholic cirrhosis
12. • Prothrombin time in jaundice and liver disease because the liver
is unable to synthesize adequate amount of clotting factor or because
of disruption of bile flow results in inadequate absorption of vitamin
K.
• Measurement of PT is useful in following the progression of disease
• May be prolonged by cholestasis
• Assesement of risk of bleeding
• A marked increase indicates diffuse liver disease and a poor
prognosis.
13. • Total protein estimation
• A/G ratio
• Globulin = albumin- total protein
14. Test based on Detoxification function
• Serum ammonia level
Liver failure ammonia other toxins increase in blood leads to hepatic coma
hepato-encephalopathy
• Hippuric acid test
Hippuric acid is produced in liver when benzoic acid combines with glycin
3gm should excreted in healthy person
Smaller amount when there is acute or chronic liver damage or infectious
hepatitis
15. Test based on Enzymatic function
• Enzymes play an important role in differentiating hepatocellular from
obstructive liver disease. If the obstruction not rapidly treated it may
leads to liver failure.
• Hepatocyte damage
• AST and ALT
• A rise in plasma aminotransferase activity sensitive indicator of
damage to cytoplasmic or mitochondrial membrane
• Liver cells contain more AST than ALT.ALT is confined to cytoplasm in
which its concentration is high than AST.
16. • In viral hepatitis the cytoplasmic membrane sustains the more
damage thus ALT greater increase than AST.
• In infiltrative disorders in which there is damage to both
mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membrane there is greater increase in
AST than ALT.
• The relative plasma activities of ALT and AST may help to indicate
type of cell damage.
• A plasma AST:ALT ratio of > 2 suggestive but not diagnostic of
alcoholic disease
• <1 ratio suggests chronic viral hepatitis.
17. • ALT is found mainly in liver(lesser amount in kidney,skeletal muscle)
• ALT is more liver specific
• AST is widely distributed in equal amounts in heart ,skeletal muscle
and liver.
• AST and ALT raised in acute conditions acute viral hepatitis drug and
toxin induced liver necrosis and ischemia.
• ALT is more elevated than AST.
18. • Test of obstruction
• ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
• Localized in microvilli of bile canaliculi
• Widely distributed in all tissues high in liver bone kidney and placenta
• Marker of extra hepatic biliary obstruction
• Intra hepatic cholestasis
• Thus both conjugated bilirubin and ALP will be elevated in cholestasis
liver disease.
• Bone related disorders
19. GGT
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase
• It is an enzyme derived from endoplasic reticulum of cells of
hepatobiliary tract.
• Also found in liver kidney pancreas intestine prostate but not in bone.
• As this reticulum proliferates for example in response to prolonged
alcohol intake and drugs synthesis of enzyme is induced. There fore
raised plasma activity does not indicate hepatocellular damage but
may reflect enzyme induction or cholestasis.
• Highest level in biliary obstruction
20. 5NT
• 5 nucleotidase
• Found in wide variety of cells
• Significantly high in hepatobiliary disease
• No bone source
• Useful in differentiating ALP elevations due to liver from other
conditions where ALP may increase in bone disease pregnancy
childhood
• Levels of both 5 NT and ALP are elevated in liver disease where as in
primary bone disease ALP high but 5NT is normal
• 5 NT is More sensitive in metastatic liver disease