Jaundice or icterus is used to describe the yellow discoloration of skin , eyes and mucous membranes most resulting from retention of bilirubin.
The upper limit of normal for total bilirubin is 0.2 to 1.2mg/dl, jaundice is not noticeable until bilirubin levels reached to 3 to 5 mg/dl.
Icteric term commonly used in clinical lab refer to a serum or plasma with yellow discoloration
Obstructive jaundice also called surgical jaundice defined as jaundice which can be treated by any surgical procedure or by any intervention. Surgical and medical gastroenterologists play great role in treating such patients , however interventional radiologists also have great role in treating such patients.
Jaundice refers to the yellow discolouration of the sclera and skin that is due to hyperbilirubinaemia, occurring at bilirubin levels roughly greater than 50 µmol/L
Jaundice is the result of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood termed hyperbilirubinaemia.
Normal serum bilirubin concentration ranges from 0.3-1.3 mg/dl, about 80% of which is unconjugated.
Jaundice becomes clinically evident when the total serum bilirubin exceeds 2 mg/dl.
A rise of serum bilirubin between the normal and 2 mg/dl is generally not accompanied by visible jaundice and is called latent jaundice
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.
Obstructive jaundice also called surgical jaundice defined as jaundice which can be treated by any surgical procedure or by any intervention. Surgical and medical gastroenterologists play great role in treating such patients , however interventional radiologists also have great role in treating such patients.
Jaundice refers to the yellow discolouration of the sclera and skin that is due to hyperbilirubinaemia, occurring at bilirubin levels roughly greater than 50 µmol/L
Jaundice is the result of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood termed hyperbilirubinaemia.
Normal serum bilirubin concentration ranges from 0.3-1.3 mg/dl, about 80% of which is unconjugated.
Jaundice becomes clinically evident when the total serum bilirubin exceeds 2 mg/dl.
A rise of serum bilirubin between the normal and 2 mg/dl is generally not accompanied by visible jaundice and is called latent jaundice
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.
ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)
• The word jaundice comes from French word jaune which means
yellow.
• Jaundice or icterus is used to describe the yellow discoloration of skin
, eyes and mucous membranes most resulting from retention of
bilirubin.
• The upper limit of normal for total bilirubin is 0.2 to 1.2mg/dl,
jaundice is not noticeable until bilirubin levels reached to 3 to 5
mg/dl.
• Icteric term commonly used in clinical lab refer to a serum or plasma
with yellow discoloration.
4. • Jaundice is most commonly based on the site of the disorder
• Pre-hepatic jaundice
• Hepatic jaundice
• Post-hepatic jaundice
5. Prehepatic jaundice
• Occurs when the problem causing the jaundice occurs prior to liver
metabolism.
• When an increased amount of bilirubin is presented to liver such as in
acute and chronic hemolytic anemias.
• The liver responds by functioning at max capacity therefore people
with this type of jaundice rarely have bilirubin levels that exceed 5
mg/dl because the liver is capable of handling the over load. This type
of jaundice also referred to as unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
6. Causes of Pre-hepatic jaundice
• Hemolysis
• Large hematoma
• Ineffective erythropoiesis
7. Hepatic jaundice
• It occurs when the primary problem causing the jaundice resides in
liver (intrinsic liver defect or disease).
• Causes of hepatic jaundice
• Drugs e.g. rifampicin which interfere with bilirubin uptake
• Prematurity
• Hepatitis viral or drug induced
• Gilberts syndrome
• Crigler-najjar syndrome
• Dobin-johson syndrome
• Rotors syndrome
10. Laboratory findings in hemolytic jaundice
(prehepatic )
• Hemoglobin low
• RBC count low
• Retic count increase
• Total bilirubin high
• Unconjugated bilirubin high rarely> 100umol/L except in neonates
• Conjugated bilirubin normal
• Plasma enzymes AST, LDH slightly increased
• Plasma haptoglobin decreased
• Mild macrocytosis
• Polychromasia
11. • ALP normal
• Gamma GGT Normal
• PT normal
• 5 nucleotidase normal
• Urine Urobilinogen increased than normal
• Urinary bilirubin absent
12. Lab findings in hepatic jaundice
• In acute viral hepatitis
• No features of hemolysis
• Total bilirubin will increase +++
• Unconjugated bilirubin mildly increase
• Conjugated bilirubin +++
• Level of aminotransferases
• They may be 20 times the URL in patients with hepatitis
• Prothrombin time prolonged
13. • If hepatocellular damage is for a very long time than serum albumin
will decrease
• In acute hepatitis serum albumin is normal
• Serum ALP slightly increase
• Gamma GGT +
• 5NT+
• Urobilinogen normal increase or decreased
• Urine bilirubin is increased
14. Lab findings in obstructive jaundice
• Total bilirubin +++
• Unconjugated bilirubin ++
• Conjugated bilirubin ++++
• Markers of hepatic injury
• AST ALT will increase
• SALP GGT 5-NT strongly increase
• Urine Urobilinogen absent
• Urinary bilirubin increase
• Dark urine
• Clay colored stool
