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Many organisms reproduce asexually through binary fission or mitosis, which creates genetically identical offspring from a single parent. Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes where the parent cell duplicates its DNA before dividing into two daughter cells. The environment determines whether asexual or sexual reproduction is most advantageous, with asexual reproduction providing benefits in stable conditions and sexual reproduction allowing for variation in changing environments. Some eukaryotes reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or vegetative reproduction using modified stems or underground structures.

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KEY CONCEPT Many organisms reproduce by cell division.

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REPRODUCTION Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents. The two types of reproduction are: Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation. TYPES Sporulation Fragmentation Regeneration Binary Fission Budding Vegetative propagation SPORULATION Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism. Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual. They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals FRAGMENTATION When a organism is broken into more than one part. Organism must have good regeneration abilities. Create many new organisms quickly. REGENERATION An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part Regeneration in plants from Roots Stem leaf Regeneration in animals For simple organisms No vertebrates have this power Examples are starfish and the salamander BINARY FISSION One parent dividing into two by mitosis Offspring are always genetically identical Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas BUDDING Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches Example- is Hydra and Yeast Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION Plant parts make new plant Reproduction is very quick Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other Bulbs – Underground stem – Surrounded by colorless leaves – Colorless leaves protect the bulb – The green leaves store the food Rhizomes – Underground stem – They store food for new plant – At the end of Rhizomes nodes Runners(strawberries) – They are above ground. – Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners – They grow outward Tuber (potatoes) – Underground stem – Stores food – The nodes eat the tuber – Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce Grafting – Surgically connecting two similar plants – Ex. Apples – Not done naturally Cutting – Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant – Must be in wet or moist area – Combination of regeneration and fragmentation – Not done naturally Cloning What is cloning? Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two! How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.

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Title: Reproduction in Bacteria Subtitle: Understanding the Vital Processes of Bacterial Reproduction Slide 1: Introduction to Bacterial Reproduction Brief overview of bacterial reproduction. Importance of understanding bacterial reproduction for various fields such as medicine, microbiology, and biotechnology. Slide 2: Bacterial Cell Structure Overview of the basic structure of a bacterial cell. Highlighting key components involved in reproduction, such as the cell wall, cell membrane, and DNA. Slide 3: Binary Fission Explanation of binary fission, the primary method of bacterial reproduction. Step-by-step process of binary fission, including DNA replication, elongation, and cell division. Illustrative diagrams or animations demonstrating the stages of binary fission. Slide 4: Regulation of Bacterial Reproduction Factors influencing the rate of bacterial reproduction, including nutrient availability, environmental conditions, and genetic regulation. Importance of regulation in maintaining bacterial populations and adapting to changing environments. Slide 5: Diversity in Bacterial Reproduction Overview of alternative methods of bacterial reproduction, such as budding, fragmentation, and sporulation. Examples of bacteria utilizing different reproductive strategies and their ecological significance. Slide 6: Significance of Bacterial Reproduction Discussion on the role of bacterial reproduction in various contexts, including human health, agriculture, and ecosystem dynamics. Highlighting the relevance of understanding bacterial reproduction for disease control, bioremediation, and biotechnology applications. Slide 7: Challenges and Future Directions Identification of challenges and limitations in studying bacterial reproduction. Opportunities for future research in unraveling the complexities of bacterial reproduction and its implications for science and society. Slide 8: Conclusion Recap of key points covered in the presentation. Emphasis on the importance of bacterial reproduction in shaping microbial communities and impacting diverse fields of study. Slide 9: References List of sources and references consulted for the presentation. This description provides a framework for your PowerPoint presentation on "Reproduction in Bacteria," covering essential topics and guiding the audience through the key concepts and significance of bacterial reproduction.

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What is binary fission and how does it relate/compare to mitosis or meiosis? Solution BINARY FISSION-It is a kind of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and some single celled eukarotes like amoeba. In binary fission, after replicating parent cells genetic material,the parent cell equally divides into two identical sized daughter cells.The genetical material also are equally devided into two new daughter cells. BINARY FISSION AND MITOSIS Both are asexual form of reproduction that devide the genetic material into daughter cells and split parent cells into two cells(daughter cells). Binary fission ocurred in some procaryotes and some single celled eukaryotes like amoeba.whereas, mitosis is found in eukaroytes to reproduce the nucleus. Binary fission does not have the four distinct cellular phases (G1 down to final mitotic) that are seen in mitosis. BINARY FISSION AND MIOSIS Binary fission ocurred in some procaryotes and some single celled eukaryotes like amoeba.whereas, meiosis is found in eukaroytes . binary fission is asexual type of reproduction whereas meiosis is sexual type of reproduction that reduce the no of chromosome in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gamets..

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