This document provides an overview of biomaterials, including: - A definition of biomaterials as materials engineered to interact with biological systems for medical purposes. - Descriptions of the physical, mechanical, chemical and nano-topographical properties of biomaterials. - A brief history of biomaterial use from ancient times to modern developments. - Examples of applications in fields like tissue engineering, implants, and medical devices. - Descriptions of three generations of biomaterials from inert materials to more advanced bioactive and bioresorbable materials. - Remaining challenges in the field and how biomaterials represent an emerging industry.

1. bio materials

2. contents:
Definition
Properties
History
Biomaterial science
Examples and applications of biomaterials
Generations of biomaterials
Challenges
Biomaterials as an emerging industry

3. Definition
• A biomaterial is any substance that has been
engineered to interact with biological systems
for a medical purpose - either a therapeutic
(treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue
function of the body) or a diagnostic one.
• Material exploited in contact with living
tissues, organisms, or microorganisms (IUPAC
definition).

4. properties
• Physical properties:
Size, shape, surface topography,
compartmentalization etc.
Mechanical properties:
Hardness, fatigue, fracture toughness, elasticity etc.
Nano-topography
Bioconjugation
Chemical properties

5. history
• More than 2000 years ago chinese and Romans
used gold in dentistry.
• In 1937, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was
introduced in dentistry.
• In 1958, Rob suggested that Dacron Fabrics can
be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic.
• In 1960, charnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-
molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless
steal for total hip replacement.
• In 1975, society for biomaterials formed.

6. Biomaterial science
• Grow cells in culture
• Apparatus for handling protiens
• Devices to regulate fertility in cattles
• Aquaculture of oysters
• Biochips : cell silicon

8. Generations of biomaterials
• First generation biomaterials
• Second generation biomaterials
• Third generation biomaterials

9. First generation biomaterials
• Most successes were accidental than by
designs.
• Inert or nearly inert materials
• First to be used by scientists with minimal
toxicity awareness and susceptibility.
• Examples : Metals (stainless steel and cobalt–
chrome-based alloys, Ti and Ti alloys).
Ceramics (Alumina Al2O3 and Zirconia ZrO2).

10. Second generation biomaterials
• Developed through collaboration of scientists and
engineers.
• Bioactive materials ‘ability to interact with the biological
environment to enhance the biological response and the
tissue/surface bonding’, and resorbable biomaterials that
have ability to degradation while new tissue regenerates
and heals.
• Built on first generation experiences.
• Examples: Ceramics (Bioactive glass, glass–ceramics and
calcium phosphates (CaPs)).
Polymers (Biodegradable polymers of synthetic and natural
origin such as polyglycolide (PGA), polylactide (PLA).

11. Third generation biomaterials
• Bioactive and bioresorbable materials as
temporary three-dimensional porous structures
which are able to activate genes that stimulate
regeneration of living tissue.
• For these biomaterials, the bioactivity and
biodegradability concepts are combined, so the
combination of bioactivity and biodegradability is
the most characteristics of the third-generation
biomaterials.

12. applications
• Heart valves
• Artificial tissues
• Dental and bone implants
• Intraocular lenses
• Vascular grafts
• Hip replacements

14. Challenges
• To more closely replicate complex tissue
architecture and arrangement in vitro.
• To better understand extracellular and
intracellular modulators of cell function.
• To develop novel materials and processing
techniques that are compatible with biological
interfaces.
• To find better strategies for immune
acceptance.

15. An emerging industry
• Next generation of medical implants and
therapeutics.
• Interface of biology and traditional
engineering.
• Polymeric biomaterial will lead to the growth
of global biomaterial market.

16. Thank you