The document discusses the Sufi and Bhakti movements in medieval India. The Sufis settled across India in the 11th century and believed that loving God also meant loving people. Major Sufi saints established centers in places like Ajodhya, Gulbarga, and Multan. The Bhakti movement challenged Brahmanic traditions and gave representations to lower castes and women. For example, the 12th century Virasaiva movement in Karnataka was led by Basavanna and opposed discrimination.