Sanskrit
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Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages still in existence and originated in India. It was the language of religious texts and ceremonies from as early as 2000 BC. While Sanskrit declined as a spoken language in India after the 1st millennium BC, it remained an important language for religion and literature. Sanskrit was written in various scripts depending on the region but did not have a standardized script until the 19th century. It continues to be used predominantly for religious purposes today.
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Sujay bringing indology into_the_twenty-first century
In our previous papers, we had dealt with the Aryan problem, the identity of the Harappans, the origin of Brahmi and the Indus script, besides other related topics. We had also observed that the autochthonous Aryan theory and the Vedic Indus theories were untenable, and that the conventional theory that immigrants speaking the PIE, or one of the constituents of the PIE, now to be known as Base Indo-European, migrated to India from Central Asia would still hold good. We had proposed that the Dravidian and the Paramunda Indus theories would be untenable, and that the Harappans were intensely multi-lingual, speaking languages that were remote ancestors of the Prakrits of the Gangetic plains. We had shown how linguistic transformations had taken place: this issue was studied as an interplay between two language groups: an ancestor of Vedic Sanskrit spread in a part of India, died out as a spoken language, and became a liturgical language, and a lingua franca of the elite. The speakers of IE languages then took on the languages of the descendants of the Indus for everyday use due to the transfer of populations to the Ganga-Yamuna doab. Sanskrit then re-influenced the languages of the region, even after it disappeared as a spoken language. We had also discussed the origin of the term ‘Aryan’ which had a cultural connotation in the Rig Veda. We had also proposed that the migrations into India perhaps took place in around 2750 BC, long before the Rig Veda was compiled. In this paper, we discuss the importance of modernizing Indology for various fields of science and the need to replace the now effectively dead Mid-Nineteenth Century school of Indology and Marxist historiography with modern paradigms. We also explain why inaction could be fraught with disastrous consequences. This paper may therefore be construed as a clarion call to scholars from all over the world to take up research on Ancient India, and to raise awareness among scholars of related fields of study. The scientific and the intellectual rewards associated with such an endeavour would be enormous. We also attempt to lay out the contours and identify the key drivers for Twenty-first century Indology.
Sujay The key objectives of modernizing Indology FINAL.pdf
This document discusses the history and evolution of the field of Indology over the past few centuries. It covers several key points:
1) William Jones in the late 18th century first proposed that Sanskrit and European languages were related, marking the beginning of modern Indology.
2) Max Muller in the 19th century put forth the Aryan migration theory, proposing that Aryans migrated to India from Central Asia. This became the dominant theory.
3) The discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization in the 1920s led some to believe it was destroyed by invading Aryans, though evidence for invasion is lacking.
4) Understanding of linguistic relationships and key terms like "Aryan
Languages by zoaid waseem
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, though Punjabi is the most widely spoken first language. Several other major languages are also spoken in Pakistan, including Sindhi in Sindh province, Balochi in Balochistan province, and Pashto in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and parts of Balochistan. Throughout history, the languages spoken in the region have been influenced by those of invading groups, such as Persian during Mughal rule. Today, the government promotes Urdu as the lingua franca and medium of administration, education, media, and literature to help unite the country's diverse populations.
Sujay the indo europeanization-of_the_world_from a central asian homeland
In this paper, we bring together the concepts put forth in our previous papers and throw new light on how the Indo-Europeanization of the world may have happened from the conventional Central Asian homeland and explain the same using maps and diagrams. We also propose the ‘Ten modes of linguistic transformations associated with Human migrations.’ With this, the significance of the proposed term ‘Base Indo-European’ in lieu of the old term ‘Proto Indo-European’ will become abundantly clear to most readers. The approaches presented in this paper are somewhat superior to existing approaches, and as such are expected to replace them in the longer run. Detailed maps and notes demonstrating and explaining how linguistic transformations might have taken place in South Asia are available in this paper as understood from our previous research papers, and scholars from other parts of the world are invited to develop similar paradigms with regard to their home countries as far as the available data or evidence will allow them. This will help piece together a gigantic jig-saw puzzle, and lead to a revolution of sorts in the field, leading to a ripple-effect that will strongly impact several other related fields of study as well. We also re-emphasize our epigrammatic catch-phrases ‘The Globalization of Science’ and ‘Scientific Progress at the Speed of Light’, and attempt to show how the former will inexorably lead to the latter. This is done in a respectable level of detail, as zany and theoretical concepts gain respectability only if corroborated with real-world data from across the world. The end-result will be a transformation and a revolution in human knowledge, with inevitable cascading changes in cultural and social paradigms and relationships across nationalities and cultures, and rich rewards for scholars and students of Indo-European studies across the world.
SUJAY The Indo-Europeanization of the world.pdf
This document discusses the Indo-Europeanization of the world from a Central Asian homeland based on new approaches and insights from the author's previous research publications. It proposes 10 modes of linguistic transformations associated with human migrations and suggests the term "Base Indo-European" instead of "Proto Indo-European." Detailed maps in the paper demonstrate how linguistic transformations may have occurred in South Asia. The paper aims to revolutionize the field of Indo-European studies by piecing together evidence from across the world.
Languages of Pakistan
This document discusses the various languages spoken in Pakistan. It begins by noting that Urdu is the national language but that many other languages are spoken regionally, including Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, and Pashto. It then provides brief overviews of each of these languages, describing their origins and influences. Balochi originated from tribes migrating from Iran and is spoken in Balochistan. Sindhi has been influenced by Arabic and Persian. Punjabi has influences from Persian, Arabic, Hindi, and others. Pashto is spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and parts of Balochistan and has been influenced by Arabic, Persian, and Greek.
Flowering of regional cultures-India
The document discusses the development of various languages and literary traditions in India during the medieval period. It describes how Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit influenced the evolution of languages like Urdu and Hindi. Literary works were produced in many regional languages under different rulers, with Sanskrit continuing despite lack of royal patronage in some Muslim-dominated areas. Different dance forms also emerged and evolved across India during this time period under various cultural influences.
History of Linguistics.pptx
The document provides an overview of 15 topics in the history of linguistics:
1) It describes the evolution of Sanskrit from Vedic to Classical to Epic forms.
2) It discusses Xunzi's philosophy that language distinguishes names and realities as well as words and meanings.
3) It outlines the influential works and transmission of the Roman grammarian Priscian.
An Outline Of The History Of Linguistics
Linguistics began developing in antiquity with early traditions arising in Mesopotamia, India, Greece, and Rome in response to language change. These traditions focused on grammar and morphology through word lists and rules of word formation. In the Middle Ages, interest in vernacular languages grew in Europe alongside Latin. By the 15th century, European colonialism exposed scholars to many new languages, facilitating comparisons and the eventual establishment of the comparative method for recognizing language families such as Indo-European.
Sanskrit Language - Literary or Scientific
The document discusses whether Sanskrit is a literary or scientific language. It notes that traditionally Sanskrit was viewed as an arts subject rather than a science. However, the document argues that Sanskrit has characteristics of both a literary and scientific language. As a literary language, Sanskrit has a rich tradition of poetry, plays, and philosophy. As a scientific language, Sanskrit has precise rules of grammar and syntax that reduce ambiguity, and its structure allows terms to be built in a generative way. The document examines aspects of Sanskrit that demonstrate it can precisely describe the physical world, making it a rare example of a language that can function as both literary and scientific.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli 6-BRINGING-INDOLOGY-INTO-THE-TWENTY.pdf
This document discusses the history and evolution of the field of Indology over the past few centuries. It outlines several key turning points, including William Jones' observations in the late 18th century about similarities between Sanskrit and European languages, leading to the proposal of the Proto-Indo-European language. Later, Max Muller put forth the Aryan migration theory in the 19th century. The discovery of the Dravidian language family in the early 19th century was another major development. Finally, the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization in the 1920s led to further speculation about the identity of the Harappans and theories of an Aryan invasion or migration into India. The document argues that modernizing Indology with
Linguistic aspects of SOURASHTRIi
Enlightens people all over the world on an antique ,independent Indo-Aryanlanguage surviving through 4000 years in an non-I.A. area.
A timeline of the history of linguists - BAUTISTA - BELGERA.pdf
The document provides a timeline of the history of linguistics from ancient Sumerians to modern theories. It notes that the Sumerians invented the earliest writing system of cuneiform around 4500-1900 BC. Key figures and developments mentioned include Bhartṛhari's 7th century contributions to Sanskrit grammar; the Greeks' systematic investigation of language from the 6th to 2nd century BC; Romans preserving and analyzing Latin from the 1st century BC to 5th century AD; Medieval scholars' work on grammar, translation and languages; and Renaissance advances in classical languages and linguistic thought across Europe. The 18th century saw developments in language theory, and the 19th century saw the establishment of comparative linguistics and
a timeline of the history of linguistics- BAUTISTA- BELGERA.pdf
The document provides a timeline of the history of linguistics from ancient Sumerians to modern theories. It notes that the Sumerians invented the earliest writing system of cuneiform around 4500-1900 BC. Key figures and developments mentioned include the Greek period beginning in the 6th century BC which involved early linguistic investigation; contributions of 18th century scholars like Herder who emphasized language and culture connections; and 20th century theories like Saussure's structural linguistics and Chomsky's generative grammar formalism. The timeline illustrates the numerous influences and advances that have shaped the field of linguistics over thousands of years.
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF NOTEWORTHY LINGUISTS.pptx
This document provides a historical timeline of notable linguists from ancient Hindu tradition to the 20th century. Some of the key figures mentioned include:
- Panini, who wrote the first Sanskrit grammar called Astadhyayi between 600-300 BC.
- Ferdinand de Saussure, who is considered the founder of modern linguistics and proposed that language be studied as a system of signs composed of both a signifier and signified.
- Noam Chomsky, who transformed linguistics in the 20th century with his theory of generative grammar and the idea that linguistic output is not simply related to input.
- Roman Jakobson, who helped spread Saussure's
History of Linguistics Across Time.pdf
This document provides an overview of the history of linguistics across different time periods and civilizations. It discusses the significant contributions of Sumerians through creating one of the earliest writing systems, Panini and his Sanskrit grammar treatise, Bhartrhari's work on the unity of language and thought, Greek scholars like Plato and Aristotle laying foundations for semiotics, Roman grammarians furthering understanding of Latin, Herder coining the concept of linguistic relativity, and modern linguists like Saussure and Chomsky revolutionizing the field. The document traces how ideas from these different thinkers and periods cumulatively shaped the development of linguistics into a formal academic discipline.
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Ziauddin Barani was a 14th century Muslim political thinker and historian from Delhi Sultanate. He is best known for his work Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, a history of the period from Balban to the early years of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Barani provided valuable insights on administration and economic institutions. The Persian Tarikh tradition of court chronicles focused on rulers and statecraft emerged as the dominant form of history writing in the Delhi Sultanate, influenced by the Arab-Islamic and Mongol-Persian traditions. Key works included Nizami's Taj-ul-Ma'asir, Juzjani's Tabaqat-i-Nas
Assamese literature
1. Assamese literature has its origins in the 7th century AD, though the earliest known works are the Charyyapadas Buddhist songs from the 8th-12th centuries.
2. In the 13th-14th centuries, works like the Ramayana translation and poems about characters from the Mahabharata were written under royal patronage, indicating Sanskrit works had influenced Assamese literature.
3. The golden age of Assamese literature began in the 15th century under Sankaradeva, a saint-poet who incorporated influences from Sanskrit works while using the Assamese language.
Comprehensive history of linguistics
This document provides a history of linguistics, beginning with non-Western traditions like those in Mesopotamia, China, and India. It discusses the grammatical tradition in India, particularly the work of Panini in the 5th century BC. It then covers the emergence of grammatical learning in Greece and its development by the Stoics, Alexandrians, Romans, and later scholars. It discusses speculative grammar during the European Middle Ages and developments during the Renaissance. Finally, it covers the major achievement of the 19th century - the development of the comparative method for relating languages genealogically.
Indian literature
The document summarizes the history of literature in India, beginning with the earliest Vedic texts from 1500-1200 BCE. It notes that Sanskrit literature flourished for over a millennium, though most classical works were lost. Medieval Indian literature remained influenced by Sanskrit but also Buddhist, Jain, and common languages. The arrival of Muslims and British impacted literature as well. Modern Indian literature began with independence movements in the mid-19th century and was influenced both by Western ideas and rejection of them. It also provides details about the life and work of Rabindranath Tagore, a influential Bengali poet and writer.
Similar to Sanskrit (20)
Sujay bringing indology into_the_twenty-first century
Sujay bringing indology into_the_twenty-first century
Sujay The key objectives of modernizing Indology FINAL.pdf
Sujay The key objectives of modernizing Indology FINAL.pdf
Sujay the indo europeanization-of_the_world_from a central asian homeland
Sujay the indo europeanization-of_the_world_from a central asian homeland
Sujay Rao Mandavilli 6-BRINGING-INDOLOGY-INTO-THE-TWENTY.pdf
Sujay Rao Mandavilli 6-BRINGING-INDOLOGY-INTO-THE-TWENTY.pdf
A timeline of the history of linguists - BAUTISTA - BELGERA.pdf
A timeline of the history of linguists - BAUTISTA - BELGERA.pdf
a timeline of the history of linguistics- BAUTISTA- BELGERA.pdf
a timeline of the history of linguistics- BAUTISTA- BELGERA.pdf
Sanskrit
- 1. Date- 26th July 2012 Sanskrit is arguably the oldest language still in existence. It was the lingua franca of Vedic India and is the mother of all European languages. As such it is classified as an Indo-Iranian language; which is a sub-group of the Indo- European family of languages. Its oldest relatives are Old Persian and Avestan. It held the same prestige that Greek and Latin held in Europe. It is now, however, used predominantly for religious activities. Origins of the tongue are as yet unclear, but what is certain, is that it settled and evolved in India. The word “Sanskrit” means “Refined”. Over the centuries the name took the meaning of “Refined Speech” and “Cultured Language”. The earliest attested text in the language is the Rig Veda from around the 2nd Millennium BC. The ancient copies have not survived except via oral transmission. Scholars are confident that the oral transmission of the texts is reliable: they were ceremonial literature whose correct pronunciation was considered crucial to its religious efficacy. Its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change and conforming into a fully structured proper system. The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar is Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight-Chapter Grammar") compiled around the 4th Century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for some Vedic forms that had become rare in Pāṇini's time. By the 1st Millennium BCE after the composition of the Upanishads, Vedic Sanskrit came to an end giving rise to Classical Sanskrit. This differed from Vedic Sanskrit by deviating from the established rules of grammar by mixing with local dialects and evolving into a new form. Most famous works in this version are the Hindu Epics MAHABHARATA and RAMAYANA. There was heavy influence of Classical Sanskrit in East and South-East Asia mainly due to spread of Buddhism in these areas, which also resulted in the migration of such works and other literature into the Orient some of whom either adopted the language, literature or both. Sanskrit gradually went into decline due to a weakening of the political institutions that supported it, and to heightened competition with vernacular languages seeking literary-cultural dignity. There was regional variation in the forcefulness of these vernacular movements and Sanskrit declined in different ways across the Indian subcontinent. The fact that there was no standardised script for Sanskrit accelerated the decline. Sanskrit survived only as a ceremonial language much like Latin did in Europe. It wasn’t until 1786 when a British Judge Sir William Jones, a philologist, noticed several similarities in Sanskrit, Persian and European Languages. On further researching he concluded that all of them came from a common source lost to time. He initiated the in- depth studies of ancient Indian texts and deciphering all the various scripts thereby giving rise to Indology and Indo- European Studies.
- 2. Date- 26th July 2012 Sanskrit phrase attributed to Kalidas: May Śiva bless those who take delight in the language of the gods. Written in modern Indian and other Brahmi scripts. There was no standardised writing system for Sanskrit until the 19th Century when the “Devnagari” script was standardised for Sanskrit. The language was written in different scripts in different regions. This depended upon the literacy of the locals to spread which was adversely affected by waves of invasions in those regions. These scripts survived due to emigration of Buddhists into Central Asia and the Far East.