The document discusses biblical literary criticism as a method for studying and appreciating biblical texts. It provides 3 main points:
1. Literary criticism analyzes biblical texts using techniques like examining characters, plot, setting, genre, and language rather than focusing on determining historical accuracy.
2. It emerged in the mid-20th century as scholars recognized the value in reading whole biblical books as literary works rather than just analyzing the history behind the texts.
3. When using literary criticism, scholars ask questions about elements like narratives' plots, characters, settings, imagery, and themes to understand how each text is constructed and what meanings it presents. They examine genres and analyze elements of poetry like parallelism.
Bahria Universiry Karachi Campus- Bs English, Semester 5.
Definition of literary criticism and theory.
Comparison between both the terms.
Types of theories and approaches to literary criticism.
This document defines and explains literary criticism. It begins by exploring the origins and definitions of "critic" and "criticism" from Greek roots. A critic is defined as someone who expresses a reasoned opinion on a subject's value, truth, or technique. Criticism is the analysis and judgment of a literary work. The document then defines literary criticism as the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature through various lenses or paradigms. It provides examples of different schools of literary criticism and explains them on a map with four variables: the work itself, the author, other texts, and the audience. The goal of literary criticism is to understand what is important about a text and its influences.
The document discusses various approaches to literary criticism including Marxist, New Historicist, Stylistic, and Metaphorical criticism. Marxist criticism examines the relationship between literature and social classes while New Historicism studies literature within both the author's historical context and the critic's. Stylistic criticism performs a close reading focusing on formal literary elements, and Metaphorical criticism analyzes the effectiveness of metaphors used in a text.
Literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature to understand works and judge their quality. It involves defining literature, classifying works, determining literature's purpose, and studying its history. There are several types of criticism like textual analysis of versions, practical criticism of individual works, and biographical criticism of authors' lives and writings. Broadly, criticism is formal and concerned with defining literature and systems, or moral and focused on works' contents and relation to values.
The document introduces different approaches to literary theory and provides brief descriptions of how different theories can be used to interpret texts. It explains that literary theory offers various lenses through which to analyze and gain new insights from reading literature, but does not dictate one singular interpretation. Examples of different theories provided include feminist theory, Marxist theory, genre theory, and psychoanalytic theory. For each, it gives a short overview of what aspects of a text may be focused on from that theoretical perspective.
This document defines and distinguishes between a critic and a literary critic. It explains that a critic expresses a personal opinion on the value or quality of something, while a literary critic is usually a professor who publishes analytical interpretations of literature in academic journals. It provides examples of different types of literary criticism and notes that reviews, articles, and websites do not qualify as legitimate literary criticism, which must be published in academic publications. Finally, it offers steps for finding literary criticism articles through the library database.
This document provides an overview of literary criticism as a subject. It defines literary criticism as the analysis and judgment of the merits and faults of literary works, informed by literary theory. It outlines the history and evolution of criticism from ancient Greece to modern times. It also describes three main forms of criticism - legislative, aesthetic, and descriptive criticism. The document concludes by listing some major figures in the development of English literary criticism from the 16th to 20th centuries.
The document provides an analysis of the structure, language, and themes of Tennyson's poem "Ulysses." It examines the poem's division into sections, use of enjambment and short sentences, antithesis, imagery, and tensions between heroic and modern values. The analysis considers how these formal elements create the poem's meditative and inwardly debating tone as Ulysses contemplates another journey.
Bahria Universiry Karachi Campus- Bs English, Semester 5.
Definition of literary criticism and theory.
Comparison between both the terms.
Types of theories and approaches to literary criticism.
This document defines and explains literary criticism. It begins by exploring the origins and definitions of "critic" and "criticism" from Greek roots. A critic is defined as someone who expresses a reasoned opinion on a subject's value, truth, or technique. Criticism is the analysis and judgment of a literary work. The document then defines literary criticism as the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature through various lenses or paradigms. It provides examples of different schools of literary criticism and explains them on a map with four variables: the work itself, the author, other texts, and the audience. The goal of literary criticism is to understand what is important about a text and its influences.
The document discusses various approaches to literary criticism including Marxist, New Historicist, Stylistic, and Metaphorical criticism. Marxist criticism examines the relationship between literature and social classes while New Historicism studies literature within both the author's historical context and the critic's. Stylistic criticism performs a close reading focusing on formal literary elements, and Metaphorical criticism analyzes the effectiveness of metaphors used in a text.
Literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature to understand works and judge their quality. It involves defining literature, classifying works, determining literature's purpose, and studying its history. There are several types of criticism like textual analysis of versions, practical criticism of individual works, and biographical criticism of authors' lives and writings. Broadly, criticism is formal and concerned with defining literature and systems, or moral and focused on works' contents and relation to values.
The document introduces different approaches to literary theory and provides brief descriptions of how different theories can be used to interpret texts. It explains that literary theory offers various lenses through which to analyze and gain new insights from reading literature, but does not dictate one singular interpretation. Examples of different theories provided include feminist theory, Marxist theory, genre theory, and psychoanalytic theory. For each, it gives a short overview of what aspects of a text may be focused on from that theoretical perspective.
This document defines and distinguishes between a critic and a literary critic. It explains that a critic expresses a personal opinion on the value or quality of something, while a literary critic is usually a professor who publishes analytical interpretations of literature in academic journals. It provides examples of different types of literary criticism and notes that reviews, articles, and websites do not qualify as legitimate literary criticism, which must be published in academic publications. Finally, it offers steps for finding literary criticism articles through the library database.
This document provides an overview of literary criticism as a subject. It defines literary criticism as the analysis and judgment of the merits and faults of literary works, informed by literary theory. It outlines the history and evolution of criticism from ancient Greece to modern times. It also describes three main forms of criticism - legislative, aesthetic, and descriptive criticism. The document concludes by listing some major figures in the development of English literary criticism from the 16th to 20th centuries.
The document provides an analysis of the structure, language, and themes of Tennyson's poem "Ulysses." It examines the poem's division into sections, use of enjambment and short sentences, antithesis, imagery, and tensions between heroic and modern values. The analysis considers how these formal elements create the poem's meditative and inwardly debating tone as Ulysses contemplates another journey.
This document outlines several approaches to literary criticism:
- Moralist criticism examines the values and human experiences conveyed in a work. Formalist criticism focuses on the artistic elements of a work's structure, style, and form.
- Historical criticism analyzes the historical context in which a work was produced. Marxist criticism looks at power struggles and political/economic elements in a work.
- Gender/feminist criticism explores how works portray gender relationships and male domination. Reader-response criticism describes the creative process of individual reader's interpretations of a text.
This document contains diary reflections from Grace Farrington about a conference on literature, science, and medicine. Over four days, she discusses ideas presented at various sessions on topics like interdisciplinarity, representations of disease in literature, and the relationship between fiction and scientific concepts. She reflects on how engaging with different perspectives can challenge preconceptions while also sparking new insights.
1. Literary criticism is the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of literary works. It examines the form and content of works to determine their artistic and intellectual merits.
2. Critics have two main functions: to interpret works and evaluate their meaning and significance, and to justify their evaluation by relating the work to conceptual frameworks.
3. New Criticism is a formalist approach that focuses on close reading of texts, considering their structure, literary devices, and internal consistency rather than external contexts. It aims for an objective interpretation of meaning from the work itself.
Reader response criticism focuses on the reader's role in interpreting texts rather than searching for a single inherent meaning. It holds that individual readers create their own meanings through personal transactions with the text based on their own experiences and backgrounds. Key aspects of reader response criticism include the horizons of expectations that readers bring, the implied reader envisioned by the author, and interpretive communities that readers belong to. However, some argue it fails to account for how texts can expand understanding and is too subjective.
This document provides information on several literary criticism theories: formalism, reader response, archetypal criticism, feminist criticism, and Marxist criticism. It summarizes the key aspects and tenets of each theory, including their strengths and weaknesses. For each theory, it also provides example questions that could be asked when applying that theory to analyze a literary text.
Literary criticism helps readers understand texts by analyzing different elements like words, structure, the reader's perspective, psychological meanings, social themes, and the author's life. There are several approaches like New Criticism focusing on the words, deconstruction examining structure, reader response considering the active reader, psychoanalytic exploring the mind, feminist addressing women's issues, and biographical investigating the author's life. Mastering various literary criticism techniques allows readers to gain deeper insights from texts.
Browse these common theories. When considered singularly and collectively, they're useful approaches to great works of literature for interpreting and finding meaning.
This document provides an overview of various literary theories and approaches that can be used to analyze and critique works of literature. It describes historical/biographical, moral/philosophical, formalist, psychoanalytical, archetypal, feminist, Marxist, and reader response approaches. For each approach, it outlines key concepts and whether the approach focuses on elements inside or outside the text. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides examples of how they could be applied to analyzing a novel.
Difference between Literary Theory and CriticismDilip Barad
Literary criticism is the analysis and evaluation of literature by examining themes, language use, and aesthetic elements. Literary theory discusses the philosophical methods and goals of criticism. While related, critics do not always use theory in their analysis. Some see criticism as applying theory to specific works, while others argue over whether criticism and theory should be considered separate fields. Literary criticism focuses on estimating the value of works, while theory seeks to understand the nature and functions of literature.
Literary criticism provides poets with tools for self-evaluation and improvement. It introduces them to works from different time periods and cultures. Literary critics have many skills including close reading, analysis, and evaluation of literature. There are various approaches to literary criticism such as new criticism, rhetorical, stylistic, and more, each with their own focus and techniques. Practicing criticism can help poets develop their craft by reflecting on their work and gaining insights from different critical lenses.
This document discusses various types of literary criticism. It defines criticism as the act of judging and discusses some influential historical critics like Aristotle and Horace. It then defines literary criticism as analyzing and evaluating works of literature. The document outlines different types of practical criticism like impressionistic, judicial, and objective criticism. Impressionistic criticism expresses the critic's personal responses to a work, while expressive criticism emphasizes revealing the author's emotions and life through their work. Objective criticism approaches literature as standing alone without connections to the author or audience.
Literary theories and approaches- a reviewspartanako06
Literature and literary theories have become popular in academia, where they play an important role in teaching literature, especially in a pedagogical context. Literature has been a part of human life from the beginning and teaches human emotions and perspectives. Literary theories provide principles and concepts to interpret and explain literary texts. Some key theories discussed include psychoanalysis, Marxism, reader response theory, feminism, new criticism, archetypal criticism, structuralism, cultural studies, postmodernism, biographical criticism, and deconstruction. Literary theories serve to make literature more creative and complementary when taught and to provide standards for analyzing and criticizing literary works in education.
1. Hermeneutics explores how we read, understand, and interpret texts, especially those from different time periods or cultural contexts. Biblical hermeneutics specifically examines how we read and apply biblical texts.
2. Various critical methods have been used to study the Bible, including source criticism to identify sources, form criticism to examine oral transmission, and redaction criticism to analyze composition. These approaches have strengths in historical analysis but weaknesses in locating meaning.
3. Inductive Bible study aims to be flexible, adaptable, and let the text set the agenda rather than imposing preconceptions, in order to best understand the text in its own literary and historical context.
Moral criticism examines literature through a moral or philosophical lens to assess how well a work teaches morality or explores philosophical issues. While this approach can be useful for works with an obvious moral message, it has declined in popularity due to perceived limitations. Specifically, moral criticism risks being too judgmental and oversimplifying complex works, as discerning intentions and evaluating contexts is difficult.
literary theories and approaches simplified versionspartanako06
The document discusses several different literary theories and approaches for analyzing and interpreting literature, including:
- Psychoanalytic criticism, which views works through the lens of psychology and Freud's ideas of the id, ego, and superego.
- Marxist criticism, which sees literature as a reflection of class struggle between the ruling and working classes.
- Reader-response theory, which argues that meaning is created by the reader rather than existing in the text itself.
- Feminist criticism, concerned with how gender impacts writing and reading and the portrayal of women.
This document provides an introduction to literary theory and criticism. It defines key terms like "criticism", discusses what literary criticism is, and defines a literary critic. It also explains literary theory as different lenses that critics use to analyze works. The document outlines four main types of literary criticism: practical, theoretical, descriptive, and prescriptive. It also summarizes four major theories of literary criticism: mimetic, pragmatic, expressive, and objective. Finally, it discusses traditional approaches like historical/biographical and moral/philosophical criticism as well as modern approaches like formalism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and Marxism.
The document describes various marketing best practices and assesses the importance and competency level for each one. It covers areas such as dashboards and metrics, analytics, brand strategy, process documentation, prioritization, aligning marketing and sales, marketing budgets, marketing plans, positioning statements, websites and SEO, mobile marketing, marketing communications, content marketing, product management, strategic communications, public and analyst relations, social media, video, product development processes, competitive analysis, market research, pricing, industry analysis, customer referral programs, customer satisfaction, market analysis, customer loyalty, customer metrics, customer-centricity, customer support, market requirements, online communities, sales enablement, sales tools, marketing collateral, sales training, tradeshows
This document outlines several approaches to literary criticism:
- Moralist criticism examines the values and human experiences conveyed in a work. Formalist criticism focuses on the artistic elements of a work's structure, style, and form.
- Historical criticism analyzes the historical context in which a work was produced. Marxist criticism looks at power struggles and political/economic elements in a work.
- Gender/feminist criticism explores how works portray gender relationships and male domination. Reader-response criticism describes the creative process of individual reader's interpretations of a text.
This document contains diary reflections from Grace Farrington about a conference on literature, science, and medicine. Over four days, she discusses ideas presented at various sessions on topics like interdisciplinarity, representations of disease in literature, and the relationship between fiction and scientific concepts. She reflects on how engaging with different perspectives can challenge preconceptions while also sparking new insights.
1. Literary criticism is the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of literary works. It examines the form and content of works to determine their artistic and intellectual merits.
2. Critics have two main functions: to interpret works and evaluate their meaning and significance, and to justify their evaluation by relating the work to conceptual frameworks.
3. New Criticism is a formalist approach that focuses on close reading of texts, considering their structure, literary devices, and internal consistency rather than external contexts. It aims for an objective interpretation of meaning from the work itself.
Reader response criticism focuses on the reader's role in interpreting texts rather than searching for a single inherent meaning. It holds that individual readers create their own meanings through personal transactions with the text based on their own experiences and backgrounds. Key aspects of reader response criticism include the horizons of expectations that readers bring, the implied reader envisioned by the author, and interpretive communities that readers belong to. However, some argue it fails to account for how texts can expand understanding and is too subjective.
This document provides information on several literary criticism theories: formalism, reader response, archetypal criticism, feminist criticism, and Marxist criticism. It summarizes the key aspects and tenets of each theory, including their strengths and weaknesses. For each theory, it also provides example questions that could be asked when applying that theory to analyze a literary text.
Literary criticism helps readers understand texts by analyzing different elements like words, structure, the reader's perspective, psychological meanings, social themes, and the author's life. There are several approaches like New Criticism focusing on the words, deconstruction examining structure, reader response considering the active reader, psychoanalytic exploring the mind, feminist addressing women's issues, and biographical investigating the author's life. Mastering various literary criticism techniques allows readers to gain deeper insights from texts.
Browse these common theories. When considered singularly and collectively, they're useful approaches to great works of literature for interpreting and finding meaning.
This document provides an overview of various literary theories and approaches that can be used to analyze and critique works of literature. It describes historical/biographical, moral/philosophical, formalist, psychoanalytical, archetypal, feminist, Marxist, and reader response approaches. For each approach, it outlines key concepts and whether the approach focuses on elements inside or outside the text. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides examples of how they could be applied to analyzing a novel.
Difference between Literary Theory and CriticismDilip Barad
Literary criticism is the analysis and evaluation of literature by examining themes, language use, and aesthetic elements. Literary theory discusses the philosophical methods and goals of criticism. While related, critics do not always use theory in their analysis. Some see criticism as applying theory to specific works, while others argue over whether criticism and theory should be considered separate fields. Literary criticism focuses on estimating the value of works, while theory seeks to understand the nature and functions of literature.
Literary criticism provides poets with tools for self-evaluation and improvement. It introduces them to works from different time periods and cultures. Literary critics have many skills including close reading, analysis, and evaluation of literature. There are various approaches to literary criticism such as new criticism, rhetorical, stylistic, and more, each with their own focus and techniques. Practicing criticism can help poets develop their craft by reflecting on their work and gaining insights from different critical lenses.
This document discusses various types of literary criticism. It defines criticism as the act of judging and discusses some influential historical critics like Aristotle and Horace. It then defines literary criticism as analyzing and evaluating works of literature. The document outlines different types of practical criticism like impressionistic, judicial, and objective criticism. Impressionistic criticism expresses the critic's personal responses to a work, while expressive criticism emphasizes revealing the author's emotions and life through their work. Objective criticism approaches literature as standing alone without connections to the author or audience.
Literary theories and approaches- a reviewspartanako06
Literature and literary theories have become popular in academia, where they play an important role in teaching literature, especially in a pedagogical context. Literature has been a part of human life from the beginning and teaches human emotions and perspectives. Literary theories provide principles and concepts to interpret and explain literary texts. Some key theories discussed include psychoanalysis, Marxism, reader response theory, feminism, new criticism, archetypal criticism, structuralism, cultural studies, postmodernism, biographical criticism, and deconstruction. Literary theories serve to make literature more creative and complementary when taught and to provide standards for analyzing and criticizing literary works in education.
1. Hermeneutics explores how we read, understand, and interpret texts, especially those from different time periods or cultural contexts. Biblical hermeneutics specifically examines how we read and apply biblical texts.
2. Various critical methods have been used to study the Bible, including source criticism to identify sources, form criticism to examine oral transmission, and redaction criticism to analyze composition. These approaches have strengths in historical analysis but weaknesses in locating meaning.
3. Inductive Bible study aims to be flexible, adaptable, and let the text set the agenda rather than imposing preconceptions, in order to best understand the text in its own literary and historical context.
Moral criticism examines literature through a moral or philosophical lens to assess how well a work teaches morality or explores philosophical issues. While this approach can be useful for works with an obvious moral message, it has declined in popularity due to perceived limitations. Specifically, moral criticism risks being too judgmental and oversimplifying complex works, as discerning intentions and evaluating contexts is difficult.
literary theories and approaches simplified versionspartanako06
The document discusses several different literary theories and approaches for analyzing and interpreting literature, including:
- Psychoanalytic criticism, which views works through the lens of psychology and Freud's ideas of the id, ego, and superego.
- Marxist criticism, which sees literature as a reflection of class struggle between the ruling and working classes.
- Reader-response theory, which argues that meaning is created by the reader rather than existing in the text itself.
- Feminist criticism, concerned with how gender impacts writing and reading and the portrayal of women.
This document provides an introduction to literary theory and criticism. It defines key terms like "criticism", discusses what literary criticism is, and defines a literary critic. It also explains literary theory as different lenses that critics use to analyze works. The document outlines four main types of literary criticism: practical, theoretical, descriptive, and prescriptive. It also summarizes four major theories of literary criticism: mimetic, pragmatic, expressive, and objective. Finally, it discusses traditional approaches like historical/biographical and moral/philosophical criticism as well as modern approaches like formalism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and Marxism.
The document describes various marketing best practices and assesses the importance and competency level for each one. It covers areas such as dashboards and metrics, analytics, brand strategy, process documentation, prioritization, aligning marketing and sales, marketing budgets, marketing plans, positioning statements, websites and SEO, mobile marketing, marketing communications, content marketing, product management, strategic communications, public and analyst relations, social media, video, product development processes, competitive analysis, market research, pricing, industry analysis, customer referral programs, customer satisfaction, market analysis, customer loyalty, customer metrics, customer-centricity, customer support, market requirements, online communities, sales enablement, sales tools, marketing collateral, sales training, tradeshows
This document provides an analysis of The Hershey Company, including a business description, financial analysis, valuation, and conclusion. Key points include: Hershey has shown strong sales growth over the past 3 years. A DCF valuation estimates the company's fair value in the range of $100-106 per share, leading to a recommendation to hold the stock. Sensitivity analysis found Hershey's returns are correlated with market volatility but not raw material prices.
La kinesiología tiene sus orígenes en la antigüedad en civilizaciones como Mesopotamia, Egipto, India y China, que utilizaban tratamientos físicos como masajes y ejercicios. Figuras como Hipócrates, Aristóteles y Galeno reconocieron el valor de los ejercicios físicos para la salud. En los siglos XIX y XX surgen nuevos enfoques como la osteopatía, hidroterapia y fisioterapia, mientras que la Segunda Guerra Mundial impulsó el desarrollo
Presentacion de Psicologia, Codigo de Etica de Psicologo, Universidad YacambuIriam Fereira
Este documento presenta el Código de Ética del Psicólogo Venezolano. En menos de 3 oraciones, resume lo siguiente:
El código establece los deberes y principios éticos que deben guiar a los psicólogos venezolanos en sus actividades profesionales e investigaciones. Incluye reglas sobre publicidad, confidencialidad, responsabilidad en la investigación y divulgación científica, reconocimiento del trabajo de otros, y prohibiciones como el ofrecimiento de servicios con fines de entrenamiento. El código busca garantizar que
El documento describe la anatomía e histología del sistema respiratorio, incluyendo la nariz, faringe, laringe, tráquea y bronquios principales. Explica que el sistema respiratorio se divide en tractos superior e inferior, y describe las estructuras que componen cada uno. El objetivo es identificar las funciones de cada parte del aparato respiratorio y los órganos involucrados en la fonación y deglución.
Este documento resume los aspectos clave de una Norma Técnica sobre Programas de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo en Venezuela. La Norma establece los requisitos mínimos para diseñar, elaborar, implementar y evaluar dichos programas con el fin de garantizar la seguridad y salud de todos los trabajadores, especialmente de aquellos en situaciones más vulnerables. La Norma debe usarse para la elaboración de cualquier programa de seguridad y salud laboral y es aplicable a todos los centros de trabajo en Venezuela.
Psicologia medica y de la salud esquemaJulioaguilera
Este documento describe las diferencias entre la psicología médica, psiquiatría, psicología clínica y psicología de la salud. La psicología médica se ocupa de los problemas psicológicos relacionados con enfermedades orgánicas. La psiquiatría trata trastornos y enfermedades primariamente psíquicos. La psicología clínica aborda problemas psicológicos en centros de asesoramiento. Y la psicología de la salud se enfoca en el comportamiento normal de las personas
El documento describe los movimientos de la Tierra y la Luna. La Luna gira alrededor de la Tierra a una distancia promedio de 384,400 km. La Tierra gira alrededor del Sol en su órbita elíptica y también gira sobre su eje inclinado, lo que causa los días, noches y estaciones. La Tierra y la Luna interactúan para producir las mareas, las cuales son más altas durante las fases de Luna llena y nueva.
Literary criticism is the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of literature. It involves examining how elements like theme, style and context contribute to the meaning and value of a literary work. Literary critics publish their analyses in essays, books and journals to interpret and debate the merit of different works and authors. There are various approaches to literary criticism, including formalist, historical, reader-response and intertextual analysis, which focus on different aspects like the text itself, the author/time period, the reader experience or comparisons to other works. Understanding different critical perspectives can provide insight into literature and ideas from different points of view.
This document provides an overview of feminist criticism and key related terms. It explains that feminist criticism uses assumptions of feminism to analyze literature and how it examines works through the lens of patriarchy, gender roles, and women's concerns. It also discusses how feminist criticism aims to bring attention to overlooked women authors and address the historical imbalance in favor of male writers. The document notes some common questions feminist critics may ask of a work and defines terms like patriarchy, gender, and essentialism. It also briefly discusses the history of the "literary canon" and how feminist critics seek to expose its patriarchal biases.
This document provides an overview of biblical hermeneutics and various methods of biblical criticism including form criticism, source criticism, redaction criticism, and newer approaches like narrative criticism and reader-response criticism. It discusses how these methods seek to understand the Bible from historical, source, and reader-oriented perspectives. The document also notes how understandings of the book of Ezekiel have changed from viewing it as the product of a single author to acknowledging various sources and now focusing on its literary unity and relationship between text and reader.
This document discusses different theoretical approaches to analyzing literature, including context oriented approaches like new historicism and feminism/gender theory. New historicism views literary texts in the context of historical documents from the same time period. Feminism and gender theory examine how literature addresses questions about women's writing and gender roles. They analyze how gender is a social construct rather than defined by biology alone. The document also notes the difference between interpreting texts and evaluating them through literary criticism and reviews.
The document provides an overview of literary criticism, beginning with its origins in classical works and early modern critics. It discusses different approaches to literary criticism such as formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, and sociological criticism including feminist criticism and Marxist criticism. The document examines key concepts and theorists associated with different approaches to literary criticism.
Power Point Presentations for a class by Glenn Giles of Denver, Colorado on Apologetics, Biblical Criticism and Inspiration. Class was taught in San Diego Dec 11-12 2009.
Criticism and its appoaches by muhammad sabryMuhammad Sabry
The document discusses various approaches to literary criticism. It begins by defining literary criticism as the evaluation, analysis and interpretation of literature. It then describes several major approaches:
1) Formalism examines the intrinsic elements of a text like style, structure and imagery.
2) Cultural criticism analyzes how works reflect and influence culture.
3) Psychological criticism applies theories like Freudian analysis to understand characters' hidden motives.
4) New Historicism interprets works in the context of the time period in which they were written or set.
The document provides brief overviews of numerous other approaches including feminism, Marxism, reader-response, post-colonial, deconstruction, ecoc
Historical criticism is a method of literary analysis that examines texts in light of the historical context in which they were written. It seeks to understand the world behind the text by investigating facts about the author's life and social circumstances. Pioneers who applied this method to the Bible include Erasmus and Spinoza in the 16th-17th centuries. In the 20th century, historical criticism was used to further understand Shakespeare's plays by studying aspects like sources, staging, censorship, and philosophical ideas of the time period. When applied to biblical texts, it investigates similarities to other works of the era and attempts to place books like Revelation in their original 1st century context. The goal is to discover the original meaning and reconstruct
The document provides an overview of resources for researching and analyzing literature, including reference books, encyclopedias, and databases that cover various literary landscapes such as history, folklore, psychology, and more. It emphasizes that a good literary analysis considers not just the work itself but how it interacts with and relates to other ideas, contexts, and critical perspectives.
This document provides guidance on how to write an academic book review. It explains that the purpose is to inform fellow scholars about the quality, purpose, and arguments of a book and how it fits within the current literature. The document outlines the typical parts of a book review, including a summary of the main arguments, analysis of the book's significance and relevance, discussion of methodology and sources, and a critique and recommendation. It also provides an annotated example of an academic book review to demonstrate how to incorporate these elements.
Literary criticism involves analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and discussing literature. It examines elements like genre, structure, and value. Literary criticism aims to understand what literature is, what purpose it serves, and what value it possesses. It provides frameworks for interpreting works through considering aspects like historical context, social influences, and symbolic meanings embedded in the text. Different schools of criticism offer various lenses for revealing important aspects of literary works.
Literary Theory New Criticism A theory that is not concerned w.docxsmile790243
Literary Theory
New Criticism
A theory that is not concerned with context -- historical, biographical, intellectual; not interested in the intent, affect or meaning of the author or the reader-response reaction of the reader. It is solely concerned with the text itself -- its language and organization; how the text speaks for itself. This approach would involve an intense reading of the text (used mostly in poetry analysis) in which the language and style is closely examined, without giving any consideration to the meaning or emotion of the writer or the reader (also known as Formalist Criticism)
Reader-Response
The reader takes an active role in deciphering meaning. A poem, for instance, has no real existence or meaning until it is read; its meaning can only be discussed by its readers. We differ about interpretations only because our ways of reading differ. It is the reader who applies the code in which the message is written and in this way actualizes what would otherwise remain only potentially meaningful. Hence, the reader is not a passive recipient of an entirely formulated meaning, but an active agent in the making of meaning. The meaning of the text is never self-formulated by the writer; the reader must act upon the textual material in order to produce meaning.
Feminist Theory
Since traditional literary theory is based on patriarchal systems (male-dominated writing and criticism), the feminist critics wish to divorce themselves from any one particular past theory as they focus on redefining literature from a feminine perspective. In so doing, critics focus on female characters; redefining women’s roles in literature and life, and examining the treatment of women in literature from a woman’s point of view.
Historicism
In Historicism, critics view literary history as part of a larger cultural history. Historicists studied literature in the context of social, political and cultural history, and they viewed a nation’s literary history as an expression of its evolving spirit. Studying the particular period of history during which a piece of literature was written could give the reader the necessary background on that writer’s point of view and his influences. Biographical Criticism examines an author's life history in order to gain insight into his literary work.
Psychological Criticism
Critics view literature through the lens of modern psychology, exploring human behavior (conscious, subconscious and unconscious), literary language and symbolism. Psychological criticism often employs three approaches: the creative process of the author, the author's motivation and behavior, and the psychoanalysis of an author's fictional characters. Sociological Criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received, and explores the relationship between artist and society.
Marxist Criticism
A form of sociological criticism which focuses on the economic and political elements of art. M ...
All religious traditions have sacred texts that are considered divinely inspired and provide guidance for believers. These texts are interpreted and their meaning derived through various historical-critical methods that seek to understand the social and cultural contexts in which they were produced. However, feminist scholars argue that traditional interpretations of some texts are limited by patriarchal biases and exclusions of women's voices. The meaning of sacred texts is shaped both by the cultures that produced them and by contemporary readers' identities and positions.
This document provides an overview of several major literary theories: reader response theory, archetypal literary criticism, feminist literary criticism, and postcolonial literary criticism. For each theory, it defines the key ideas, provides examples of how to analyze a text using that theoretical lens, and recommends further required reading materials to learn more about each approach. The goal is to introduce students to different critical perspectives they can use to interpret literary works.
This document discusses various approaches to literary criticism and analysis of biblical texts like Genesis 1-3. It mentions form criticism, narrative structures, discourse analysis, and analyzing features like plot, characters, points of view, analogies, and repetitions. Scholars discussed include Fokkelman, Auerbach, Trible, Foxx Gillingham, and Brueggemann. The document also addresses questions around what constitutes literature and literary theory and criticism.
This document provides guidance on appreciating and writing book reviews. It discusses book reviews as a foundational type of theological writing that requires comprehending material, critically evaluating it, interacting with other sources, and drawing conclusions. Good reviews can be sources of research themselves. The document recommends reviewing books in important theological journals, which usually feature 1000-1500 word reviews. It also provides indexes and databases for finding reviews, such as the American Theological Library Religion Database and Book Review Index.
This document provides a summary of the historical development of literary criticism from antiquity to ancient Greek and Roman critics. It discusses how Plato and Aristotle were early critics who debated the purpose and social value of literature. Aristotle established principles of literary criticism in his Poetics. Other ancient critics mentioned include Horace, who wrote on the different genres of poetry, and Quintilian, whose work Institutio Oratoria addressed rhetoric and recommended authors to study. The document also discusses the literary critic Longinus and his work On the Sublime, which defined sublime literature as reflecting the moral and imaginative power of the writer.
This document discusses different approaches to literary criticism, including:
1. Classical - Focuses on early theorists like Plato, Aristotle, Longinus, and Horace.
2. Historical/Biographical - Sees works as reflections of authors' lives and times. Requires knowledge of historical/biographical contexts.
3. Moral/Philosophical - Believes literature should teach morality and explore philosophical issues. But can be too judgmental of works' artistic merits.
4. Formalism/New Criticism - A close reading approach focusing on textual elements like imagery, symbols, and form. But ignores contextual influences on the text.
5. Psychological - Applies theories like Freudian
- New Criticism emerged in the 1940s-1960s as a reaction against biographical and historical criticism that focused on external context like an author's life.
- New Critics examined only what was in the text itself using close reading of elements like metaphor, irony, tension and ambiguity to interpret a work's true meaning.
- They believed the text should be treated as a self-contained object and that meaning comes from analyzing linguistic devices rather than the author's intent or a reader's subjective response.
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It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
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The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
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2. The Book of Psalms: Recognition of the kingship and sovereignty of God
Biblical literary criticism
1.
Reading Glasses: Literary Criticism
By Brennan Breed
Bible scholars have several different ways of studying and appreciating biblical
texts. These methods are like reading glasses that allow readers to focus on specific
aspects of the text.
These lenses are called “critical” methods, in the sense of the related Greek word
krino: to judge, or to discern. So with literary criticism, for example, scholars are not
criticizing the Bible or claiming it is a work of fiction—rather, they are using literary
techniques to analyze how a biblical text functions by looking at characters, plot,
setting, genre, and language.
With critical approaches, Bible scholars learn more about the work and make
judgments about its meaning.
Why Literary Criticism Came To Be
Until the last century, modern biblical scholars tended to be concerned with one
question: What really happened in Israelite and Judean history? When a typical
biblical scholar sat down to study the Bible, he or she would primarily ask the
questions:
Who wrote the different books that made up the Bible?
When did they write them?
What actually happened in history at the time of writing?
These scholars were using historical criticism, and they were primarily interested in
finding out how historically accurate the Bible was.
Other scholars had a hunch that some books of the Bible were written by several
different authors and put together as one book. They wanted to know more about
the original authors and to identify what sections of a book they had written; this is
source criticism. Other scholars tried to figure out when and how biblical books were
edited and put into their forms familiar to people today; this is redaction criticism.
Over time, however, a growing number of people wondered if the overwhelming
focus on the “real history” behind the Bible was obscuring the enjoyment and study
of the Bible itself. Many scholars starting in the mid‐twentieth century found a new
interest in reading whole books of the Bible, discussing what they meant and how
they functioned as literary works. Eventually this approach found the name literary
criticism.
3. prayer book. Instead of focusing on historical identifications, literary critics ask
questions such as: How does this psalm work as a poem? What kinds of imagery and
metaphor can we find in it? What is the characterization of the speaker, of the
enemies, and of God? How does the poem’s rhythm or other sonic qualities add to
the meaning of the poem?
Literary critics also ask about the types of writing, or genres, that people used in the
ancient world. For example, when we read something that begins with the words,
“Once upon a time,” we know we are about to hear a fairytale, and we expect certain
things in the story (like monsters, dragons, maidens and magic). However, if we
read something that begins with the words, “Dear Margaret,” we know we’re about
to read a personal letter, and we expect certain things in a letter (like a salutation
and an introduction). Figuring out these categories for ancient literature is a task
called form criticism, and it is another set of “lenses” that literary critics use.
Among poetry such as the psalms, for example, form critics distinguish between
lament psalms, thanksgiving psalms, praise psalms, and didactic psalms. Among
narratives such as the book of Genesis or the New Testament Gospels, form critics
distinguish between genealogies, miracle stories, call stories, vision reports,
controversy stories, parables, and discourses (or speeches). Form criticism can be a
very helpful tool; knowing that a story is a parable will certainly change our
expectations about how to understand it!
Literary Criticism and Biblical Narratives
Literary critics do much more than just categorize writings by genres. When literary
critics are working with narratives, they also ask about a biblical story’s plot, or the
sequence of events that the story relates. This is called narrative criticism, which like
form criticism, is a subset of literary criticism. Even though source critics have
parceled out the book of Genesis into four (or more) different original documents,
each demanding to be read separately from the others, literary critics can ask
questions about the overall plot of the book of Genesis as it moves from the origin of
the world (Gen 1‐11) to the origin of the Israelites (Gen 12‐50).
Even though redaction critics have noted that the compilation of the book of Genesis
required the insertion of brief introductions (such as Gen 5:1a), literary critics
suggest that a reader can even make sense of a story told piecemeal by several
authors. For example, a question about plot may be the following: how does the plot
of Genesis switch from a universal focus and shift to follow a particular family in
chapters 11‐12? Is it done abruptly or smoothly, straightforwardly or with dramatic
irony, linearly or with flashbacks or flash‐forwards? Do some parts of the plot move
quickly, while others move slowly? Most importantly, why does the author present
the story in this particular manner? How would it be different otherwise?
Other elements of narrative criticism involve asking questions about:
4.
• characters (are they static or dynamic, active or passive?)
• setting (when and where is it set, and does the setting change during the
story?)
• tone (is the author being sarcastic, or funny, or angry. or sad?)
• style (is the author formal or casual, intimate or detached, verbose or
concise?)
• point of view (is the narrator omniscient, or a character in the story?)
• imagery (what symbols, metaphors, or sensory experiences can you see?)
• themes (what motifs reoccur in the story, or what is the ‘point’ of the
story?)
By considering these different categories, literary critics seek to understand how
each particular narrative is constructed, how it hangs together to create larger
narrative units, and to explore the way narrative arcs present themes and create
meanings.
Literary Criticism and Biblical Poetry
Literary critics ask somewhat different questions about Hebrew and Greek poetry as
opposed to narrative. Hebrew poetry (like Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, much of
Job and the prophetic books) and some Jewish Greek poetry (like the Wisdom of
Solomon and Luke 1:46‐55) is based on parallelism, or the close relationship
between pairs or triplets of poetic lines.
For example, consider the first two lines of Psalm 3 in the New Revised Standard
Version (NRSV): “O LORD, how many are my foes!/ Many are rising against me.” On
a cursory examination, these two lines seem to say the exact same thing (namely,
that the speaker has a lot of enemies), but a closer look teases out a more complex
relationship. In particular, the first line laments that the speaker’s foes are so
numerous, while the second line repeats the word “many” but changes the word
“foes” for the participial construction “(those ones who) are rising against me.” In
the first line, the narrator calls them a name, but in the second line, you can see
them living up to that name. Changing a noun for a verbal form renders the foes’
active evil presence that much more full in the poem. Such subtle shifts are the
hallmark of Hebrew poetry; literary critics take the time to carefully dissect the
parallel lines in order to see more clearly how these poems work. Moreover, poetic
analysis asks many questions about a poem’s use of:
• imagery (what sensations, including sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell,
does the author evoke with the words of the poem?)
• metaphor (when the author describes an object in terms of something
else, what does the implicit comparison of the two unlike objects do to
the poem?)
• symbolism (what ideas or themes are represented by concrete objects?)
5.
It is much more difficult to note a Hebrew or Greek poem’s use of sound devices
such as alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, and rhythm when the poem is
read in translation, because English cannot replicate these patterns.
Literary approaches to the Bible are not just for literary critics. You already use
some of these techniques when you read a book, a poem, a short story or when you
listen to music lyrics. By reading the Bible with literary “lenses,” you can begin to
explore the way biblical texts create sensations, give us new ways to see common
things, and offer meaning to our world.