Understand the behavior of mirror-image molecules. Behavior depends on the environment (chiral/achiral) to which the molecule is exposed. When both the players (the target and the drug molecule) are chiral, there is a need for chiral perspective.
1. 1H NMR spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze compounds by detecting hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field. It provides information about functional groups, number of nuclei, and structure of compounds.
2. The principle involves hydrogen nuclei absorbing radio frequencies matching their Larmor frequency in an applied magnetic field. This absorption is measured to produce an NMR spectrum.
3. Factors like electronegativity, magnetic anisotropy, and spin-spin coupling influence the chemical shifts observed on the NMR spectrum, allowing identification of functional groups and structure elucidation.
High performance thin layer chromatographySravani Ganti
This document provides an overview of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). It describes the advantages of HPTLC over HPLC and traditional TLC, such as its ability to process multiple samples simultaneously. The key steps of HPTLC are outlined, including plate selection, sample preparation, development, detection, and applications. HPTLC allows for enhanced separation resolution and automation compared to TLC. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis and clinical testing due to its low cost, simplicity, and reproducibility.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are submicron colloidal carriers composed of a physiological lipid core stabilized by surfactants. SLNs can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs and are produced using methods like high shear homogenization, ultrasound, solvent emulsification, or microemulsion. SLNs offer advantages over other carriers like improved drug stability, biocompatibility, and ability to control drug release. They are promising drug delivery systems being researched for applications like targeted cancer therapy, topical products, and more.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Preformulation testing involves investigating a drug's physical and chemical properties alone and with excipients. This helps formulators develop stable and bioavailable dosage forms. Tests examine properties like solubility, stability, and purity which provide information on developing solid dosage forms. Understanding these properties is the first step in rational drug development.
Identification of alcohol content in asava and arista.pptxKartik Tiwari
1. The document discusses the preparation and properties of Asava and Arishta, which are Ayurvedic herbal formulations produced through a fermentation process. Key steps include soaking herbs in sugars like honey or jaggery for a specified period of time to allow extraction of active compounds and alcohol generation.
2. Asava and Arishta have several beneficial properties like increased stability, potency, and bioavailability of compounds due to the constant low level of alcohol. They produce rapid therapeutic effects at low doses.
3. The preparation process for Arishta involves making an herbal decoction, adding jaggery or honey, and sealing the mixture in containers for fermentation. Asava preparation skips
1. 1H NMR spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze compounds by detecting hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field. It provides information about functional groups, number of nuclei, and structure of compounds.
2. The principle involves hydrogen nuclei absorbing radio frequencies matching their Larmor frequency in an applied magnetic field. This absorption is measured to produce an NMR spectrum.
3. Factors like electronegativity, magnetic anisotropy, and spin-spin coupling influence the chemical shifts observed on the NMR spectrum, allowing identification of functional groups and structure elucidation.
High performance thin layer chromatographySravani Ganti
This document provides an overview of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). It describes the advantages of HPTLC over HPLC and traditional TLC, such as its ability to process multiple samples simultaneously. The key steps of HPTLC are outlined, including plate selection, sample preparation, development, detection, and applications. HPTLC allows for enhanced separation resolution and automation compared to TLC. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis and clinical testing due to its low cost, simplicity, and reproducibility.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are submicron colloidal carriers composed of a physiological lipid core stabilized by surfactants. SLNs can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs and are produced using methods like high shear homogenization, ultrasound, solvent emulsification, or microemulsion. SLNs offer advantages over other carriers like improved drug stability, biocompatibility, and ability to control drug release. They are promising drug delivery systems being researched for applications like targeted cancer therapy, topical products, and more.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Preformulation testing involves investigating a drug's physical and chemical properties alone and with excipients. This helps formulators develop stable and bioavailable dosage forms. Tests examine properties like solubility, stability, and purity which provide information on developing solid dosage forms. Understanding these properties is the first step in rational drug development.
Identification of alcohol content in asava and arista.pptxKartik Tiwari
1. The document discusses the preparation and properties of Asava and Arishta, which are Ayurvedic herbal formulations produced through a fermentation process. Key steps include soaking herbs in sugars like honey or jaggery for a specified period of time to allow extraction of active compounds and alcohol generation.
2. Asava and Arishta have several beneficial properties like increased stability, potency, and bioavailability of compounds due to the constant low level of alcohol. They produce rapid therapeutic effects at low doses.
3. The preparation process for Arishta involves making an herbal decoction, adding jaggery or honey, and sealing the mixture in containers for fermentation. Asava preparation skips
The document provides information on prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a biologically inert derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design include improving solubility, stability, absorption, and decreasing toxicity. Examples are given of common prodrugs and how they achieve various objectives like masking taste, reducing irritation, and prolonging duration of action. Prodrug strategies can also be used for targeted drug delivery in chemotherapy through approaches like antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It discusses:
1) How NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves and magnetic fields to determine the structure of organic molecules. The two most common types are 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
2) In an NMR experiment, nuclei such as 1H and 13C can absorb energy and "flip" their spin when radio waves match their energy difference in magnetic fields.
3) NMR spectra provide information on the number, position, intensity, and splitting of peaks which reveal details about a molecule's carbon-hydrogen framework.
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of thin layer chromatography that allows for quantitative analysis. It works on the same principles as TLC by separating components via adsorption as the mobile phase moves up the stationary phase. Key steps involve pretreating and selecting plates, applying samples as spots or bands, developing the plate in a solvent, detecting and visualizing separated components under UV light or staining, and using a densitometer to quantify results by converting spots into peaks. HPTLC provides advantages over TLC such as faster and more accurate quantification of components in samples.
Isolation, identification and analysis of phytoconstituentsrekha bhalerao
This document discusses the isolation, identification, and analysis of phytoconstituents such as menthol, citral, and artemisinin. It describes how menthol can be isolated from peppermint oil through freezing and crystallization. Citral is isolated from lemongrass oil using simple distillation. Artemisinin is extracted from Artemisia annua using petroleum ether and purified through chromatography. Thin layer chromatography and color reactions are used to identify and analyze these compounds.
This document summarizes the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Quercetin and Phyllanthin. It describes the biological sources, extraction process, properties, and analytical techniques used to analyze these compounds. For Quercetin, techniques included thin layer chromatography, HPTLC, HPLC, UV-Vis, and IR spectroscopy. Health benefits and herbal products containing Quercetin are also listed. Similarly, extraction procedure, qualitative tests, TLC, HPLC, IR analysis and uses of Phyllanthin are provided. The seminar concludes with references used in the research.
Content include basic introduction to chromatography. Brief view of Liquid Chromatography. HPLC introduction, other names, types of HPLC, detailed instrumentation with image of each part, and applications. Sources of content described in 'References' entitled slide. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy.
Formulation and Evaluation of Dental gel containing Clove oil for the treatme...Shaik Sana
The document describes a study that aimed to develop and evaluate a dental gel containing clove oil for the treatment of periodontitis. Several gel formulations were prepared using clove oil as the active ingredient, carbopol 934 as the gelling agent, and other excipients. The clove oil was characterized. The gels were evaluated for various properties such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and antimicrobial activity. Formulation F3 showed the best results and was concluded to be a suitable gel for the treatment of periodontitis based on its physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens.
Basic skills training guide hplc method development and validation- an over...bmarkandeya
This document provides an overview of HPLC method development and validation. It focuses on optimizing HPLC conditions and discusses various critical steps in analytical method development and validation. These include developing a stability-indicating HPLC method to analyze degradation products during stability studies and validating the method to demonstrate its suitability for intended use. Key aspects of method development and validation covered are sample preparation, HPLC analysis, standardization, and quantitative measures of column efficiency.
Menthol is the active ingredient in Rowachol, a cholagogue herbal drug used to treat gallstones and biliary disorders. Rowachol works by increasing bile production and relaxing the bile ducts, helping to reduce painful spasms and allowing gallstones to pass more easily. It also reduces the cholesterol content of bile and can help break up cholesterol-based gallstones. Each capsule of Rowachol contains menthol and other terpenes that work to relax the bile ducts and increase biliary secretion. Common side effects include headache and gastric irritation.
Characterization of nanoparticles & its regulatory aspectsvivek vyas
This document summarizes techniques for characterizing nanoparticles, including particle size, shape, surface charge, crystal structure, yield, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Key characterization techniques mentioned are microscopy (SEM, TEM), laser light scattering, zeta potential measurement, XRD, FTIR, and dialysis-based in vitro release testing. Regulatory considerations for nanoparticles are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It begins by describing the basic components of an NMR spectrometer, including a magnet, sample holder, radio frequency generator, detector, and reader. It then discusses the importance of using deuterated solvents like CDCl3 in NMR to minimize background signals. The document also explains the two main nuclear relaxation processes in NMR - spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation. Additional sections cover factors that influence chemical shifts like electronegativity and anisotropic effects. Finally, the document provides examples of the number of NMR signals expected for different compounds based on equivalent and non-equivalent protons.
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
Hplc parameters, factors affecting resolution DHINESHKUMAR V
This document discusses the key chromatographic parameters for HPLC and factors that affect resolution. It defines parameters like retention time, adjusted retention time, selectivity factor, theoretical plates, column efficiency, peak asymmetry, and resolution. It explains how selectivity, efficiency, and retention impact resolution. Higher selectivity, efficiency, and appropriate retention lead to better resolution between analytes. The document also outlines current FDA validation guidelines for these parameters.
HPTLC- Principle, Instrumentation and Software (Abhishek Gupta)Abhishek Gupta
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
The document discusses guidelines for standardization and quality control of herbal drugs and formulations. It describes various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific tests covered include determination of foreign matter, ash values, extractive values, water soluble ash, total solid content, water content, volatile oil content, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, tannin content, swelling index and foaming index. Standardization helps in confirmation of identity, quality and purity of herbal drugs.
This document compares HPLC and UPLC and provides an overview of UPLC. UPLC uses smaller particle sizes of 1.75-1.8 μm compared to 3-10 μm for HPLC, which allows for higher pressures over 15,000 psi, improved precision, faster analysis times, and higher resolution. The key factors that enable improved performance in UPLC are increased efficiency through smaller particle sizes and improved selectivity, retentivity, and efficiency. UPLC also provides increased sensitivity, faster run times, and the ability to analyze more samples due to its enhanced resolving power. The document discusses UPLC stationary phases, columns, instrumentation including pumps, columns, and detectors, as well as applications of UPLC in areas like method
UPLC uses smaller particle sizes (<2 microns) than HPLC (3-5 microns) which allows it to operate at higher pressures and provide faster, more sensitive and selective separations compared to HPLC. Some key differences are that UPLC uses smaller diameter columns, achieves higher resolution and plate counts, reduces run times, solvent consumption and cost of operation compared to HPLC. However, the smaller particles used in UPLC columns have a narrower usable lifespan than HPLC columns.
This document discusses chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy. It explains that chemical shifts occur due to shielding or deshielding of protons by electrons, which causes absorption positions to shift upfield or downfield. The difference between a sample proton's absorption position and a reference proton's position is measured in ppm. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) is commonly used as an internal reference standard at 0.5% concentration. Factors that affect chemical shifts include inductive effects, van der Waals deshielding, anisotropic effects, and hydrogen bonding.
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
This document discusses chirality and chiral drugs. It begins by defining isomerism, including constitutional and stereoisomerism. It then focuses on chirality, defining chiral centers and explaining how chiral molecules can be either enantiomers or diastereomers. The document discusses optical activity and how chiral drugs can be either dextrorotary or levorotary. Several examples of chiral drugs used in anesthesia are provided, including intravenous anesthetics like etomidate and ketamine, local anesthetics like bupivacaine, inhalational agents like isoflurane, and neuromuscular blocking agents. The importance of chirality in drug action and the potential advantages of single enantiomer drugs
Valliappan Kannappan presented on the importance of chirality. Chirality is a key characteristic of biological molecules and life processes. Most biological macromolecules like proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars and amino acids are chiral. Many drugs are also chiral, and the biological targets they interact with are also chiral. For this reason, the specific chiral form of a drug is important. Regulatory agencies now require separation and characterization of chiral drug molecules. Many commonly used therapeutic agents are employed as single enantiomers rather than racemic mixtures for increased efficacy and safety. Chirality will continue to be an important consideration in life science research and drug development.
The document provides information on prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a biologically inert derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design include improving solubility, stability, absorption, and decreasing toxicity. Examples are given of common prodrugs and how they achieve various objectives like masking taste, reducing irritation, and prolonging duration of action. Prodrug strategies can also be used for targeted drug delivery in chemotherapy through approaches like antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It discusses:
1) How NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves and magnetic fields to determine the structure of organic molecules. The two most common types are 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
2) In an NMR experiment, nuclei such as 1H and 13C can absorb energy and "flip" their spin when radio waves match their energy difference in magnetic fields.
3) NMR spectra provide information on the number, position, intensity, and splitting of peaks which reveal details about a molecule's carbon-hydrogen framework.
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of thin layer chromatography that allows for quantitative analysis. It works on the same principles as TLC by separating components via adsorption as the mobile phase moves up the stationary phase. Key steps involve pretreating and selecting plates, applying samples as spots or bands, developing the plate in a solvent, detecting and visualizing separated components under UV light or staining, and using a densitometer to quantify results by converting spots into peaks. HPTLC provides advantages over TLC such as faster and more accurate quantification of components in samples.
Isolation, identification and analysis of phytoconstituentsrekha bhalerao
This document discusses the isolation, identification, and analysis of phytoconstituents such as menthol, citral, and artemisinin. It describes how menthol can be isolated from peppermint oil through freezing and crystallization. Citral is isolated from lemongrass oil using simple distillation. Artemisinin is extracted from Artemisia annua using petroleum ether and purified through chromatography. Thin layer chromatography and color reactions are used to identify and analyze these compounds.
This document summarizes the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Quercetin and Phyllanthin. It describes the biological sources, extraction process, properties, and analytical techniques used to analyze these compounds. For Quercetin, techniques included thin layer chromatography, HPTLC, HPLC, UV-Vis, and IR spectroscopy. Health benefits and herbal products containing Quercetin are also listed. Similarly, extraction procedure, qualitative tests, TLC, HPLC, IR analysis and uses of Phyllanthin are provided. The seminar concludes with references used in the research.
Content include basic introduction to chromatography. Brief view of Liquid Chromatography. HPLC introduction, other names, types of HPLC, detailed instrumentation with image of each part, and applications. Sources of content described in 'References' entitled slide. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy.
Formulation and Evaluation of Dental gel containing Clove oil for the treatme...Shaik Sana
The document describes a study that aimed to develop and evaluate a dental gel containing clove oil for the treatment of periodontitis. Several gel formulations were prepared using clove oil as the active ingredient, carbopol 934 as the gelling agent, and other excipients. The clove oil was characterized. The gels were evaluated for various properties such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and antimicrobial activity. Formulation F3 showed the best results and was concluded to be a suitable gel for the treatment of periodontitis based on its physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens.
Basic skills training guide hplc method development and validation- an over...bmarkandeya
This document provides an overview of HPLC method development and validation. It focuses on optimizing HPLC conditions and discusses various critical steps in analytical method development and validation. These include developing a stability-indicating HPLC method to analyze degradation products during stability studies and validating the method to demonstrate its suitability for intended use. Key aspects of method development and validation covered are sample preparation, HPLC analysis, standardization, and quantitative measures of column efficiency.
Menthol is the active ingredient in Rowachol, a cholagogue herbal drug used to treat gallstones and biliary disorders. Rowachol works by increasing bile production and relaxing the bile ducts, helping to reduce painful spasms and allowing gallstones to pass more easily. It also reduces the cholesterol content of bile and can help break up cholesterol-based gallstones. Each capsule of Rowachol contains menthol and other terpenes that work to relax the bile ducts and increase biliary secretion. Common side effects include headache and gastric irritation.
Characterization of nanoparticles & its regulatory aspectsvivek vyas
This document summarizes techniques for characterizing nanoparticles, including particle size, shape, surface charge, crystal structure, yield, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Key characterization techniques mentioned are microscopy (SEM, TEM), laser light scattering, zeta potential measurement, XRD, FTIR, and dialysis-based in vitro release testing. Regulatory considerations for nanoparticles are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It begins by describing the basic components of an NMR spectrometer, including a magnet, sample holder, radio frequency generator, detector, and reader. It then discusses the importance of using deuterated solvents like CDCl3 in NMR to minimize background signals. The document also explains the two main nuclear relaxation processes in NMR - spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation. Additional sections cover factors that influence chemical shifts like electronegativity and anisotropic effects. Finally, the document provides examples of the number of NMR signals expected for different compounds based on equivalent and non-equivalent protons.
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
Hplc parameters, factors affecting resolution DHINESHKUMAR V
This document discusses the key chromatographic parameters for HPLC and factors that affect resolution. It defines parameters like retention time, adjusted retention time, selectivity factor, theoretical plates, column efficiency, peak asymmetry, and resolution. It explains how selectivity, efficiency, and retention impact resolution. Higher selectivity, efficiency, and appropriate retention lead to better resolution between analytes. The document also outlines current FDA validation guidelines for these parameters.
HPTLC- Principle, Instrumentation and Software (Abhishek Gupta)Abhishek Gupta
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
The document discusses guidelines for standardization and quality control of herbal drugs and formulations. It describes various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific tests covered include determination of foreign matter, ash values, extractive values, water soluble ash, total solid content, water content, volatile oil content, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, tannin content, swelling index and foaming index. Standardization helps in confirmation of identity, quality and purity of herbal drugs.
This document compares HPLC and UPLC and provides an overview of UPLC. UPLC uses smaller particle sizes of 1.75-1.8 μm compared to 3-10 μm for HPLC, which allows for higher pressures over 15,000 psi, improved precision, faster analysis times, and higher resolution. The key factors that enable improved performance in UPLC are increased efficiency through smaller particle sizes and improved selectivity, retentivity, and efficiency. UPLC also provides increased sensitivity, faster run times, and the ability to analyze more samples due to its enhanced resolving power. The document discusses UPLC stationary phases, columns, instrumentation including pumps, columns, and detectors, as well as applications of UPLC in areas like method
UPLC uses smaller particle sizes (<2 microns) than HPLC (3-5 microns) which allows it to operate at higher pressures and provide faster, more sensitive and selective separations compared to HPLC. Some key differences are that UPLC uses smaller diameter columns, achieves higher resolution and plate counts, reduces run times, solvent consumption and cost of operation compared to HPLC. However, the smaller particles used in UPLC columns have a narrower usable lifespan than HPLC columns.
This document discusses chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy. It explains that chemical shifts occur due to shielding or deshielding of protons by electrons, which causes absorption positions to shift upfield or downfield. The difference between a sample proton's absorption position and a reference proton's position is measured in ppm. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) is commonly used as an internal reference standard at 0.5% concentration. Factors that affect chemical shifts include inductive effects, van der Waals deshielding, anisotropic effects, and hydrogen bonding.
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
This document discusses chirality and chiral drugs. It begins by defining isomerism, including constitutional and stereoisomerism. It then focuses on chirality, defining chiral centers and explaining how chiral molecules can be either enantiomers or diastereomers. The document discusses optical activity and how chiral drugs can be either dextrorotary or levorotary. Several examples of chiral drugs used in anesthesia are provided, including intravenous anesthetics like etomidate and ketamine, local anesthetics like bupivacaine, inhalational agents like isoflurane, and neuromuscular blocking agents. The importance of chirality in drug action and the potential advantages of single enantiomer drugs
Valliappan Kannappan presented on the importance of chirality. Chirality is a key characteristic of biological molecules and life processes. Most biological macromolecules like proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars and amino acids are chiral. Many drugs are also chiral, and the biological targets they interact with are also chiral. For this reason, the specific chiral form of a drug is important. Regulatory agencies now require separation and characterization of chiral drug molecules. Many commonly used therapeutic agents are employed as single enantiomers rather than racemic mixtures for increased efficacy and safety. Chirality will continue to be an important consideration in life science research and drug development.
Chiral Chromatography separates enantiomers using chiral stationary phases. It is the most effective method for resolving stereoisomers that have different biological activities. Various types of chiral stationary phases are used, including proteins, cyclodextrins, cellulose, amylose and macrocyclic glycopeptides bonded to silica. These phases interact differently with enantiomers through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and other forces. Direct separation on chiral stationary phases or indirect separation after pre-column derivatization can resolve enantiomers that are important to analyze for pharmaceuticals.
Loss of Cilia ACS ChemBio 2008 cb700163qAlex Kiselyov
This document describes research examining the effects of synthetic derivatives of plant polyalkoxybenzenes on sea urchin embryos. The researchers synthesized isoxazoline derivatives of apiol and dillapiol, which are plant compounds with various biological activities. They found that one derivative, a p-methoxy-phenyl isoxazoline, caused sea urchin embryo immobilization by selectively removing motile cilia while leaving long sensory cilia intact. This effect was reversible through washing. The compound did not alter cell division or larval development. The researchers believe this derivative could serve as a tool for studying ciliary function and morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos.
The document discusses three topics:
1) The importance of geometric cis-trans isomerism in vision chemistry. A shift between geometric isomers of 11-cis-retinal causes a signal transduction when light hits the retina.
2) The bromine water test to identify double or triple bonds. The test involves observing if bromine water is decolorized by an alkene undergoing addition.
3) Hydrogenation of alkenes is important industrially. Hydrogenation makes alkenes and aromatics less toxic and reactive, and is used in processing vegetable oils derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which include understanding that energy can change forms, defining photosynthesis, and explaining the processes that occur in the chloroplast. The document then defines photosynthesis as a process where plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose. It explains that photosynthesis is important as it produces organic molecules and oxygen, and forms the basis of food chains. The document provides details on the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and describes the structures involved like chloroplasts, thylakoids and pigments. It outlines the absorption of light by chlorophyll and movement of electrons, and explains how ATP and NADPH are produced to ultimately fix carbon
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. Valliappan Kannappan
Valliappan Kannappan
Environment
Environment and Behavior
Behavior
Behaviour of a chiral molecule depends on the
environment in which it is present or it is exposed to.
Environment can be either chiral or achiral
In an isotopic/achiral environment, enantiomers
exhibit identical physicochemical properties, and
B
E
H
A
V
I
O
U
R
Behaviour of chiral twins 2021
exhibit identical physicochemical properties, and
therefore are indistinguishable under these
conditions.
Differences between chiral twins (biomolecules) are
hard to detect normally, but becomes pronounced
in a chiral environment”.
3. Valliappan Kannappan
Valliappan Kannappan
Chiral Twins
Chiral Twins
OH
O
H
CH3
HO
O
H
H3C
(R) (S)
Ibuprofen, is normally assayed by Alkalimetry / HPLC-
ODS Column; the environment is Achiral.
B
E
H
A
V
I
O
U
R
Chiral center
Chiral center
Behaviour of chiral twins 2021
In both the cases (Alkalimetry/ HPLC – ODS column) the environment is achiral;
hence one will not be able to quantify each enantiomers of the chiral drug; to
measure enantiomers of a chiral twin one need to perform the assay in a chiral
environment, viz. chiral analysis.
Ibuprofen - Chiral twins
mirror
4. Valliappan Kannappan
Valliappan Kannappan
Chirality and Biological Action
Chirality and Biological Action
Interestingly,
Bio-logical systems and human body at molecular level are
intensely chiral environments being composed of homochiral
homochiral
biopolymers) and can discriminate / differentiate left handed
molecules from the right handed molecules.
B
E
H
A
V
I
O
U
R
Behaviour of chiral twins 2021
Limonene is a molecule with single chiral/stereogenic center; and
can exist as a pair of enantiomers; R-Limonene and S-Limonene.
Olfactory receptors can differentiate these chiral twins; R-form has
smells Orange where as the mirror-image form (S- form) exhibits
Lemon smell; the molecule and the bio-environment both are
chiral.
6. Valliappan Kannappan
Valliappan Kannappan
Biological targets are chiral and so are the
Behaviour of chiral twins 2021
Biological targets are chiral and so are the
molecules (drugs) that interact with them
Source: Christopher Welch, Chiral India, 2016.
Hence there is need for chiral / mirror-image perspective