It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
4. 4
Introduction
• Carries Transverse External Loads That
Cause Bending Moment, Shear Forces And In
Some Cases Torsion
• Concrete is strong in compression and very
weak in tension.
• Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile
stresses in reinforced concrete beams.
• Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield
strength deformed bars (HYSD)
• HYSD bars have ribs on the surface and this
increases the bond strength at least by 40%
6. 6
•Drawinsg generally include a bar
bending schedule
•The bar bending schedule describes the
length and number, position and the
shape of the bar
Introduction
Sl.No.
Type of
bar and
mark
Shape No.
Length in
m
Weight
per unit
length
in Kg
Weight
in Kg
7. 7
•Anchorage in steel bars is normally
provided in the form of bends and hooks
•The anchorage value of bend of bar is
taken as 4 times the diameter of bar for
every 450 bend subjected to maximum of
16 times the diameter of bar.
Introduction
9. 9
• The beams are classified as:
• According to shape: Rectangular, T,
L, Circular etc
• According to supporting conditions:
Simply supported, fixed, continuous
and cantilever beams
• According to reinforcement: Singly
reinforced and doubly reinforced
Introduction
10. 10
• Minimum cover in beams must be 25
mm or shall not be less than the
larger diameter of bar for all steel
reinforcement including links.
• Nominal cover specified in Table 16
and 16A of IS456-2000 should be
used to satisfy the durability criteria.
Introduction
11. 11
Generally a beam consists of following steel
reinforcements:
•Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and
compression face.
•Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical
stirrups and or bent up longitudinal bars are
provided.
•Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam
is provided when the depth of the web in a beam
exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of the web area and shall
be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing
not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness
whichever is less)
Introduction
20. 20
PROBLEM No. 1
Draw the Longitudinal section, cross section and prepare bar
bending schedule of a rectangular simply supported RCC beam with
the following data:
Clear span =3.5m
Width of beam = 220mm
Overall depth of beam = 300mm
Bearing width in support = 200 mm
Main reinforcement = 5 Nos -12 mm diameter bars with 2 bars bent
up at L/7 from centre of support
Anchor/hanger bars= 2-10 mm diameter
Stirrups = 6 mm diameter @ 200 mm c/c.
Materials : Mild steel, M20 grade concrete
22. 22
PROBLEM No. 1 contd.
Bar Bending Schedule:
Bottom straight bar (12 dia)= Total length of beam +2 x16 φ-2 x 3 φ
-2 x end cover
= (3500+2 x 200)+26 x 12-2 x 25 =4162≈4200 mm
Length of bent up bar (12 dia)= Length of straight bar +2 x (0.42 x
depth of bend) =4162+2 x 0.42 x 250 =4372≈4400 mm
Length of hanger bar (10 dia)= Length of straight bar =4162≈4200 mm
Stirrups:
Number of stirrups = Length of bar (end to end)/c/c distance of
stirrup= [(3500+2x200)-2x25]/200 = 17
Length of stirrup = 2 ( A+B)+24 φ of stirrup = 2x(250+170)+24 x 6
= 984 mm ≈ 1000 mm
24. 24
PROBLEM No. 2
Draw the Longitudinal section, cross section and
prepare bar bending schedule of a rectangular simply
supported RCC beam with the following data:
Clear span =4.5m
Width of beam = 250mm
Overall depth of beam = 300mm
Main reinforcement = 5 Nos -18 mm diameter bars with 2 bars
bent up at 900mm from inside of each end support
Anchor/hanger bars= 2-12 mm diameter
Stirrups = 6 mm diameter @ 200 mm c/c.
Concrete cover = 25 mm
Materials : HYSD bars, M20 grade concrete
26. 26
PROBLEM No. 2 contd.
Bar Bending Schedule:
Bottom straight bar (18 dia)= Total length of beam -2 x end cover
= (4500+2 x 200) -2 x 25 =4850 mm
Length of bent up bar (18 dia) = Length of straight bar +2 x (0.42 x
depth of bend) =4850+2 x 0.42 x 250 =5050 mm
Length of hanger bar (12 dia)= Length of straight bar =4850 mm
Stirrups:
Number of stirrups = Length of bar (end to end)/c/c distance of
stirrup = [(4500+2x200)-2x25]/200 = 24.25 ≈ 25
Length of stirrup = 2 ( A+B)+24 φ of stirrup
= 2x(250+200)+24 x 6 = 1044 mm ≈ 1100 mm
29. 29
PROBLEM No. 3
Draw the Longitudinal section and two cross sections one near the
support and other near the mid span of a RCC continuous beam with
the following data:
Clear span of beams = 3m each
Width of beam = 200mm
Overall depth of beam = 300mm
Width in intermediate supports = 200 mm
Main reinforcement = 4 Nos -12 mm diameter bars with 2 bars bent up
Anchor/hanger bars= 2-10 mm diameter
Stirrups = 6 mm diameter @ 300 mm c/c.
Materials : HYSD bars and M20 grade concrete
31. 31
PROBLEM No. 4
A rectangular beam of cross section 300 x 450 mm is
supported on 4 columns which are equally spaced at 3m
c/c. The columns are of 300 mm x 300 mm in section. The
reinforcement consists of 4 bars of a6 mm diameter (+ve
reinforcement) at mid span and 4 bars of 16 mm diameter at
all supports (-ve reinforcement). Anchor bars consists of a
2-16 mm diameter. Stirrups are of 8 mm diameter 2 legged
vertical at 200 c/c throughout. Grade of concrete is M20 and
type of steel is Fe 415.
Draw longitudinal section and important cross sections.
34. 34
PROBLEM No. 5
Draw to scale of 1:20 the Longitudinal section and two cross-
section of a cantilever beam projecting 3.2 from a support using
following data
Clear span =3.2m
Overall depth at free end = 150 mm
Overall depth at fixed end = 450 mm
Width of cantilever beam = 300 mm
Main steel = 4-28 mm dia with two bars curtailed
at 1.5m from support
Anchor bars = 2 Nos. 16 mm dia
Nominal stirrups = 6mm dia at 40 mm c/c
Bearing at fixed end = 300 mm
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
36. 36
PROBLEM No. 6
A cantilever beam with 3.2m length is resting over a masonry wall and
supporting a slab over it. Draw to a suitable scale Longitudinal section,
two cross-sections and sectional plan with the following data:
Size of beam = 300 mm x 350 mm at free end and 300 mm x 450 mm at
fixed end and in the wall up to a length of 4.8m
Main steel: 4 nos. of 25 mm dia bars, two bars curtailed at 1.2m from
free end
Hanger bars: 2 nos. 16mm.
Stirrups: 6mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 200 mm c/c the support length
and @100 mm c/c from fixed end up to length of 1m @ 150mm c/c up to
curtailed bars and remaining @ 200 c/c.
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
39. 39
PROBLEM No. 7
A beam has following data
Clear span = 4m
Support width = 300mm
Size of web = 350 x 400
Size of flange = 1200 x 120mm
Main reinforcement in two layers : 3-20 tor + 3-16 tor and to be
curtailed at a distance 400 mm from inner face of support
Hanger bars: 3- 20 tor
Stirrups: 2L-8 tor @ 200 c/c
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
Draw longitudinal and cross section if the beam is
1. T-beam
2. Inverted T-beam
3. L-Beam
44. 44
Do it Yourself
1. Draw the longitudinal section and typical cross sections ( at centre
and support), and show the reinforcement details in a simply supported
rectangular beam of size 300 mm x 500 mm, clear span 5m supported
on walls of 0.3m, use a suitable scale
Reinforcements:
Main: 4 No. 16mm dia with 2 No. cranked at 1m from centre of
support. Stirrup holders 2 Nos. of 12 mm dia
Stirrups: 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrups at 250 mm c/c in the central 2m
span and 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrups at 150 mm c/c in the remaining
portion. Assume concrete M 20 grade and steel Fe 415, and suitable
cover. Prepare the bar bending schedule and calculate quantity of steel
and concrete required.
45. 45
Do it Yourself
2. Prepare the bar bending schedule and estimate quantity of steel and
concrete after drawing the longitudinal and cross section. Other details
are
Span of beam = 4.2 m
Cross section at support end 300 x 600 mm and cross section at
free end 300 x 150 mm
Reinforcements:
Main tension steel: 4-20 mm dia, 2 bars are curtailed at a distance
of 2m from free end
Hanger bars: 1-12 mm dia
Two legged stirrups 8mm dia @ 140 mm c/c for full length.