From this week, I will share my reading notes based on "Batteries in a Portable World: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers" and my reflections there.

1. BatteryWorld HistoryofBatteries

2. HistoryofBatteries
Prehistoric Batteries
TheEgyptians mighthaveelectroplated antimonyon copper over 4300years ago.
TheBabylonians discovered and employed a galvanic techniquesto makejewelry.
TheParthians might have utilized batteries to electroplate silver (ca. 250BC)

3. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
AlessandroVolta
AlessandroVolta (1745-1827) invented
“electric pistol”, which is the first
practical use of static electricity
He also discovered the decomposition
of water, which laid the foundation of
electrochemistry.
In 1800,Volta invented the first electric
battery

4. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
Grooves in the box held the metal plates in position, and the sealed box
was then filled with an electrolyte of brine, or a watered-down acid.
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a PortableWorld: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers (Kindle Locations 281-282).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle Edition.
In 1802, William Cruickshank
desgined the flooded battery based
on theVolta’s electric battery
Grooves in the box held the metal
plates in position, and the sealed box
was then filled with an electrolyte of
brine, or a watered-down acid.

5. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
Grooves in the box held the metal plates in position, and the sealed box
was then filled with an electrolyte of brine, or a watered-down acid.
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a PortableWorld: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers (Kindle Locations 281-282).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle Edition.
In 1836, John F. Daniell, an English
chemist, developed an improved battery
that produced a steadier current than
earlier devices. Until this time, all
batteries were primary, meaning they
could not be recharged.

6. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
Grooves in the box held the metal plates in position, and the sealed box
was then filled with an electrolyte of brine, or a watered-down acid.
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a PortableWorld: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers (Kindle Locations 281-282).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle Edition.
In 1859, the French physician Gaston Planté
invented the first rechargeable battery. It
was based on lead acid, a system that is still
used today.

7. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
In 1899, Waldmar Jungner from Sweden invented the nickel-cadmium
battery (NiCd), which used nickel for the positive electrode (cathode)
and cadmium for the negative (anode).
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a PortableWorld: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers (Kindle Locations 293-295).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle Edition.
In 1899, Waldmar Jungner from
Sweden invented the nickel-cadmium
battery (NiCd), which used nickel for
the positive electrode (cathode) and
cadmium for the negative (anode).

8. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
Disassembled Ni-Mh AA cell. 1: positive terminal 2: outer metal casing
(also negative terminal) 3: positive electrode 4: negative electrode with
current collector (metal grid, connected to metal casing) 5: separator
(between electrodes)
Work on NiMH batteries began at the Battelle-Geneva Research
Center following the technology's invention in 1967.
Interest grew in the 1970s with the commercialisation of
the nickel–hydrogen battery for satellite applications.
The first consumer grade NiMH cells became commercially
available in 1989.
1: positive terminal
2: outer metal casing (also
negative terminal)
3: positive electrode
4: negative electrode with
current collector (metal grid,
connected to metal casing)
5: separator (between
electrodes)
Disassembled Ni-Mh AA cell.

9. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
The Birth of Modern
Batteries
Disassembled Ni-Mh AA cell. 1: positive terminal 2: outer metal casing
(also negative terminal) 3: positive electrode 4: negative electrode with
current collector (metal grid, connected to metal casing) 5: separator
(between electrodes)
In 1980, John B. Goodenough,
invented lithium-ion’s nervous
system. Other scienteists such
asYoshio Nishi, RachidYazami,
AkiraYoshino together gave the
birth of Lithium-ion batteries.
In 1991, Sony commercialized
Lithium-ion batteries.

10. AlessandroVolta,
Buchmann, Isidor. Batteries in a
Portable World: A Handbook on
Rechargeable Batteries for Non-
Engineers (Kindle Location 235).
Cadex Electronics Inc.. Kindle
Edition.
HistoryofBatteries
Disassembled Ni-Mh AA cell. 1: positive terminal 2: outer metal casing
(also negative terminal) 3: positive electrode 4: negative electrode with
current collector (metal grid, connected to metal casing) 5: separator
(between electrodes)
The development of
Modern Batteries
Year Inventor Activity
1600 William Gilbet (UK) Establishment of electrochemistry study
1791 Luigi Galvani (Italy) Discovery of “animal electricity”
1800 AlessandroVolta (Italy) Invention of the voltaic cell
1802 William Cruickshank (UK) First electric battery capable of mass production
1820 Andre-Marie-Ampere (France) Electricity through magnetism
1833 Michael Faraday (UK) Announcement of Faraday’s law
1836 John F. Daniell (UK) Invention of the Daniell cell
1939 William Robert Grove (UK) Invention of the fuel cell
1859 Gaston Plante (France) Invention of the lead acid battery
1868 Geoges Leclanche (France) Invention of the carbon-zinc battery
1899 Waldmar Jungner (Sweden) Invention of the nickel-cadmium battery
1901 Thomas A. Edison (USA) Invention of the nickel-iron battery
1932 Shlecht & Ackermann Invention of the sintered pole plate
1947 Georg Neumann (Germany) Successfully sealing nickel-cadmium battery
1949 Lew Urry, Eveready Battery Invention of the alkaline-manganese battery
1970s Group effort Development of valve-regulated lead-acid battery
1990 Group effort Commercialization of nickel-metal-hybrid battery
1991 Sony (Japan) Commercialization of lithium-ion battery
1994 Bellcore (USA) Commercialization of lithium-ion polymer
1996 Moli Energy (Canada) Introduction of Li-ion with manganese cathode
1996 University ofTexas (USA) Identification of Li-phosphate (LiFePO4)
2002 University of Montreal,Quebec
Hydro, MIT, others
Improvement of Li-phosphate, nanotechnology,
commercialization