Batch culture
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A batch culture is initiated by transferring a small portion of culture into fresh medium, allowing growth and biomass increase. Growth progresses through lag, accelerated, exponential, decelerated, stationary, and death phases. In exponential phase, biomass increases at a constant maximum rate until nutrients are depleted, entering stationary phase. As nutrients deplete further in stationary phase, growth inhibits and cells enter death phase with lysis and declining viability.
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MEDIA FORMULATION
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Continous and batch culture
Continuous and batch culture are two methods for culturing microorganisms. Continuous culture aims to keep microbes growing indefinitely by continually supplying nutrients and removing waste through dilution. It is used industrially to harvest primary metabolites. Batch culture inoculates microbes in a fixed vessel volume, allowing growth until nutrients are depleted and conditions become unsuitable, after which secondary metabolites are often harvested. Both methods have advantages - continuous culture is higher productivity while batch culture is easier to set up and can induce secondary metabolite production.
Media for industrial fermentation
Media for industrial fermentation process, substrates used as carbon, nitrogen sources, growth factors, inducers
MICROBIAL GROWTH ( BATCH CULTURE).pptx
I. Batch culture is a technique used to grow microorganisms in a closed system containing a limited supply of nutrients. No nutrients or waste products are added or removed during growth.
II. Microbial growth occurs in distinct phases - lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Population increases exponentially until nutrients are depleted, at which point the stationary phase begins.
III. Batch cultures are used industrially for the production of antibiotics, organic acids, and other metabolites through large-scale fermentation processes.
Types of Bioreactors / Fermenters
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Screening of industrial microorganisms
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Inoculum development.pptx
The document discusses inoculum development and production media for industrial fermentation. It defines inoculum as a culture of microbes used to inoculate production-scale fermentations. Successful fermentations require developing inoculum to an active, healthy state in appropriate density. The document outlines factors that affect fermentation and discusses various media components like carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. It also covers inoculum development methods for bacterial and mycelial cultures, preservation techniques, examples of media used for specific inocula, and criteria for a good inoculum.
Preservation of industrially important microbial strain
This document discusses techniques for preserving industrially important microbial strains. It describes methods where microbes are kept in a continuous metabolic active state through periodic transfer to fresh media, overlaying cultures with mineral oil, and storage in sterile soil. It also covers techniques where microbes are placed in a suspended metabolic state, such as drying in vacuum, lyophilization, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in silica gel. The goal of preservation is to maintain microbial cultures alive, uncontaminated, and as healthy as possible for long periods of time.
Recommended
MEDIA FORMULATION
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Continous and batch culture
Continuous and batch culture are two methods for culturing microorganisms. Continuous culture aims to keep microbes growing indefinitely by continually supplying nutrients and removing waste through dilution. It is used industrially to harvest primary metabolites. Batch culture inoculates microbes in a fixed vessel volume, allowing growth until nutrients are depleted and conditions become unsuitable, after which secondary metabolites are often harvested. Both methods have advantages - continuous culture is higher productivity while batch culture is easier to set up and can induce secondary metabolite production.
Media for industrial fermentation
Media for industrial fermentation process, substrates used as carbon, nitrogen sources, growth factors, inducers
MICROBIAL GROWTH ( BATCH CULTURE).pptx
I. Batch culture is a technique used to grow microorganisms in a closed system containing a limited supply of nutrients. No nutrients or waste products are added or removed during growth.
II. Microbial growth occurs in distinct phases - lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Population increases exponentially until nutrients are depleted, at which point the stationary phase begins.
III. Batch cultures are used industrially for the production of antibiotics, organic acids, and other metabolites through large-scale fermentation processes.
Types of Bioreactors / Fermenters
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Screening of industrial microorganisms
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Inoculum development.pptx
The document discusses inoculum development and production media for industrial fermentation. It defines inoculum as a culture of microbes used to inoculate production-scale fermentations. Successful fermentations require developing inoculum to an active, healthy state in appropriate density. The document outlines factors that affect fermentation and discusses various media components like carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. It also covers inoculum development methods for bacterial and mycelial cultures, preservation techniques, examples of media used for specific inocula, and criteria for a good inoculum.
Preservation of industrially important microbial strain
This document discusses techniques for preserving industrially important microbial strains. It describes methods where microbes are kept in a continuous metabolic active state through periodic transfer to fresh media, overlaying cultures with mineral oil, and storage in sterile soil. It also covers techniques where microbes are placed in a suspended metabolic state, such as drying in vacuum, lyophilization, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in silica gel. The goal of preservation is to maintain microbial cultures alive, uncontaminated, and as healthy as possible for long periods of time.
Application of computer in fermentation
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
Single cell protein
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to protein extracted from pure cultures of microorganisms like yeast, algae, fungi and bacteria. It can be used as a protein supplement for humans and animals. SCP is produced by growing microorganisms on substrates through fermentation. The microbes are then harvested, processed and treated to isolate and purify the protein. SCP has potential advantages as a sustainable protein source but also risks if toxic microbes or byproducts are consumed.
Media formulation
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
Downstream processing
Downstream processing refers to the stages involved after fermentation or bioconversion, including separation, purification, and packaging of the product. The key stages are removal of insolubles through filtration, centrifugation or flocculation, product isolation using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction or adsorption, product purification using chromatography or crystallization, and product polishing which prepares the product for packaging and storage. Downstream processing aims to recover and purify the target product from the fermentation or reaction broth.
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANT MICROBES .pptx
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Primary screening
The presentation gives details about primary screening of micro-organisms and explains varying techniques for isolation of organisms.
Growth kinetics
Microbial Kinetics in Batch Culture
Culture system containing a limited amount of nutrient, which is inoculated with the microorganism. Cells grow until some component is exhausted or until the environment changes so as to inhibit growth. Biomass concentration defined in terms of cell dry weight measurements (g/l) or total cell number (cells/ml).
Lineweaver-Burke Equation.....We remember the Monod Equation
Invert…
The equation now has the form of a straight line with intercept.
Y = MX + C
By plotting as a function of
You get a straight line, where the slope is , and the y–axis intercept is .
Product Yield Coefficient
Maintenance:
Cells use energy and raw materials for two functions, production of new cells and the maintenance of existing cells. In general, consumption of materials for maintenance is small w.r.t. the amount of materials used in the synthesis of new biomass.
Generally it is assumed that the use of materials for maintenance is proportional to the amount of cells present.
Single cell protein
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP), which are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as a dietary protein supplement. SCPs are produced using biomass as a raw material and various microorganisms like fungi, algae, and bacteria that are cultured on the biomass. The production involves selecting suitable microorganism strains, fermenting them, harvesting the cells, and processing them for use as a protein supplement in foods. SCPs have advantages like being a renewable source of protein but also have disadvantages like potentially high nucleic acid content.
Batch, fedbatch and continuous fermentation
The document discusses different types of fermentation processes including batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation. It explains the key characteristics of each type such as whether the system is open or closed, and how substrates and cells are added or removed. The stages of microbial cell growth including lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase are also summarized for batch fermentation.
Downstream processing - industrial microbiology
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
submerged and solid state fermentation
This document compares submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). SmF uses a liquid substrate and is suitable for bacteria that require high moisture, while SSF uses a solid substrate and is better for fungi or bacteria that prefer less moisture. SmF allows for more control of parameters but requires more energy, while SSF is simpler and can use waste materials as substrates. Both methods are used industrially to produce compounds like antibiotics, enzymes, and organic acids.
Streptomycin production
Streptomycin is produced through the fermentation of Streptomyces griseus. The process involves 3 phases - an initial growth phase with little antibiotic production, a second phase where glucose is added and consumed along with ammonia, and a final phase where production ceases as cells lyse. Streptomycin is then recovered through filtration, acidification, and purification using column chromatography and precipitation in acetone before being dried and used to treat tuberculosis and other diseases.
Batch, Fed-Batch, Continuous Cultivation
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Strain Improvement
The document discusses strain improvement, which is the process of manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities. The main methods discussed are selection of natural variants, induced mutants, and use of recombinant technology. Key characteristics for improving strains are selecting for stability, resistance to infection/components, favorable morphology, and tolerance to low oxygen. The goal is to develop strains that can be used commercially.
Development of inoculum buildup
This document discusses the development of inoculum for industrial fermentation processes. It defines inoculum as a mixture of cultured microbes and the media they are growing in. The key steps in inoculum development are preparing a suitable growth media, maintaining optimal pH and nutrient levels, and conducting growth in stepwise increasing volumes. Examples of common inoculum media compositions are provided for vitamin and bacterial insecticide production processes. Developing high quality inoculum is important for efficiently adapting cultures to fermentation conditions.
Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganisms
Strain improvement and development involves manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnology applications. Targets of improvement include rapid growth, genetic stability, non-toxicity, large cell size, ability to use cheaper substrates, increased productivity, and reduced cultivation costs. Methods for optimization include modifying environmental conditions, nutrition, mutagenesis, transduction, conjugation, transformation, and genetic engineering. Common industrial microorganisms are bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Microinjection
a proper description about the process microinjection and also about gene transfer. and different types of DNA delivery methods.
with advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications.
Down Stream Processing
This document provides an overview of fermentation technology and downstream processing. It defines fermentation as the production of a product by microorganism mass culture. It describes the basic stages of batch fermentation including lag, log, stationary and death phases. It then outlines the main steps in downstream processing including removal of insolubles, product isolation, purification, polishing and packaging. Specific unit operations used at each stage like centrifugation, filtration, chromatography are also explained. The document emphasizes that the level of downstream processing depends on the target product and its end use.
Isolation of industrial microorganisms
Isolation of industrially important microorganisms, methods of isolation, screening of microorganisms, strain selection
Methods of strain improvement
This document discusses methods for improving microbial strains through genetic modification to increase production of commercially valuable metabolites. There are two main methods - mutation and genetic recombination. Mutation involves inducing changes in a microorganism's DNA through mutagenic agents like UV light or chemicals to generate mutants with desirable traits like higher yields, antibiotic resistance, or growth on low-cost substrates. Genetic recombination combines genetic material from two strains, such as combining a high yielding mutant with a wild type or another mutant, to further increase fermentation yields.
physical factors and growth curve.pdf
1. Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. During the lag phase, bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for reproduction through metabolic activity without cell division.
3. The exponential phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell division until nutrients are exhausted or toxic byproducts accumulate.
DIFFERENT PHASES OF GROWTH- GROWTH CURVE
Microbial growth occurs in four phases: lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. During lag phase, cells acclimate to new conditions and prepare for growth. In log phase, cells divide at a constant rate and growth is balanced. As nutrients deplete in stationary phase, growth slows. Finally, in death phase cell numbers decline as viability decreases over time. The growth of a microbial culture can be studied by plotting the logarithm of cell numbers over time to visualize these four distinct phases of growth.
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Application of computer in fermentation
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
Single cell protein
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to protein extracted from pure cultures of microorganisms like yeast, algae, fungi and bacteria. It can be used as a protein supplement for humans and animals. SCP is produced by growing microorganisms on substrates through fermentation. The microbes are then harvested, processed and treated to isolate and purify the protein. SCP has potential advantages as a sustainable protein source but also risks if toxic microbes or byproducts are consumed.
Media formulation
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
Downstream processing
Downstream processing refers to the stages involved after fermentation or bioconversion, including separation, purification, and packaging of the product. The key stages are removal of insolubles through filtration, centrifugation or flocculation, product isolation using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction or adsorption, product purification using chromatography or crystallization, and product polishing which prepares the product for packaging and storage. Downstream processing aims to recover and purify the target product from the fermentation or reaction broth.
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANT MICROBES .pptx
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Primary screening
The presentation gives details about primary screening of micro-organisms and explains varying techniques for isolation of organisms.
Growth kinetics
Microbial Kinetics in Batch Culture
Culture system containing a limited amount of nutrient, which is inoculated with the microorganism. Cells grow until some component is exhausted or until the environment changes so as to inhibit growth. Biomass concentration defined in terms of cell dry weight measurements (g/l) or total cell number (cells/ml).
Lineweaver-Burke Equation.....We remember the Monod Equation
Invert…
The equation now has the form of a straight line with intercept.
Y = MX + C
By plotting as a function of
You get a straight line, where the slope is , and the y–axis intercept is .
Product Yield Coefficient
Maintenance:
Cells use energy and raw materials for two functions, production of new cells and the maintenance of existing cells. In general, consumption of materials for maintenance is small w.r.t. the amount of materials used in the synthesis of new biomass.
Generally it is assumed that the use of materials for maintenance is proportional to the amount of cells present.
Single cell protein
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP), which are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as a dietary protein supplement. SCPs are produced using biomass as a raw material and various microorganisms like fungi, algae, and bacteria that are cultured on the biomass. The production involves selecting suitable microorganism strains, fermenting them, harvesting the cells, and processing them for use as a protein supplement in foods. SCPs have advantages like being a renewable source of protein but also have disadvantages like potentially high nucleic acid content.
Batch, fedbatch and continuous fermentation
The document discusses different types of fermentation processes including batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation. It explains the key characteristics of each type such as whether the system is open or closed, and how substrates and cells are added or removed. The stages of microbial cell growth including lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase are also summarized for batch fermentation.
Downstream processing - industrial microbiology
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
submerged and solid state fermentation
This document compares submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). SmF uses a liquid substrate and is suitable for bacteria that require high moisture, while SSF uses a solid substrate and is better for fungi or bacteria that prefer less moisture. SmF allows for more control of parameters but requires more energy, while SSF is simpler and can use waste materials as substrates. Both methods are used industrially to produce compounds like antibiotics, enzymes, and organic acids.
Streptomycin production
Streptomycin is produced through the fermentation of Streptomyces griseus. The process involves 3 phases - an initial growth phase with little antibiotic production, a second phase where glucose is added and consumed along with ammonia, and a final phase where production ceases as cells lyse. Streptomycin is then recovered through filtration, acidification, and purification using column chromatography and precipitation in acetone before being dried and used to treat tuberculosis and other diseases.
Batch, Fed-Batch, Continuous Cultivation
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The document discusses strain improvement, which is the process of manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities. The main methods discussed are selection of natural variants, induced mutants, and use of recombinant technology. Key characteristics for improving strains are selecting for stability, resistance to infection/components, favorable morphology, and tolerance to low oxygen. The goal is to develop strains that can be used commercially.
Development of inoculum buildup
This document discusses the development of inoculum for industrial fermentation processes. It defines inoculum as a mixture of cultured microbes and the media they are growing in. The key steps in inoculum development are preparing a suitable growth media, maintaining optimal pH and nutrient levels, and conducting growth in stepwise increasing volumes. Examples of common inoculum media compositions are provided for vitamin and bacterial insecticide production processes. Developing high quality inoculum is important for efficiently adapting cultures to fermentation conditions.
Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganisms
Strain improvement and development involves manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnology applications. Targets of improvement include rapid growth, genetic stability, non-toxicity, large cell size, ability to use cheaper substrates, increased productivity, and reduced cultivation costs. Methods for optimization include modifying environmental conditions, nutrition, mutagenesis, transduction, conjugation, transformation, and genetic engineering. Common industrial microorganisms are bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Microinjection
a proper description about the process microinjection and also about gene transfer. and different types of DNA delivery methods.
with advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications.
Down Stream Processing
This document provides an overview of fermentation technology and downstream processing. It defines fermentation as the production of a product by microorganism mass culture. It describes the basic stages of batch fermentation including lag, log, stationary and death phases. It then outlines the main steps in downstream processing including removal of insolubles, product isolation, purification, polishing and packaging. Specific unit operations used at each stage like centrifugation, filtration, chromatography are also explained. The document emphasizes that the level of downstream processing depends on the target product and its end use.
Isolation of industrial microorganisms
Isolation of industrially important microorganisms, methods of isolation, screening of microorganisms, strain selection
Methods of strain improvement
This document discusses methods for improving microbial strains through genetic modification to increase production of commercially valuable metabolites. There are two main methods - mutation and genetic recombination. Mutation involves inducing changes in a microorganism's DNA through mutagenic agents like UV light or chemicals to generate mutants with desirable traits like higher yields, antibiotic resistance, or growth on low-cost substrates. Genetic recombination combines genetic material from two strains, such as combining a high yielding mutant with a wild type or another mutant, to further increase fermentation yields.
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Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganisms
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Microbial growth is defined as an increase in the number of cells. A microbial cell has a lifespan and a species is maintained only as a result of continued growth of its population. Growth is the ultimate process in the life of a cell – one cell becoming two and subsequently leading to an increase in the number in a population of microorganisms.
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Definition of Growth
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The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
A prokaryotic cell cycle is the complete sequence of events from the formation of a new cell through the next division. Most prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, budding or fragmentation.
Binary Fission
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chromosomes and separates the newly formed DNA molecules so that there is a chromosome in each half of the cell. A septum is formed at mid cell; divide the parent cell into two progeny cells and each having its own chromosome and a copy or complement of other cellular constituents.
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Batch culture
- 1. BATCH CULTURE LASINA JARAJANA, HOD, DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, MARIS STELLA COLLEGE, VIJAYAWADA
- 3. A batch culture is initiated by the transfer of a small portion of a culture into a new culture medium, resulting in growth and an increase in biomass. Biomass concentration can be measured in many ways, as cell number, dry weight, packed cell volume, or in terms of any convenient biochemical component or parameter. The rate of increase in biomass concentration is generally expressed by the specific growth rate (μ), which is calculated according to the following formula: where x = biomass concentration. Thus μ = increase in biomass per unit time
- 4. ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH After inoculation the growth is as follows: 1. Lag phase 2. Accelerated growth phase 3. Exponential growth phase 4. Decelerated growth phase 5. Stationary phase 6. Death phase
- 5. Lag Phase Lag Phase is an initial period of cultivation during which the change of cell number is zero or negligible, but the cells may grow size. A newly transferred culture may have a lag phase for several reasons: (a) The population transferred may have been in a metabolically “bad” (“shifted down”) state. This case occurs when the inoculum is taken from the stationary or death phase of the parent culture.
- 6. The freshly inoculated batch culture has first to become conditioned to the culture medium (e.g. through the chelation of metals by excretion products). When cell are placed in medium containing several carbon sources then several lag phases may result. This is known as diauxic growth When glucose and lactose are present then glucose will be utilized first then lactose Presence of glucose will have catabolite repression on galactosidase enzyme which is required for lactose utilization
- 7. ACCELERATED GROWTH PHASE In this phase different biomass parameters increase sequentially: The first component to increase is RNA, followed by protein and then dry weight. Cell number is usually the last parameter to show an increase. This phase may also be referred to as “shift up”.
- 8. EXPONENTIALGROWTH PHASE The growth rate of cells gradually increases, the cells grow at a constant, maximum rate and this period is known as the log or exponential phase and is expressed as : dx/dt = μx Where x is the concentration of microbial biomass, t is time and μ is the specific growth rate that is the biomass produced per unit of biomass and takes the unit per hours
- 10. During this phase of growth the concentration ratio of the different biochemical components stays constant This pattern of growth is termed “balanced growth”.
- 11. DECELERATED PHASE During this phase the biochemical composition changes in a sequence opposite to that in the acceleration phase. This may also be termed “shift down”. Any of the essential nutrients is depleted or toxic metabolite accumulated in the system and the growth rate declined in the phase is called decelerated phase.
- 12. STATIONARY PHASE As the media starts depleting, the concentration of metabolites increases and the growth is inhibited, cell enters the stationary phase. Other parameters may increase or decrease. Other factors that might determine the biomass concentration at the stationary phase include excretion products that inhibit further growth, possibly due to changes in pH of the medium.
- 13. DEATH PHASE The death phase where the cells will starts to lysis and the cell density decreases. Decline in the number of viable cells.
- 14. Questions ?
- 15. Thank you