based on the Notes on Ancheta, Chs. 3 and 4, list all of the reasons

based on the Notes on Ancheta, Chs. 3 and 4, list all of the
reasons that you can find [suggest, hypothesize] for negative
treatment of any Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as a
whole racial group or as individual ethnic groups, i.e.: Chinese,
Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, Indian, Vietnamese,
etc.
[hint: the objective is to identify particular social. political,
and/or economic motivations - reasons - for anti-Asian
attitudes, beliefs, and actions. not to compile a list of the
actions themselves.]
200 words minimum, 300 words maximum
From Asia to the Americas: Different Origins, Common
Experiences
-
consider the effect of Orientalism as a major Western
psychocultural, racial, and often racist paradigm
- reflect on the historical perspective presented in
Coolies, Sailors, Settlers
video by Prof. Loni Ding and the Asian American Brief
Historical Chronology
-

contacts by Western powers cause disruption of existing
economic systems, sociopolitical order
-
British lead competition with Dutch, Portuguese, US for trading
positions in Southern China and India, 16th-19th Centuries
-
Christianized Chinese engage in the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-
1864): suppressed, failed, rebels killed, their families purged
-
Opium Trade corrupts Chinese merchant class, society,
government
-
Opium Wars weaken imperial rule
-
Portuguese black ships initiate trade, Catholic religion
in Japan, 16th Century
-
Portuguese and Dutch Jesuit/Catholic contacts with Korea,
16th century
-
European colonies in the Americas

-
colonies established by Spain and Portugal in South and Central
America, Mexico, California; by England in “Virginia”, and by
the French in Canada
-
colonies established to extract raw materials, engage in
agriculture, mining industries: labor-intensive activities
-
profitability requires no cost/low cost labor, thus slavery,
indentured servitude
-
which the US Congress equated with “coolieism”
American colonists and neo-colonists secure exploitable labor
from the disrupted Asian societies, 16th, 19th, and
20th centuries
- historical order of exploitation: Filipinos, Chinese, Asian
Indians, Japanese, Koreans
-
migration at different times, similar reasons
-
to the South America, Caribbean and Hawai’I first, then

-
to California and throughout the West Coast
-
arrival of Asian labor from US plantations to railroads to farms
was constant until the pattern of Oriental Exclusion began:
Chinese excluded first, then Japanese, then all (1924) except
Filipinos and indigenous Hawai’Ians
-
formation of 19th century Chinatowns, Japantowns,
Manilatowns, early 20th century “Hindu” and Korean enclaves:
recall
Plessy
and “separate but [not really] equal”, the legal authority for
racial segregation.
pre-WW II experience, Asians in the US
-
unwanted immigrants: all Asians were unassimilable by
law and ineligible to citizenship
- with exception
of those who served in the US military - until 1946.
Orientalist/racist depictions of Asians abroad and in the US
abounded in US/Western “popular” (unsophisticated but widely
enjoyed) literature, film, and music (lyrics)

-
Oriental as “strange”, “inscrutable” alien, mysterious/suspicious
foreigner, cheater, cunning liar
-
e.g., evil Emperor Ming the Merciless in the serialized
Flash Gordon
films
-
e.g., Charlie Chan, Fu Man Chu, Ming characters played by
white men in “yellow face” with taped-tight eyes
assimilation/acculturation theory
:
-
initially developed by Prof. Robert Park: incoming group adopts
culture of the “host society” en toto by discarding as much of
their original culture as possible. Prof. Milton M.
Gordon suggested a less absolute situation, where the incoming
group’s entry has a cultural “blending” effect, where some
elements of the arriving culture become part of the host
society.
-
leadership, political consciousness developed from
within ethnic community cultural, fraternal, social,
organizations

-
via ethnic cultural schools, Asian immigrants sought to maintain
important elements of their pre-emigration culture in their
children and developing communities.
-
parallel institutions: racial segregation forced Asian
communities to create institutions that paralleled traditional
white establishments: e.g., churches, Boy Scout troops, athletic
leagues.
post-WWII: McCarthyism (detailed), “Cold War” Popular
ConsciousnessSenator Joseph McCarthy (Republican,
Wisconsin) gained national prominence by fabricating false
stories of communist infiltration of US institutions – including
the US Army. McCarthy capitalized on the fear generated by
the “Red Scare” and enjoyed support from conservative
believers and media profiteers’ manipulation of Hollywood and
the press to produce very effective political and social
propaganda about Oriental spies and communist
conspirators.“Anti-communism” was the vehicle for very
popular hyper-nationalist, conservative attacks on
liberals/progressives and organized labor and their
stances against racism, sexism, capital punishment, poverty,
eugenics, inhumane psychiatric treatments.Citing the protection
of American values, morality, and cultural integrity as their
motivation, conservatives engaged in large-scale censorship of
literature and film, forcing unchallenged restrictions on
Amendment I rights for over 150 years. (see
US Censorship, History
)
-

More extreme right/conservative groups engaged in book
banning, movie banning, book and record (vinyl) burning,
particularly black music (then called “race music”), blues, jazz,
and the emerging “rock-n-roll” genre.
-
persecution of Billie Holiday (jazz), criticism/prohibition of
Elvis Presley (rock-n-roll)
-
censored books, examples: Gulliver’s Travels (Jonathon Swift),
The Origin of the Species (James Darwin), Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(Harriet Beecher Stowe), Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
(Lewis Carroll), Frankenstein (Mary Shelley), Ulysses (James
Joyce), Heart of Darkness (Joseph Conrad), Brave New World
(Aldous Huxley), The Call of The Wild (Jack London), Grapes
of Wrath (John Steinbeck), Animal Farm (George Orwell),
Catcher in the Rye (J.D. Salinger), One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s
Nest (Ken Kesey), Go Tell It On The Mountain (James
Baldwin), and, of course, The Communist Manifesto (Karl
Marx)
-
movies were also strictly censored, typically by labeling them
“pornographic” – a standard clarified by USSCt
decisions 1970s [
Paris Adult Theater v. Slaton
(1972),
Miller v. California
(1973)].

WW II/post-WW II generation, US-born Asian American
Race and Class:
-
Ancheta: racial binary in the US – black and white
-
Even in places where Asians were significant populations, like
San Francisco, they are “Otherized” and marginalized, only
recognized as coherent communities for cultural displays like
Chinese New Year and the Cherry Blossom Festival (Japanese
American/JA).
-
In the ‘40s, ‘50s, the great majority of Asian Americans were in
the working class and subject to racial segregation.
-
racial covenants: physical segregation was codified in the deeds
of whole tracts of land, particularly in urban and near suburban
regions where public recreational facilities and whole
neighborhoods were exclusively “white”. E.g., the residential
buildings within the entire West side of San Francisco
beginning at Divisadero Street was “white only” by racial
covenant, including the area now occupied by SF State
University.
-
AAs lived in urban ghettoes – Chinatowns, Japantowns,

Manilatowns, and public housing – “projects” - urban areas
with mixed populations of blacks, Mexicans, working class and
working poor whites, and a few Asians, and in rural areas.
-
Income, employment
-
Post WW II continuation of low-income employment pattern for
most Asians in: agriculture, restaurant/food service,
manufacturing “line work”, retail department stores, manual
labor
-
GI Bill opens up civil service (government jobs) that had been
exclusively for whites in many parts of the US.
-
organized labor became more progressive, less racist
-
Unions resist persecution by McCarthyist politicians in the
House Unamerican Activities Commission – HUAC
-
The ILWU, International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union welcomed more black, Mexican, Latin, and Asian
members. ILWU had substantial Asian membership even before
WW II.

-
All major unions - AFL, CIO, Teamsters, ILGWU - gained
political power, especially in the Democratic Party, by making
large contributions to pro-labor candidates.
Asian youth, between black and white, the 1950s
-
continuity of Oriental as enemy in WW II and Korean “War”
films
-
Cold War popularity of “Oriental as communist spy” imagery –
China had become the Peoples Republic of China, Socialist, in
1949
-
Heavy promotion of Hollywood
movie imagery of Asian females as demure geishas and sexy bar
girls had lasting effect.
-
Asian males were portrayed as weak, effeminate, over-studious
wimps, abusively sexist gangsters
- in harsh contrast to white male heroes.
post-WW II Japanese American Citizens’ League position:
conservative assimilation

-
increase political participation
-
participate in NAACP and ACLU social justice law suits
-
outperform white people in education and in the workplace
-
JAs become most progressive Asian American community
- Outmarriage: increasing rate of Asian females dating and
marrying “out” of their ethnic community, most
frequently/overwhelmingly to whites (Japanese American and
Filipino American pattern) and secondarily to other Asians.
Asian Americans as “model minority”: Reality or Myth?
- criteria for “model” status:
-
educational success (JA male reality), employment/business
success (myth) and resulting financial gain (myth), social
acceptance (myth), assimilation (partial reality)
-
low rates of poverty (partial reality)

-
low crime rate (reality)
-
“positive” stereotypes of model minority-ness is expanded to
cover Chinese Americans, then Filipino Americans, then
Koreans, Vietnamese, South Asian, Southeast Asian,
and virtually all Asians in the US.
-
greater
reality:
-
broad differences among Asian ethnic groups
-
Chinese immigrants
had high rates of
low income
, poverty.
-
Filipinos
arrived in the 1950s and ‘60s with
high levels of foreign-acquired education
and professional work experience.

-
Japanese Americans had a very low immigration rate, high
number of assimilating US-born second and third generation
children and high numbers of college-educated men
-
All groups suffered from employment discrimination in hiring
and promotion.
Civil Rights Movement for “social justice”
–
one of three major sociopolitical influences on the development
of the Asian American Movement (Injustice of WW II US
concentration camps, Civil Rights/anti-poverty, Peace/anti-War)
–
The Civil Rights Movement actually began in the 18th century
as an anti-slavery movement.
–
It strengthened before and after World War II with
the aggressive court-based actions of the NAACP and the
ACLU.
–
Brown
vs.

Board of Education
(1954): USSCt criticized as “making law from the bench” and
the Warren Court Justices as “social activists” [compare to
current stand-off by Republicans against Obama nomination to
fill Scalia seat]
–
NAACP policy:
racial equality through racial integration, i.e., school busing:
Will it dissipate racism and promote equality?
–
Civil Rights unpopular
with US majority:
–
popular majority sentiments: “colored people are just lazy”;
“they just want a free ride”
–
many
Asians see Civil Rights as an exclusively black and liberal
white issue
.
–
many Asians share racial anti-Civil Rights sentiments with
whites despite their recognition that socially, economically, and
politically they have more in common with blacks than whites:

“
Why don’t they just work hard, like us
?”
–
a minority of younger generation Asians
, many raised in areas in or adjacent to black communities and
attending public schools with a significant or substantial black
population, identify with black social circumstances, black and
Latin culture, particularly “race music” and related popular
dance styles: e.g., the Twist (lasted forever), the Mashed Potato,
the Fish, the Bird, the Cold Duck (hate referring to these last
four – kinda stupid looking, JMO), Chalypso, Twine (very
sexy), Philly, etc.
This subset of the post-WW II “baby boom”
began to challenge the US status quo of race/class reificati on.
–
developing
fact-based criticism of false majority American sociopolitical
beliefs and attitudes
–
criticizing extreme conservatism, reactionary nationalism in
their own communities and the general society;
–
criticizing “conservative” political intolerance;

–
criticizing persecutions of Civil Rights and Anti-war leaders,
liberal/progressive artists, intellectuals, professors, students;
–
developing methods to confront and stem the continuing
inferiorization of racial minorities;
–
direct participation in Civil Rights and Peace Movements
activism
-
religion-based liberal/progressive actions, Protestant, Jewish,
Catholic
-
attending concerts, rallies, picketing
-
writing, creating artwork for “alternative” and “radical” print
media
post-World War II Political Dynamics: McCarthyism to
Liberal/Progressive Criticism and Resistance
the
GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944)
: two massive effects:1) rapid growth of a consumer middle-
class, and; 2) rapid increase in college-educated innovators

contributing to US industrial prominence
this post-World War II veterans' benefits law provided social
and economic resources to veterans of the US military, despite
conservative arguments that these provisions were a
disincentive to work and a fantasy that working-class veterans
could succeed in colleges and universities
broadly democratizing
distribution of benefits: the recipient criteria were based
entirely on military service - no class, race, or gender qualifiers
or other requirements
three basic benefits:
10% additional credit on civil service exams;
financial aid for any level of education, including advanced
university degrees;
5% home purchase loan, federally guaranteed
20-plus year military retirees also received commissary
(groceries) and Post Exchange (hard goods) privileges, free
health care and educational support for dependent children
through college
The GI Bill also
increased motivation against racial segregation
and
toward social equality via the Civil Rights Movement:

black and other racial minority veterans could apply for jobs
that would have been denied to them at all times prior to WW
II;
racial minorities and women now had the income and education
to afford home ownership, thus expanding the middle class
problem: racial segregation. with adequate wages from stable
jobs, racial minority veterans could afford home mortgages, but
racial segregation restricted where they could purchase and
reside
solution
: pressure Congress to formulate and pass national legislation
via progressive organizations, radical Left unions;
Civil Rights Act of 1964
was championed by Pres. Lyndon Baines Johnson, a centrist
Democrat, and
proposed by liberals and centrists/moderates of
both
major political parties.
resistance from the social majority
who wanted to continue the
traditions of US inequality motivated and increased the ranks of
liberal and progressive political groups
such as the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People,
[colored people was a term supplanted by "Negro" in the 1930s,
later "black" in the '60s, and most recently - in the '80s -
"African American"] or
NAACP

(pronounced "N, double-A, sea, pea") and the American Civil
Liberties Union,
ACLU
.
the
Ecumenical Movement
of the (Roman) Catholic Church encouraged respect for all
religions, working for social justice on both national and global
levels and was dedicatedly anti-war; members of the
Jesuit
order (teachers at the University of San Francisco and Saint
Ignatius College Preparatory) and progressive San Francisco
journalists and creative writers establish progressive-radical
Ramparts
magazine.
late 1950s-mid-1960s: from peaceful civil disobedience to
militancy
leading Civil Rights activism: M.L King, Jr., Nation of Islam,
Black Panther Party
assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Malcolm X
black frustration and anger caused by continuing social and
economic exclusion despite passage of the equality-promising
Civil Rights Act of 1964
the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (

AWOC
) and the National Farm Workers Association (
NFWA
) merge into the United Farm Workers of America (
UFW
) in 1965 [see linked article]
the
US military draft sent high numbers of blacks to the
Vietnam/Southeast Asia war zone
escalation of the Vietnam War
militant criticism by World heavyweight Champion Cassius
Marcelus Clay, who became Muhammad Ali
militant criticism by Stokely Carmichael [changed name to
Kwame Ture]
assassinations of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F.
Kennedy
_____________________________________________________
________________
Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Progressive Politics,
Warren Court
post-World War II - The
Cold War as Domestic Majority Politics

from the Right, the US majority: conservative "morality"
politics, censorship: e.g., anti-rock-n'-roll, Elvis Presley,
records burned; The Catcher in the Rye (J.D. Salinger), One
Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Ken Kesey) banned/burned;
http://classroom.synonym.com/forms-censorship-during-1950s-
8608.html
from the Left: growing resistance to McCarthyism, Cold War,
extreme Right, conservative ideology
San Francisco anti-HUAC protests, 1960; Sheraton Palace labor
strike support, 1963; Auto Row protest, 1964
Warren Court: two decades of Civil Rights cases plied and won
by the ACLU and NAACP (1954-1973)
from
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954) re racial segregation as violation of equal protection
clause, to;
Mapp v. Ohio
(1961) re police violation of 4th Amendment requirement of
probable cause, warrantless search, seizure, and arrest, to;
Escobedo (1964) re denial of suspect's due process right and
right to an attorney, and Miranda (1966) re invalid criminal
confession, to;

Cohen v. California
(1971) re protection of printed, non-verbal political statements,
vulgar, not pornographic, to;
Roe v. Wade
(1973) re women's right to control their own bodies, abortion.
Vietnam War: anti-War, Peace Movement
domestic and global popularization of the US “counter-culture”
"anti-establishment" cultural rebellion
from '40s and '50s "Beats" to 1960s "Hippies"
military draft resistance
massive protest marches, especially in San Francisco
Vietnam War and Civil Rights Movements merge
expansion of Amendments I, IV, V, VI, and XIV individual
rights in California federal courts and the USSCt
San Francisco becomes the international center of "hipness"the
"Summer of Love" signaled the start of the downward slide of
the Hippie "movement, pre-Woodstock
"Yippies", members of the
Youth International Party
, held a massive political demonstration at the Democratic Party
National Convention in Chicago, 1968

extreme violent reaction by police under orders from Mayor
Richard Daley and other local politicians attract world
attention, national criticism
Republican presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon capitalizes
on
majority negative attitude toward Anti-war and Civil Rights
Movements
to win election to the US Presidency on a "law and order"
political platform.
"San Francisco sound" embraces, synthesizes folk, rock,
jazz,Latin genres/styles
Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Sly Stone, Carlos Santana:
all develop lasting global popularity.
George Harrison (Beatles), the (Rolling) Stones, Eric Burdon
(The Animals, War), JImi Hendrix, The Beach Boys, came to
"hang out" in SF.
Jazzers: Dave Brubeck, Vince Guaraldi were SF locals; regular
visitors included John Coltrane, Bobby Hutcherson, Herbie
Hancock
sex, drugs and rock-n-roll abound

drug culture dragged "The Haight" district down: by 1967,
degradation of the neighborhood continued into the mid-
'70s [Comment, DPG: cheap rent, though.]

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