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Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjan
- 1. Productive, profitable, andresilient agriculture and aquaculture systems (G2) Manoranjan Mondal Collaborative Research Scientist International Rice Research Institute Presented in AAS Hub Scoping at Khulna
- 2. Coastal Zone Overview •Coastal is the most impoverish part of the country, with low cropping intensity and low productivity caused food insecurity
- 3. Coastal Zone Overview •Main constrain for agricultural production has been defined as – Soil and water salinity – lack of fresh water in dry season 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month RiverwaterSalinity(ds/m) High tide Low tide
- 4. Polder Construction vsCrop Production • To overcome constrains to agriculture, in 1960 – 1970, GoB has built 135 polders with main mandate: control salinity intrusion and tidal surge • Thanks to the polders, area and rice production in the coastal zone has increased
- 5. Water Management inPolder: Institutional Level • Various institution “manage” different part of the polder • BWDB: construction and maintenance of the embankment and sluices • BADC: small irrigation system within polders • LEGD: outside polders • No one looks at polder is a comprehensive water management unit
- 6. Background • Build onthe successes of CPWF Phase 1 projects, especially from PN 10 and PN 7, in using short-duration stress-tolerant varieties and on-farm water management for increasing opportunities for cropping intensification. • The new varieties with short duration and enhanced tolerance of abiotic stresses (salinity, submergence) developed by BRRI, BINA, IRRI, CIMMYT, BARI, and ICRISAT provide further opportunities for crop intensification and diversification. • The project will leverage on the BWDB’s work on Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management in improving polder infrastructure and management. • Experiences learned from CP10 in stocking of prawn and fish with rice in the rice phase of the shrimp-rice system will contribute to enhancing productivity.
- 7. Objectives • Validate newgermplasm suitable for various agricultural cropping systems and establish seed distribution networks in target zones • Develop and disseminate more productive, profitable, resilient, and diversified rice-based cropping systems (including rice-aquaculture) • Enhance the productivity of homestead production systems • Develop novel brackish-water aquatic production systems for zones too saline for agricultural crops • Produce technology and policy recommendations for up- and out-scaling
- 8. Partners • Lead Institution:IRRI • Bangladesh – BRRI – BFRI – BRAC – WFC • India – CSSRI (Central Soil Salinity Research Institute) – CIBA (Central Institute for Brackish-Water Aquaculture )
- 9. Study Sites • Bangladesh –Polder 3 (Kaligonj, Shatkira) – Polder 30 (Batiaghata, Khulna) – Polder 43/2F (Amtali, Barguna) • India – Sandeshkhali, North 24 Parganas District – Kakdwip, South 24 Parganas District
- 10. Study Sites inBangladesh Pol- 43/2F Pol-30 Polder 3 :High Salinity Polder 30 : Moderate Salinity Polder 43/2F : Low Salinity Pol-3
- 11. Study Sites • Bangladesh –Polder 3 (Kaligonj, Shatkira): This polder is characterized by high salinity, especially during the dry season. Good potential exists for increasing productivity of the rice- shrimp system and for enhancing aquacultural production in the dry season by introducing modern technology of mixed farming of shrimp, fish, etc. Rice yield during the aman (wet) season could also be increased considerably by replacing the current local varieties with improved salt- tolerant varieties with shorter maturity to escape the periods of higher salinity and increase duration for the shrimp season, as well as the period required for land preparation between seasons.
- 12. Study Sites • Bangladesh –Polder 30 (Batiaghata, Khulna): This polder covers about 4,500 ha, mostly affected by medium to high salinity during the dry season and early in the wet season. Cropping intensity is low, about 140%, despite the potential for two to three crops per year. Possibilities also exist for incorporating fish culture with rice during the wet season and cage culture in canals in aman season.
- 13. Study Sites • Bangladesh –Polder 43/2/F (Patuakhali, Barisal): This polder has low to medium salinity intrusion and low cropping intensity but potential for a substantial increase, and potential for triple cropping. Rice productivity can also be further increased by replacing the current local varieties with more productive salt- tolerant modern varieties.
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- 15. Cropping Systems • Evenwith polders: Main crop is still single aman rice Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Traditional Rice Sesame/Mungbean (0.5-1.0 t/ha) Traditional Rice Aquaculture Traditional Rice (2-3 t/ha) Aquaculture
- 16. Varietal Testing • Aus: BRRI dhan28 , 47, 48, 53, 55, BINA dhan8, OM1490, Alloran, Mala (local) • Aman: • Polder 3: BR23, BRRI dhan40, 41, 44, 47, 52, 53, 54, BINA dhan8, IR 8465, Local check • Polder 30: BR23, BRRI dhan41, 44, 49, 52, 53, 54, BINA dhan8, Saltol+sub1(1), Saltol+sub1(2), Morichsail (local check) • Polder 43/2F: BRRI dhan 30, 33, 39, 40, 41, 44, 51, 52, 53, 54, BINA dhan8, Shadamota (local check) • Boro: BRRI dhan28, 29, 45, 47, 50, 53, 55, BINA dhan8, BRRI Hybrid dhan2, 3, Alloran
- 17. New Cropping SystemsDevelopment • With new varieties – Short duration – Non photoperiod sensitive – Salt tolerance • Cropping systems research • On farm water management – On farm storage – Rainfall • It is possible to have 2 or 3 crops per year which can avoid salinity and overcoming the water shortage in the dry season Sesame-Aman-F = 3-4 t/ha Boro-F-Aman = 11-13 t/ha Aus-Aman-Rabi = 12-42 t/ha
- 18. A M JJ A S O N D J F M A M Barisal Region: Aus-Aman-Boro Cropping System 20 Dec 01 May 20 July 01 Aug 25 Nov 05 Apr Boro (140 d) 05 Dec T. Aman (145d)T. Aus (100d) 20 Apr 15 May 05 Aug 15 Aug 10 Dec 20 Apr 20 Dec/05 Jan 01 May 10 Aug 20 Aug 15 Dec 10 Apr 25 Dec/10 Jan DS. Aus (100d)
- 19. 10 Apr 30 June 10July 15 Nov 1 Apr Rabi (120 d) 1 Dec T. Aman (145d)T. Aus (100d) A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Barisal Region: Aus-Aman-Rabi Cropping System 10 Apr 30 June 10 July 15 Nov 15 Apr 15 Dec 10 May 30 July 10 Aug 15 Dec 2 5 Apr 25 Dec 30 May 20 Aug 30 Aug 5 Jan 15 May 15 Jan
- 20. 20 Apr 20 July 01Aug 25 Nov 5 Apr Rabi (120 d) 5 Dec T. Aman (145d)T. Aus (110d) A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Khulna Region: Aus-Aman-Rabi Cropping System 1 May 30 July 10 Aug 5 Dec 15 Apr 15 Dec 10 May 10 Auf 20 Aug 15 Dec 2 5 Apr 25 Dec 20 May 20 Aug 30 Aug 25 Dec 5 May 5 Jan
- 21. New Cropping Systems Boro(140-145 d) 1 May 20 July 1 Aug 25 Nov 5 Dec 5 Apr T. Aman (130-140 d)Aus (100-105 d) M J J A S O N D J F M A M River water EC 1-5 dSm-1 River water EC 1-5 dSm-1 Rainfall ~1500 mm leaching down soil salinity Aus-Aman-Boro Cropping System
- 22. New Cropping System 10Apr 30 June 10 July 15 Nov 1 5Apr Rabi (130-140 d) 1 Dec T. Aman (130-140 d)Aus (100-105 d) A M J J A S O N D J F M A Rainfall ~1500 mm leaching down soil salinity River water EC 1-5 dSm-1 River water EC 1-5 dSm-1 Aus-Aman-Rabi Cropping System
- 23. Constrains to NewCropping Systems A M J J A S O N D J F M A T. Aman (130-140 d)Aus (100-105 d) Rabi (130-140 d) Deep flooding at the beginning of rainy season constrains the establishment of aman rice and adoption of modern high yielding varieties Prolonged water log at the end of rainy season delay establishment of rabi crop
- 24. High Tide Low Tide LandLandSurface Embankment River Bed Sluice gate 1-2 m How to Adopt New Cropping Systems? • To realize the new cropping system, it is crucial to improve the drainage of the polders • Can drainage be improved? Yes 2-3 m
- 25. • Previous role:salinity and tidal surge prevention • Now with new cropping systems, the polders have additional roles – Water supply and storage – Drainage • New function: polder has to be treated as one “water management unit” Re-assess the Role of Polders in New Cropping Systems
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- 27. Productive,Profitable,andResilientAgricultureandAquacultureSystems(G2) Aquaculture-Rice System Water Treatment: D1 = Farmer’s Field Water Depth (30-40 cm) : D2 = D1 + 20 cm = (50-60 cm) Stocking Treatment : S1 = Farmer’s Practice (control) Farmers practice was documented through a series of consultation meeting at 3 southern unions (Nalta, Vara Shimla and Tarali) of polder 3. Total 54 farmers participated in 3 consultation meeting. J F M A M J J A S O N D Penaeus monodon – 2/m2 Metapenaeus Monoceros-4/m2 Liza parsia 0.25/m2 Rhinomugil corsula - 0.25/m2 Oreochromis spp. - 0.25/m2 Penaeus monodon -0.5/m2 Penaeus monodon -0.5/m2 Penaeus monodon-0.5/m2 Penaeus monodon-0.5/m2 Labeo rohita - 0.25/m2 Catla catla - 0.25/m2 Cyprinus carpio - 0.25/m2 Cirrhinus mrigala - 0.25/m2 Aman Rice
- 28. Productive,Profitable,andResilientAgricultureandAquacultureSystems(G2) Aquaculture-Rice System Water Treatment: D1 = Farmer’s Field Water Depth (30-40 cm) : D2 = D1 + 20 cm = (50-60 cm) Stocking Treatment : S2 = Rotational Monoculture J F M A M J J A S O N D Penaeus monodon 3/sqm (early Feb) Oreochromis spp. -2/m2 (nursing will be started at late May and after shrimp harvesting it will be released in the GHER) Macrobrachium_rosenbergii 2/m2 (nursing will be started in early July and after Tilapia harvest it will be released in the GHER) Aman Rice For rice: Water will be drained out in June/July and land will be exposed to rain to wash- out deposited salt. Tilapia will take shelter in refugee pond during June/July. Rice will be transplanted in early August (30 d seedlings), basal fertilizers (P, K, S, Zn) will be applied 1 d before TP and for N, USG will be applied 10 d after TP. Water depth will be increased synchronizing with plant height. Rice plant may take advantage of N application for fish (golda).
- 29. Productive,Profitable,andResilientAgricultureandAquacultureSystems(G2) Aquaculture-Rice System Water Treatment: D1 = Farmer’s Field Water Depth (30-40 cm) : D2 = D1 + 20 cm = (50-60 cm) Stocking Treatment : S3 = Polyculture J F M A M J J A S O N D Penaeus monodon - 2/sqm Oreochromis spp - 2/sqm Penaeus monodon - 1/sqm Oreochromis spp 1/sqm Mystus gulio -1/sqm (nursing will be started at late May and after Shrimp & Tilapia harvesting it will be released in the GHER) Heteropneustes fossilis – 1/m2 Macrobrachium_rosenbergii -1/m2 (nursing will be started at early July and after harvesting of Tilapia and Tengra it will be released in the GHER) Aman Rice
- 30. Productive,Profitable,andResilientAgricultureandAquacultureSystems(G2) Year-round Aquaculture Stocking Treatment:S1 = Farmer’s Practice (Control) Farmers practice was documented through a series of consultation meetings at 3 southern unions ( Nalta, Vara Shimla & Tarali) of polder 3. Total 54 farmers participated in 3 consultation meetings. J F M A M J J A S O N D Penaeus monodon - 2/sqm Metapenaeus Monoceros 4/sqm Liza parsia 0.25/sqm Rhinomugil corsula - 0.25/sqm Oreochromis spp. - 0.25/sqm Penaeus monodon - 0.5/sqm Penaeus monodon -0.5/sqm Penaeus monodon- 0.5/sqm Penaeus monodon- 0.5/sqm Penaeus monodon- 0.5/sqm Penaeus monodon 0.5/sqm Labeo rohita - 0.25/sqm Catla catla - 0.25/sqm Cyprinus carpio - 0.25/sqm Cirrhinus mrigala - 0.25/sqm
- 31. Productive,Profitable,andResilientAgricultureandAquacultureSystems(G2) Year-round Aquaculture Stocking Treatment:S2 = Rotational Monoculture J F M A M J J A S O N D Penaeus monodon 3/sqm (early Feb) Oreochromis spp. -4/sqm (nursing will be started at late May and after shrimp harvesting it will be released in the GHER) Macrobrachium_rosenbergii -3/sqm (nursing will be started at early July and after Tilapia harvesting it will be released in the GHER)
- 32. Productive,Profitable,andResilientAgricultureandAquacultureSystems(G2) Year-round Aquaculture Stocking Treatment:S3 = Polyculture J F M A M J J A S O N D Penaeus monodon -2/sqm Oreochromis spp. -2/sqm Shrimp - 1/sqm Oreochromis spp. 2/sqm Mystus gulio - 3/sqm (nursing will be started at late may and after shrimp & Tilapia harvesting it will be released in the GHER) Heteropneustes fossilis - 2/sqm Macrobrachium_rosenbergii -2/sqm (nursing will be started at early July and after harvesting of Tilapia and Tengra it will be released in the GHER)
- 33. Aquaculture Activities ata Glance
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- 35. Background • Intended tofocus on homesteads, as opposed to the off- household “gher” aquatic agricultural farming systems research. • Included analysis of vegetable, fish, livestock integration in homestead lands and ponds of households in coastal areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal in India. • Research will pay special attention to the role of female farmers and impact of increase in salinity on homestead production (vegetables, fruit, livestock in addition to aquaculture).
- 36. Background • Research willbe preceded by a baseline survey and literature review. • Purpose of survey is to benchmark understanding on how people use the resources, identifying options for improving homestead economy, resilience, nutrition and health. • Purpose of the review is to evaluate input efficiencies, productivity and nutritional value of different models of integrated homestead farming in selected villages, representing different salinity and flooding risk. • Gender analysis should have been an integral part of the review.
- 37. Progress • A surveyof >1200 randomly selected HHs was conducted across 3 polders (polder: 3, 30, 43/2F) in SW Bangladesh during January-May. • Homestead size: average 20% of total land. • Landless (< 0.19 ha): 54 % HHs, followed by 26% with 0.2- 0.6 ha. • Household income sources are different across land size classes – Labour for landless group, agriculture for the HHs with land >0.2ha • 51% HHs have ponds with av area of 13 decimals (525 m2). • We are exploring the influence of pond on household characteristics, but income seems to be positively associated with presence of a pond.
- 38. Moving Forward • Researchapproach during 2012 which could combine analysis of household survey data, ongoing FtF and CSISA • Research question: 1. What are indicators of “improved” homestead systems? • These should reflect dimensions of homestead production systems, including productivity, resilience, nutritional values, income, land size, seasonality. For ponds, we may explore size, production, productivity, no. of harvests etc. 2. How indicators for an improved homestead system are associated with relevant human development parameters? • Such as household size, education, children under 5, women-headed households etc.
- 39. Moving Forward 3. Whatare the benefits households, women and children might get by moving from a non-improved to an “improved” garden and pond? 4. What are the best bets for household “improvements”? This analysis might also have to look at conditions related to influence of salinity? It could also explore possible synergies/conflicts/trade offs between homestead and ghers investments. 5. What are the blocks households face in achieving these improvements and how might these be overcome? • What is the role of AAS capacity building in addressing these blocks? This would provide insights that might contribute to scale-ability, and actions to address blocks/opportunities.
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- 41. Existing Crop andWater Management Scenario A M J J A S O N D J F M A T. Aman (140-160 d) Rabi (130-140 d) Deep flooding at the beginning of rainy season constrains the establishment of aman rice and adoption of modern HYV rice Prolonged water log at the end of rainy season delay establishment of rabi crop
- 42. Key Issues inAchieving Food Security • Key to increasing food production and improving rural livelihoods in the coastal region of Bangladesh is improved water management, – Improved drainage to reduce the depth of inundation during the rainy season – Drain-out water from rice fields rapidly at the end of the rainy season to allow timely establishment of rabi crops – Maximize use of available freshwater for crop production in the dry season.
- 43. High Tide Low Tide LandLandSurface Embankment River Bed Sluice gate 1-2 m Can Drainage be Improved? 2-3 m
- 44. Objective • Overall objectiveof this study is to work in a pilot “watershed” area to demonstrate the benefits of improved water management at the community level – to adopt improved crop and crop management practices – for safe harvest of the dry season crops to achieve higher land and water productivity.
- 45. Study Site: KismatFultola, Polder 30, Khulna Mini-watershed Sluice gate River
- 46. Methodology • Study willbe conducted at the community level in polder 30 involving • Land owners (47 farmers) and tenants in watershed area • Local water users association and • Public representatives • Demonstrate the procedures of rainfall, river water and sluice gate management necessary for adoption of high yielding rice varieties and associated fertilizer management techniques • to get higher productivity in the wet season • to demonstrate early establishment of non-rice crops for safe harvest of the crops and consequently higher production and income
- 47. Methodology • Prior torainy season, drainage networks and drainage outlet will be established to facilitate HYV rice cultivation for higher productivity in the aman/rainy season 2012. • Provide good quality HYV rice seeds and training to adopt similar cropping calendar to facilitate N topdressing . • Drainage system will be managed to maintain a water depth of about 20 cm, above which water will be drained out. Terminal drainage 2-3 weeks before rice harvest to facilitate early establishment of rabi crops. • Neighboring farmers (male and female), member of WUA, local leaders and journalists will be invited to provide insight on improved water management and cropping plan. • Monitoring of cultural practices for aman and rabi crops in and outside of the watershed area to compare with the farmers’ previous practices
- 48. Improved Cropping System 15July 15 Nov Mar-Apr Rabi (120-140 d) 01 Dec-01 Jan Aman (140 d) M J J A S O N D J F M A M Rainfall ~1500+ mm leaching down soil salinity River water EC 1-5 dSm-1 Aman-Rabi Cropping System Residual soil water Terminal Drainage TD Drainage Yd (FP)= 2.5 + 0.5 t/ha Yd (IP) = 4.5 + 1.0 t/ha Irrigation
- 49. Conclusion • With advancesin germplasm/species, on-farm water management, it is possible to have 2-3 crops (ag+aq)/year despite of salinity and water shortage in DS • Water management is the key, especially we have to improve drainage • Polders have been built 40 years ago, with the new farming systems – polders have new roles ….. new roles need new management, new institution set up ……for food security and increased income
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