1. http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/lausd/resources/Literary.Terms.html#Ballad
Ballad
A story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were
passed down from generation to generation by singers. Two old Scottish
ballads are "Sir Patrick Spens" and "Bonnie Barbara Allan." Coleridges, "The
Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad.
Sonnet
A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme
scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba
cdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the
octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the
English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. (See Rhyme Scheme).
The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of
theme in the poem. SeeTheme.The meter is iambic pentameter.
See Meter for more information.
Meter
A regular pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables in a line or lines of
poetry. Below is an illustration of some commonly used metrical patterns:
Enjambment
When the units of sense in a passage of poetry don't coincide with the verses, and the
sense runs on from one verse to another, the lines are said to be enjambed. When the
verse length matches the length of the units of sense (clauses, sentences, whatever),

2. the lines are said to be end-stopped. The term comes from the French for "straddling,"
since sentences "straddle" several lines.
End-Stopped
When the units of sense in a passage of poetry coincide with the verses, and the sense
does not run on from one verse to another, the lines are said to be end-stopped. When
the verse length does not match the length of the units of sense (clauses, sentences,
whatever), the lines are said to be enjambed.
Eighteenth-century verse was most often end-stopped, as can be seen in this passage
from Pope:
Nothing so true as what you once let fall,
"Most women have no characters at all."
Matter too soft a lasting mark to bear,
And best distinguished by black, brown, or fair.
Notice each verse seems to contain a complete idea. Here, as often in Pope, sentences
are restricted to couplets. Now compare a heavily enjambed stanza from the
Renaissance poet Henry Vaughan:
With that some cried, "Away!" Straight I
Obeyed, and led
Full east, a fair, fresh field could spy;
Some called it Jacob's bed,
A virgin soil which no
Rude feet ere trod,
Where, since he stepped there, only go
Prophets and friends of God.
Here there's no sense of resting after many of the verses — "Straight I" needs to be
continued, as does "and led," "which no," and "only go."
Epistle
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An epistle (Greek επιστολη, epistolē, "letter") is a writing directed or sent to a person
or group of persons, usually a letter and a very formal, often didactic and elegant one.
The letters in the New Testament from Apostles to Christians are usually referred to
as epistles; those traditionally from Paul are known as Pauline epistles and the others
as Catholic or general epistles.

3. False analogy
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False analogy is a fallacy applying to inductive arguments. It is often mistakenly
considered to be a formal fallacy, but it is not, because a false analogy consists of an
error in the substance of an argument (the content of the analogy itself), not an error
in the logical structure of the argument. Thus, it is an informal fallacy, not a formal
fallacy..
In an analogy, two concepts, objects, or events proposed to be similar in nature (A
and B) are shown to have some common relationship with another property. The
premise is that A has property X, and thus B must also have property X (due to the
assumed similarity of A and B). In false analogies, though A and B may be similar in
one respect (such as color) they may not both share property X (e.g. size). Thus, even
if bananas and the sun appear yellow, one could not conclude that they are the same
size. Many languages have culturally idiosyncratic idioms for invalid analogies or
comparisons; for example, such false analogies are likened to "comparing
grandmothers and frogs" in Serbian and to "comparing apples and oranges" in
English.
[edit] Examples
• In the field of international relations theory, the fallacy known as the 'domestic
analogy' is committed when relationships between political communities
(nations) are treated as analogous to relations within political communities
(between individuals), such that familiar morals and remedies for interpersonal
issues are projected onto foreign policy narratives. To the extent that
relationships are different at the local and international level, such analogies
are invalid (Hidemi Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order
Proposals, CUP, 1989).
• Another example is the following:
The universe is like an intricate watch.
A watch must have been designed by a watchmaker.
Therefore, the universe must have been designed by some kind of creator.[1]
While the universe may be like a watch in that it is intricate, this does not in
itself justify the assumption that watches and the universe have similar origins.
For this reason, most scientists and philosophers do not accept the analogy,
known as the argument from design, with this one specifically known as The
Watchmaker Analogy.
By changing a term, the fallacy becomes apparent:

4. The universe is like an intricate watch.
A watch occasionally needs repair.
Therefore, the universe occasionally needs repair.
The structure of the argument is exactly the same, but we can see that the
conclusion does not follow from the two premises.