Bale Mountains National Park is located in Ethiopia and contains diverse landscapes and vegetation zones ranging from juniper and Kosso forests to heather moorlands and Afro-Alpine meadows. The park offers opportunities for hiking, horseback riding, and viewing endemic wildlife such as Mountain Nyala and Semien Fox. The park contains volcanic peaks, lakes, streams, and deep gorges and experiences a wet and dry season, with the dry season from November to February being the best time to visit. Vegetation varies with altitude and includes forests, heather zones, and Afro-Alpine meadows dominated by plants like Helichrysum and Alchemilla that provide habitat for birds and other
Natural vegetation refers to plants that grow without human assistance. It is an important part of the physical environment and ecosystem, as plants provide food and resources for humans and animals. Natural vegetation can be classified into different types based on location and climate, including forest, grassland, and desert vegetation. The dominant types of forests include tropical rainforests near the equator and temperate coniferous forests at higher latitudes. Forests are important habitats, provide raw materials, help regulate climate, and are used for recreation.
This document summarizes life in two tropical river basins:
The Amazon basin experiences hot, wet equatorial climate year-round. It contains the longest river in the world and evergreen forests inhabited by diverse wildlife. Indigenous tribes practice shifting cultivation while settlements engage in agriculture, logging and mining.
The Ganges-Brahmaputra basin experiences a monsoon climate with seasonal rainfall. Its fertile alluvial plains contain deciduous forests and are densely populated for agriculture, including crops like rice, wheat and jute. The basin drains into the large Sundarbans delta at its eastern end.
The document summarizes the temperate grasslands found in North America called the prairie, and South Africa called the veld. The prairie stretches from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains across North America. It has warm summers and cold winters with high winds. Grasses are the dominant vegetation and agriculture, especially wheat and cattle farming, are major economic activities. The veld in South Africa has mild weather and supports cattle and sheep grazing. Crops like maize and wheat are also grown as economic activities in the grasslands.
The document discusses Turkey's diverse wildlife and flora, describing the 7 regions of Turkey and the different climates and ecosystems within each region. It highlights several endangered species that Turkey helps protect, such as monk seals along the coast and various migratory birds. Turkey is also home to the ancestors of many domesticated plants and is an important gene center for crops like wheat.
This document provides an overview of the different types of natural vegetation found across Atlantic Canada, including mixed forests, boreal and taiga forests, and tundra. It describes the key tree species found in each region and explains how soil and climate differ. Specifically, it outlines that mixed forests in the Maritimes contain both coniferous and deciduous trees and have rich, nutrient-dense soil. Boreal and taiga forests are found farther north and are dominated by coniferous trees like spruce and fir that are adapted to cold conditions. The tundra, located above the tree line, has no trees at all due to lack of warmth and precipitation.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation around the world and how they are influenced by climate. It describes the main categories of forests, grasslands, and shrubs. Specific forest types covered include tropical and temperate evergreen and deciduous forests, coniferous forests, and Mediterranean vegetation. The document also discusses different grassland and wildlife regions. Exercises at the end test the reader's understanding of the material through multiple choice and short answer questions.
India has significant biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species and 89,000 animal species. The country contains a variety of natural vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine forests, influenced by climate factors like temperature, precipitation, and photoperiod. Many plant and animal species are threatened by human activities such as hunting, habitat destruction, and pollution. The government has established various protected areas and conservation programs to help preserve India's rich natural heritage.
This document summarizes different types of natural vegetation and wildlife around the world. It describes the major forest types including tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, temperate evergreen forests, temperate deciduous forests, Mediterranean forests, and coniferous forests. It also discusses grasslands, shrubs, and the animals found in different habitats including forests, grasslands, deserts, and polar regions. It concludes by noting threats to wildlife from hunting, habitat loss due to deforestation, farming, mining, and dam construction.
Natural vegetation refers to plants that grow without human assistance. It is an important part of the physical environment and ecosystem, as plants provide food and resources for humans and animals. Natural vegetation can be classified into different types based on location and climate, including forest, grassland, and desert vegetation. The dominant types of forests include tropical rainforests near the equator and temperate coniferous forests at higher latitudes. Forests are important habitats, provide raw materials, help regulate climate, and are used for recreation.
This document summarizes life in two tropical river basins:
The Amazon basin experiences hot, wet equatorial climate year-round. It contains the longest river in the world and evergreen forests inhabited by diverse wildlife. Indigenous tribes practice shifting cultivation while settlements engage in agriculture, logging and mining.
The Ganges-Brahmaputra basin experiences a monsoon climate with seasonal rainfall. Its fertile alluvial plains contain deciduous forests and are densely populated for agriculture, including crops like rice, wheat and jute. The basin drains into the large Sundarbans delta at its eastern end.
The document summarizes the temperate grasslands found in North America called the prairie, and South Africa called the veld. The prairie stretches from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains across North America. It has warm summers and cold winters with high winds. Grasses are the dominant vegetation and agriculture, especially wheat and cattle farming, are major economic activities. The veld in South Africa has mild weather and supports cattle and sheep grazing. Crops like maize and wheat are also grown as economic activities in the grasslands.
The document discusses Turkey's diverse wildlife and flora, describing the 7 regions of Turkey and the different climates and ecosystems within each region. It highlights several endangered species that Turkey helps protect, such as monk seals along the coast and various migratory birds. Turkey is also home to the ancestors of many domesticated plants and is an important gene center for crops like wheat.
This document provides an overview of the different types of natural vegetation found across Atlantic Canada, including mixed forests, boreal and taiga forests, and tundra. It describes the key tree species found in each region and explains how soil and climate differ. Specifically, it outlines that mixed forests in the Maritimes contain both coniferous and deciduous trees and have rich, nutrient-dense soil. Boreal and taiga forests are found farther north and are dominated by coniferous trees like spruce and fir that are adapted to cold conditions. The tundra, located above the tree line, has no trees at all due to lack of warmth and precipitation.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation around the world and how they are influenced by climate. It describes the main categories of forests, grasslands, and shrubs. Specific forest types covered include tropical and temperate evergreen and deciduous forests, coniferous forests, and Mediterranean vegetation. The document also discusses different grassland and wildlife regions. Exercises at the end test the reader's understanding of the material through multiple choice and short answer questions.
India has significant biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species and 89,000 animal species. The country contains a variety of natural vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine forests, influenced by climate factors like temperature, precipitation, and photoperiod. Many plant and animal species are threatened by human activities such as hunting, habitat destruction, and pollution. The government has established various protected areas and conservation programs to help preserve India's rich natural heritage.
This document summarizes different types of natural vegetation and wildlife around the world. It describes the major forest types including tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, temperate evergreen forests, temperate deciduous forests, Mediterranean forests, and coniferous forests. It also discusses grasslands, shrubs, and the animals found in different habitats including forests, grasslands, deserts, and polar regions. It concludes by noting threats to wildlife from hunting, habitat loss due to deforestation, farming, mining, and dam construction.
Vegetation represents the cleaning health of plant life and the amount of ground soil provided by plants and animals . Vegetation has no particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extend, or any other specific botanical or good characteristics. It is broader than flora which refer exclusive to species the composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.
The growth of vegetation depends on factors like temperature, moisture, slope, and soil thickness. Vegetation is classified into forests, grasslands, and shrubs. Forests grow in hot, rainy regions and can be dense or open. Grasslands occur in moderate rain areas. Shrubs grow in dry regions with thorny plants. Different forest types include tropical rainforests near the equator, tropical deciduous forests in parts of India and Central America, and temperate evergreen forests in mid-latitude coastal regions.
This document summarizes the major forest types found in India and their wildlife. The five main forest types discussed are tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and shrubs, mangrove forests, and montane forests. Each forest type is described in terms of location, climate, dominant plant species, and example animal species found within. The presentation concludes with a poem emphasizing the importance of preserving wildlife and ecosystems.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation and wildlife found in India. It defines key terms like natural ecosystem, biosphere reserves, and national parks. It also describes some features of different types of forests in India, including thorn forests and tropical deciduous forests. Virgin vegetation is defined as a plant community that has grown naturally without human influence or disturbance over a long period of time. The presentation was created by a 9th grade student as part of a school project.
India has a wide variety of natural vegetation and wildlife due to its diverse geography and climate, ranging from tropical forests to alpine zones. It is home to over 500 wildlife sanctuaries protecting rare species. The country's ecosystems support a great diversity of plant and animal life, including 96 national parks that help preserve habitats for mammals, birds, and other fauna across different forest types such as tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and mangrove forests. Wildlife can be found in all of India's ecosystems and habitats.
Natural vegetation and wildlife PPT for class 9 CBSEYashLawaniya1331
This ppt gives information about different types of forests, What is Natural Vegetation,Flora and Fauna, Ecosystem etc. I have entered less text in this ppt because i think that a ppt should have more pictures and examples than having a huge amount of text.
This document summarizes different types of natural vegetation found in India. It discusses flaura and fauna, and provides details on the number of plant and animal species in India. It then describes different types of forests found in India like tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. For each forest type, it lists example plant and animal species found there. It also discusses the importance of trees, wildlife preservation, and the economic value of wild plants and animals.
NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 11 CLASS GEOGRAPHYSaloni777
The document summarizes the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, montane forests, and littoral and swamp forests. It also discusses India's forest cover, policies around forest conservation, social forestry programs, wildlife conservation efforts such as Project Tiger and the creation of national parks and sanctuaries, and examples of biosphere reserves including Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Sunderbans, and Gulf of Mannar.
Virgin vegetation grows naturally without human influence. Temperature, precipitation, soil type and other environmental factors determine the type of vegetation in a region. India has a wide variety of vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine shrubs due to its varied climate and terrain. However, human activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization have degraded much of India's natural vegetation. Conservation efforts include protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
different types of natural vegetation and wildlifeYogeshpaul Banga
The document discusses natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It describes the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses the factors that affect natural vegetation such as relief, climate, and ecosystem. Additionally, it provides details on the various wildlife found in each type of forest ecosystem in India. India has a high level of biodiversity and is home to over 89,000 animal species.
South America has a wide variety of natural vegetation and wildlife. The largest area of equatorial forests is found in the Amazon Basin, known as the selvas. These forests are dense with hardwood trees like rubber, cinchona, and mahogany. Tropical grasslands known as llanos and campos are scattered with trees between grasses of varying heights. Mountain vegetation ranges from temperate deciduous forests at lower elevations to alpine vegetation at higher elevations. Hot desert vegetation is mainly found in the dry Atacama Desert and consists of cacti and scrub. Wildlife in the Amazon forests includes colorful birds, monkeys, snakes like the python and anaconda, and reptiles such as crocodiles
Sst natural vegetation and wildlife By AnshumanAnshuman Ghosh
This document discusses India's biodiversity and types of vegetation found in India. It covers factors influencing biodiversity like relief, climate, and ecosystems. It describes different types of forests in India - tropical evergreen and deciduous forests, thorn forests, montane forests, and mangrove forests. These forests support a variety of plant and animal species. The document emphasizes the importance of environmental conservation for sustaining life on Earth.
The document discusses prairies, which are temperate grasslands located in the interior of North America that experience hot summers and cold winters. Prairies are home to various animals like antelope, badger, bison and coyote as well as plants such as red elm, snailseed and pawpaw. Over the last century, prairies have become endangered due to agriculture and urban development reducing prairie dog habitat, though Native Americans historically relied on prairies' resources for food and medicine.
This document describes the major types of natural vegetation found in Latin America, including equatorial forests, temperate forests, Mediterranean vegetation, savanna grasslands, pampas grasslands, and desert vegetation. Equatorial forests are found in the Amazon Basin and parts of northeastern Brazil and Colombia, featuring broad-leaved trees and species like rubber, mahogany, and brazil nuts. Temperate forests occupy warmer areas in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Chile and cooler mountainous regions, containing trees like beech and conifers. Mediterranean forests in central Chile have dry summers and wet winters and include laurels, acacias, shrubs, and cacti. Sav
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
The document provides information about different types of forests found in India. It discusses tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. For each forest type, it describes the climate and rainfall conditions they are found in, the dominant plant and tree species, and some examples of animal life.
This document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It begins by explaining that India's climate and terrain have led to diverse natural vegetation ranging from tropical forests to deserts. This vegetation supports a wide variety of wildlife, including rare species only found in India. The document then provides details on the different types of natural vegetation across India and the factors that influence wildlife populations. It emphasizes the importance of forests and describes measures taken to conserve forests and wildlife through protected areas and laws.
The document discusses alpine forests, which occur at high elevations and above the tree line. Alpine forests are found in mountainous regions like the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges in Pakistan. They exist between 3,000m to the snowline, where the climate is very cold, windy, and snowy. Trees cannot grow at these altitudes due to low temperatures, so alpine forests are characterized by the absence of trees or presence of only dwarf trees. A variety of hardy plants, animals, insects, and microbes have adapted to survive in this harsh environment. Alpine forests provide many benefits but are threatened by climate change, urbanization, tourism, and other human
SAIT Polytechnic's student-run Trojans Productions provides live sports coverage of SAIT Trojans games. Using multiple cameras and advanced technology like slow-motion replays and graphics, it offers an unprecedented level of production for campus sports. The initiative gives Radio, Television and Broadcast News students hands-on experience and puts SAIT at the forefront of post-secondary sports television. With no other Canadian post-secondary school offering a similar service, Trojans Productions has garnered attention from broadcasting professionals.
El documento describe las reglas y usos de varios signos de puntuación como el punto, la coma, los dos puntos, los puntos suspensivos, el punto y coma, el guion, la raya, los signos de admiración e interrogación, y los paréntesis. También explica las reglas ortográficas de las letras X, Z, C, S, B y V en palabras españolas.
Vegetation represents the cleaning health of plant life and the amount of ground soil provided by plants and animals . Vegetation has no particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extend, or any other specific botanical or good characteristics. It is broader than flora which refer exclusive to species the composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.
The growth of vegetation depends on factors like temperature, moisture, slope, and soil thickness. Vegetation is classified into forests, grasslands, and shrubs. Forests grow in hot, rainy regions and can be dense or open. Grasslands occur in moderate rain areas. Shrubs grow in dry regions with thorny plants. Different forest types include tropical rainforests near the equator, tropical deciduous forests in parts of India and Central America, and temperate evergreen forests in mid-latitude coastal regions.
This document summarizes the major forest types found in India and their wildlife. The five main forest types discussed are tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and shrubs, mangrove forests, and montane forests. Each forest type is described in terms of location, climate, dominant plant species, and example animal species found within. The presentation concludes with a poem emphasizing the importance of preserving wildlife and ecosystems.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation and wildlife found in India. It defines key terms like natural ecosystem, biosphere reserves, and national parks. It also describes some features of different types of forests in India, including thorn forests and tropical deciduous forests. Virgin vegetation is defined as a plant community that has grown naturally without human influence or disturbance over a long period of time. The presentation was created by a 9th grade student as part of a school project.
India has a wide variety of natural vegetation and wildlife due to its diverse geography and climate, ranging from tropical forests to alpine zones. It is home to over 500 wildlife sanctuaries protecting rare species. The country's ecosystems support a great diversity of plant and animal life, including 96 national parks that help preserve habitats for mammals, birds, and other fauna across different forest types such as tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and mangrove forests. Wildlife can be found in all of India's ecosystems and habitats.
Natural vegetation and wildlife PPT for class 9 CBSEYashLawaniya1331
This ppt gives information about different types of forests, What is Natural Vegetation,Flora and Fauna, Ecosystem etc. I have entered less text in this ppt because i think that a ppt should have more pictures and examples than having a huge amount of text.
This document summarizes different types of natural vegetation found in India. It discusses flaura and fauna, and provides details on the number of plant and animal species in India. It then describes different types of forests found in India like tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. For each forest type, it lists example plant and animal species found there. It also discusses the importance of trees, wildlife preservation, and the economic value of wild plants and animals.
NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 11 CLASS GEOGRAPHYSaloni777
The document summarizes the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, montane forests, and littoral and swamp forests. It also discusses India's forest cover, policies around forest conservation, social forestry programs, wildlife conservation efforts such as Project Tiger and the creation of national parks and sanctuaries, and examples of biosphere reserves including Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Sunderbans, and Gulf of Mannar.
Virgin vegetation grows naturally without human influence. Temperature, precipitation, soil type and other environmental factors determine the type of vegetation in a region. India has a wide variety of vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine shrubs due to its varied climate and terrain. However, human activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization have degraded much of India's natural vegetation. Conservation efforts include protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
different types of natural vegetation and wildlifeYogeshpaul Banga
The document discusses natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It describes the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses the factors that affect natural vegetation such as relief, climate, and ecosystem. Additionally, it provides details on the various wildlife found in each type of forest ecosystem in India. India has a high level of biodiversity and is home to over 89,000 animal species.
South America has a wide variety of natural vegetation and wildlife. The largest area of equatorial forests is found in the Amazon Basin, known as the selvas. These forests are dense with hardwood trees like rubber, cinchona, and mahogany. Tropical grasslands known as llanos and campos are scattered with trees between grasses of varying heights. Mountain vegetation ranges from temperate deciduous forests at lower elevations to alpine vegetation at higher elevations. Hot desert vegetation is mainly found in the dry Atacama Desert and consists of cacti and scrub. Wildlife in the Amazon forests includes colorful birds, monkeys, snakes like the python and anaconda, and reptiles such as crocodiles
Sst natural vegetation and wildlife By AnshumanAnshuman Ghosh
This document discusses India's biodiversity and types of vegetation found in India. It covers factors influencing biodiversity like relief, climate, and ecosystems. It describes different types of forests in India - tropical evergreen and deciduous forests, thorn forests, montane forests, and mangrove forests. These forests support a variety of plant and animal species. The document emphasizes the importance of environmental conservation for sustaining life on Earth.
The document discusses prairies, which are temperate grasslands located in the interior of North America that experience hot summers and cold winters. Prairies are home to various animals like antelope, badger, bison and coyote as well as plants such as red elm, snailseed and pawpaw. Over the last century, prairies have become endangered due to agriculture and urban development reducing prairie dog habitat, though Native Americans historically relied on prairies' resources for food and medicine.
This document describes the major types of natural vegetation found in Latin America, including equatorial forests, temperate forests, Mediterranean vegetation, savanna grasslands, pampas grasslands, and desert vegetation. Equatorial forests are found in the Amazon Basin and parts of northeastern Brazil and Colombia, featuring broad-leaved trees and species like rubber, mahogany, and brazil nuts. Temperate forests occupy warmer areas in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Chile and cooler mountainous regions, containing trees like beech and conifers. Mediterranean forests in central Chile have dry summers and wet winters and include laurels, acacias, shrubs, and cacti. Sav
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
The document provides information about different types of forests found in India. It discusses tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. For each forest type, it describes the climate and rainfall conditions they are found in, the dominant plant and tree species, and some examples of animal life.
This document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It begins by explaining that India's climate and terrain have led to diverse natural vegetation ranging from tropical forests to deserts. This vegetation supports a wide variety of wildlife, including rare species only found in India. The document then provides details on the different types of natural vegetation across India and the factors that influence wildlife populations. It emphasizes the importance of forests and describes measures taken to conserve forests and wildlife through protected areas and laws.
The document discusses alpine forests, which occur at high elevations and above the tree line. Alpine forests are found in mountainous regions like the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges in Pakistan. They exist between 3,000m to the snowline, where the climate is very cold, windy, and snowy. Trees cannot grow at these altitudes due to low temperatures, so alpine forests are characterized by the absence of trees or presence of only dwarf trees. A variety of hardy plants, animals, insects, and microbes have adapted to survive in this harsh environment. Alpine forests provide many benefits but are threatened by climate change, urbanization, tourism, and other human
SAIT Polytechnic's student-run Trojans Productions provides live sports coverage of SAIT Trojans games. Using multiple cameras and advanced technology like slow-motion replays and graphics, it offers an unprecedented level of production for campus sports. The initiative gives Radio, Television and Broadcast News students hands-on experience and puts SAIT at the forefront of post-secondary sports television. With no other Canadian post-secondary school offering a similar service, Trojans Productions has garnered attention from broadcasting professionals.
El documento describe las reglas y usos de varios signos de puntuación como el punto, la coma, los dos puntos, los puntos suspensivos, el punto y coma, el guion, la raya, los signos de admiración e interrogación, y los paréntesis. También explica las reglas ortográficas de las letras X, Z, C, S, B y V en palabras españolas.
Este documento describe tres tipos de perforadoras (estándar, semi-industrial e industrial) y sus características, así como tres tipos de cosedoras y sus características. También explica cómo funcionan y cómo se usan estas herramientas de oficina, incluidos detalles sobre cómo perforar y grapar documentos.
El documento resume la evolución de la teoría administrativa a través de las distintas escuelas que la han influenciado, como la Escuela de la Administración Científica, la Escuela Clásica de la Organización, la Escuela Conductista y la Escuela de la Ciencia de la Administración. También describe conceptos clave como empresa, proceso administrativo, planeación, organización, dirección y control.
The document discusses the growing trend of recurring revenue business models and why it presents opportunities for companies. Key points:
- Recurring revenue models provide predictable cash flows that investors reward with higher valuations.
- New technologies like cloud computing and consumer preferences for subscription services have enabled more companies to adopt recurring revenue models.
- Companies can gain competitive advantages by using recurring models to reach new customers, differentiate themselves, and disrupt existing industries.
El documento resume brevemente la historia de los archivos desde sus orígenes en las primeras civilizaciones que desarrollaron la escritura hasta el siglo XIX. Menciona que los archivos se remontan al origen de la escritura y su función de conservar la información generada. Señala a España en los siglos XV y XVI como pionera en archivos y que fue durante la Revolución Francesa cuando se tomó conciencia de la importancia de los archivos nacionales para concentrar documentos.
Este documento propone pasos para mejorar el desempeño de la formación en una organización. Recomienda interactuar con los aprendices durante la capacitación para aumentar sus conocimientos y confianza. También sugiere asegurar que el espacio de formación sea adecuado y flexible, y administrar bien el tiempo de las actividades según el ritmo de cada grupo. El objetivo final es fortalecer las habilidades de los aprendices para un mejor desempeño laboral.
The document discusses the growing trend of recurring revenue business models and why it presents opportunities for companies. Key points:
- Recurring revenue models provide predictable cash flows that investors reward with higher valuations.
- New technologies like cloud computing and consumer preferences for subscription services have enabled more companies to adopt recurring revenue models.
- Companies can gain competitive advantages by using recurring models to reach new customers, differentiate themselves, and disrupt existing industries.
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum located in what is now Eritrea and Ethiopia. It flourished between 100-940 AD and grew to become a major trading empire, facilitating trade between Rome/Byzantium and India. Aksum adopted Christianity in the 4th century and left behind significant architectural remains including large obelisks and tombs. It minted its own currency and had foreign relations across the Red Sea region and beyond. The document also discusses Aksumite society, culture, and the legend of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon which Ethiopians believe founded their Solomonic dynasty.
The document is a resume for Joseph John Kish seeking a Director of Operations or Project Manager position. He has over 35 years of experience in construction management, development, and operations roles with a focus on commercial, residential, and mixed-use projects. His background includes responsibilities for securing entitlements, managing budgets, overseeing construction from start to finish, and ensuring quality and safety standards are met.
This document discusses five common pitfalls that companies face when transitioning to a recurring revenue business model. The pitfalls are: 1) having billing systems that cannot support varied monetization models, 2) a fragmented view of the customer across different systems, 3) a lack of agility to react to opportunities, 4) incomplete processes that allow for revenue leakage, and 5) systems that do not scale or have adequate security. The document recommends addressing these pitfalls by implementing a recurring revenue management solution that provides relationship commerce, a unified customer view, adaptive selling capabilities, process orchestration, and enterprise-class infrastructure with security.
The Big Book of RR_Innovators by Marie MartinMarie Martin
This document provides an overview of a new e-book on recurring revenue innovators. It showcases 29 companies that have successfully implemented recurring revenue business models. These companies offer case studies on using recurring revenue to expand markets, boost sales, and increase profits. Examples included are familiar companies like Amazon and United Airlines, as well as newer startups like BarkBox and Entitle. The e-book is intended to teach lessons from these innovators' approaches to recurring revenue.
IoT_e-book from blog series by Marie Martin Marie Martin
The document discusses how the Internet of Things (IoT) can unlock revenue potential for companies through their customers in two main ways. First, it allows companies to shift from selling discrete products to selling outcomes and services, like performance-based air conditioning or preventative maintenance. Second, by combining IoT data with other customer data, companies can deepen customer relationships over the lifetime by predicting churn, customizing offers, and improving support. The IoT represents another data source for understanding customer behavior and consumption in order to drive ongoing relationships and monetization beyond the initial sale.
This field trip document summarizes a class trip to the Botanical Garden located in the Sonoran Desert in Phoenix, Arizona. It describes the different habitats found in the Sonoran Desert including the desert habitat, mesquite bosque, desert oasis, semi desert grassland, and chaparral. It provides examples of common cacti and other plants found in each habitat, such as the strawberry hedgehog, creosote bush, organ pipe cactus, and barrel cactus. The document educates students about the plants and habitats they will see during their tour of the botanical garden.
This document provides information about different types of habitats and ecosystems. It discusses forests, tropical forests, temperate forests, boreal forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, polar regions, aquatic habitats, freshwater habitats, marine habitats, coastal habitats, estuaries, coral reefs, and how plants and animals adapt to their environments. Pictures are included to illustrate each habitat type. The document also covers animal adaptations like camouflage, migration, hibernation, and how plants and animals depend on each other.
Africa has a variety of climates and vegetation zones due to its large size and location straddling the equator. The northern part experiences hot summers while the southern part has warm summers and mild winters. Deserts cover 60% of the continent, including the Sahara and Namib deserts. Vegetation ranges from equatorial rainforests along the coast with hardwood trees, vines, and dense undergrowth, to open savannahs with tall grasses and scattered acacia trees in the tropical grasslands, and short grasses and poplar trees in the temperate grasslands. Wildlife is also diverse and includes elephants, lions, and chimpanzees in the forests, and herbivores
The Astroni crater natural reserve in Naples, Italy covers 247 hectares including a thick woodland and three lakes (Lago Grande, Cofaniello Piccolo, and Cofaniello Grande). Due to the crater's unique microclimate, vegetation is arranged in an inverted pattern with high altitude species found at the bottom and low altitude species at the top. Around the lakes, vegetation includes reeds, willows, water lilies, and duckweed. Higher up the slopes is a Mediterranean holm oak forest and maquis shrubland. The reserve provides an opportunity to study the unusual geology, flora, and fauna of the Phlegraean Fields volcanic area.
- The boreal forest, also known as the taiga, circles the Northern Hemisphere and covers large parts of Canada, Russia, Scandinavia, and Alaska. It is home to many coniferous tree species like pine, fir, and spruce.
- The climate of the boreal forest is subarctic with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. Temperatures typically range from -15°C in the winter to 21°C in the summer.
- Hundreds of indigenous people live in the Canadian boreal forest and rely on its resources for food, transportation, and materials. The forest also provides timber, oil, gas, electricity, and supports biodiversity.
This document provides an overview of wildflowers found in the Rocky Mountains, from southern Colorado to southern Wyoming. It describes over 50 different plant species found at various elevations, from the alpine tundra above treeline to lower montane meadows. Many plants are endemic to specific mountain ranges and have adapted to the harsh, high-elevation conditions through dwarf stature, thick leaves, woolly hairs, and extensive root systems. Color photos accompany the descriptions of individual species and their distinctive characteristics.
This document defines and describes different terrestrial biomes, including taiga, tundra, desert, grasslands, chaparrals, and provides details about their climates, vegetation, and wildlife. It discusses the key characteristics of each biome such as the typical temperature and precipitation ranges, as well as the types of plants and animals found in each biome and how they have adapted to the environmental conditions.
Grasslands are ecosystems dominated by grasses rather than trees. There are two main types: temperate grasslands like the North American prairies, and savannas near the equator. Temperate grasslands have colder winters and get less rain than savannas. Both ecosystems support many large grazing animals and are important for livestock agriculture, but they are threatened by conversion to cropland and urban development. Conservation efforts include protecting wildlife, controlled burning, and preventing overgrazing.
The document describes several different ecosystem and landscape types based on climate:
1) Desert landscapes are characterized by a lack of water and vegetation, though some plants like cacti and animals like camels have adapted. Only nomadic peoples typically inhabit deserts.
2) Mediterranean landscapes have irregular river flows and a mix of trees like oak and pine as well as shrubs like lavender and thyme. Human activity has replaced some areas with agriculture, olive groves, and vineyards.
3) Polar landscapes are dominated by ice and snow and have very little vegetation, supporting only animals near the poles and tundra plants and animals like reindeer and foxes closer to temperate zones.
The document describes several major terrestrial ecosystems including deserts, grasslands, and forests. It identifies three main types of deserts: tropical, temperate, and cold. Grasslands are divided into tropical, temperate, and polar varieties. Forests include temperate deciduous, northern coniferous, and tropical rainforests. Specific ecosystems in the Philippines are also outlined such as dipterocarp forests, molave forests, mangrove forests and beach forests.
The document describes several different climate types:
1) Monsoon climates are characterized by seasonal reversal of wind patterns and heavy rainfall during the summer months. Common crops include rice and bamboo.
2) Mediterranean climates have mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers which make them suitable for agriculture.
3) Tundra climates are very cold with little vegetation and permanently frozen subsoil. Animal life includes polar bears and Arctic foxes.
4) Equatorial climates are consistently hot and wet with dense tropical rainforest vegetation.
5) Temperate grasslands receive moderate rainfall and have warm summers to cold winters, supporting cattle ranching and grazing.
This document provides an outline of biomes and ecosystems around the world, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, grasslands, and forests, as well as marine ecosystems from the open ocean to coastal areas. It also discusses freshwater ecosystems like lakes and wetlands, and notes several human impacts such as habitat loss, pollution, and climate change that are threatening biodiversity.
Grassland Ecosystem- As the name implies, grasslands are open spaces in which a variety of grasses grow, with only a few trees scattered near rivers and streams. The amount of annual rainfall influences the type of vegetation – not enough to support a forest but enough to prevent it from becoming a desert. Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica.
Grasslands are known in different regions of the world by different names – prairies, pampas, steppes, and savannah among others. They are divided into two types – Tropical and Temperate.
This document summarizes the main biomes (regions) of the world, which include polar ice caps, tundra, forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic biomes. It provides details on the defining characteristics, climates, vegetation, and animals found in each biome type. Some of the specific biomes mentioned include boreal forests, taiga, temperate deciduous forests, prairies, steppes, savannas, rainforests, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans.
The document discusses two main types of grasslands: savannas and temperate grasslands. Savannas are characterized by grassland with scattered trees and a wet and dry season, receiving 50.8-127 cm of annual rainfall. Fires play an important role in savanna biodiversity. Temperate grasslands are dominated by grasses and lack trees, have cooler summers and winters than savannas, and receive moderate rainfall of 50.8-88.9 cm annually. Both grassland types support various grasses and flowers and are home to many animal species.
An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between organisms and their environment. It includes biotic components like organisms and abiotic components like climate. Energy flows through food chains and webs. Ecosystems vary based on their biotic and abiotic factors. Major ecosystem types include terrestrial and aquatic, which are further divided by temperature, rainfall, and soil characteristics. Forests cover 20% of land and maintain ecological balance, containing plant and animal populations influenced by ecological factors.
This document describes different climate zones and their characteristics. It discusses tropical climates found near the equator with hot temperatures year-round and rainy and dry seasons. It also describes desert climates found near the tropics and in temperate zones with little rainfall and extreme heat and cold. Finally, it discusses polar climates found at the poles with very cold temperatures year-round and snowfall several days a week.
India has great biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species and 90,000 animal species. The country's natural vegetation varies significantly based on climate and geographic factors like elevation, soil type, rainfall, and temperature. Forests range from tropical wet evergreen forests to deciduous forests, thorn forests, and alpine forests. India's forests support a vast variety of plant and animal life, including elephants, tigers, lions, and rhinoceros. However, human activity like agriculture, industry, and overexploitation of resources has degraded much of India's natural habitats and endangered many species. The government has established protected areas and conservation programs to help preserve India's rich biodiversity.
This 7-day tour provides visitors with the opportunity to experience Hamer village culture in southern Ethiopia. Key activities include observing the traditional bull-jumping ceremony, an important rite of passage for Hamer men. During the ceremony, young men must jump over a line of 10-30 cattle four times without falling to join the ranks of adult men. The tour also allows visitors to learn about Hamer customs like body modification, hairstyles indicating marital status or kills, and colorful accessories. Accommodations, meals, transportation, and an English-speaking guide are included in the $840 per person price.
Oromia is the homeland of the Oromo people who have their own unique culture, history, and language. The Gadaa system was a traditional system of social stratification and governance for Oromo males, dividing society into classes that progressed through grades over an eight-year cycle. Irreechaa is a thanksgiving festival celebrated by Oromos at the end of the rainy winter season to welcome the new season and thank God for blessings. The Oromo Liberation Front was established in 1973 to promote self-determination for Oromos against Amhara domination and oppression of Oromo people and culture.
The Omo Valley Tour Package includes visits to several ethnic tribes in the region, including the Konso, Dassanech, Karo, Mursi, Hamer, Nyangatom, and Bena tribes. Key activities and cultural practices among these tribes involve body painting, scarification, lip plates, cattle herding, bull jumping rituals, and traditional dances. The package also includes visits to Omo National Park and Mago National Park, the two major national parks in the Omo Valley region that are home to diverse wildlife like elephants, lions, giraffes, and over 300 bird species.
This 8-day tour package visits several tribes in the Omo Valley region of southern Ethiopia, including the Hamer, Mursi, and Konso people. Each day involves early morning departures to visit tribal villages and local markets, see cultural demonstrations, and learn about the lives and traditions of the tribes. Accommodations include camping, local huts, and basic hotels in towns like Turmi, Jinka, and Arba Minch.
The Mursi Tribe lives in the Omo Valley in Ethiopia and are known for the large clay plates women wear in their lower lips. Hordes of tourists visit to take photos but the Mursi feel like "monkeys in a zoo". As a result, they aggressively demand high prices for photos and scare tourists. However, if approached respectfully according to their customs, the Mursi can be hospitable and share food. Their traditional way of life herding cattle is now threatened by the construction of a large dam which will change the environment and their livelihood.
Day 1 involves flying to Dire Dawa, Ethiopia and driving to Harar to explore the old walled city's historic sites including the Harari Museum and 16th century grand mosque. Day 2 includes a coffee plantation tour and evening entertainment. Day 3 includes an excursion to Babile and the Valley of Marvels, with the option to visit a camel market. Day 4 consists of returning to Dire Dawa to visit local markets before flying back to Addis Ababa.
Various 2-day trips from Addis Ababa requiring an overnight outside the city are described. The Awassa trip involves departing south to visit archeological sites like Tiya and rock-hewn churches, with the final destination being Awassa to overnight. Day 2 includes a boat trip on Lake Awassa to see hippos and the option to visit national parks. Cost is $600 including accommodations, transport, meals and fees. Other options involve visiting Lake Langano, Ziway and its island church, Debre Zeit and Mount Zuqualla, Lake Wenchi and Menagesha Forest, or Awash National Park for game drives and overnight camping or lodging.
17 days historic & Dankile Depresion tour routboba tour
The 17 day tour provides an overview of Ethiopia's most notable natural and historical sites, beginning in Addis Ababa and traveling through the Danakil Depression, Simien Mountains, Lalibela, Gondar, Axum, and Bahir Dar. Key highlights include exploring the lowest and hottest place on Earth in the Danakil Depression, viewing endemic wildlife in the Simien Mountains National Park, and learning about Ethiopia's rich history through visits to rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, castles in Gondar, and archaeological sites in Axum. The tour concludes with scenic drives along the Blue Nile Gorge and a visit to the impressive Blue Nile Falls.
17 days historic & dankile depresion tour routboba tour
The 17 day tour provides an overview of Ethiopia's most notable natural and historical sites, beginning in Addis Ababa and traveling through the Danakil Depression, Simien Mountains, Lalibela, Gondar, Axum, and Bahir Dar. Key highlights include exploring the lowest and hottest place on Earth in the Danakil Depression, viewing endemic wildlife in the Simien Mountains National Park, and learning about Ethiopia's rich history through visits to rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, castles in Gondar, and archaeological sites in Axum. The tour concludes with scenic drives along the Blue Nile Gorge and a visit to the impressive Blue Nile Falls.
This 13-day tour through Ethiopia includes visits to Addis Ababa, Arba Minch, Jinka, Turmi, Arbaminch, Lake Awassa, Bale Mountains National Park, and Goba. Key activities include visiting cultural sites, markets, and tribes in the Omo Valley region including the Mursi and Hamer tribes. The tour also includes boat trips on Lake Chamo and Lake Awassa, hiking in Bale Mountains National Park to see wildlife like mountain nyala and Simien wolves, and spending a day on the Sanetti Plateau with opportunities to spot endemic birds. The price ranges from $4,500 - $11,400 per person depending on group size and includes
This itinerary provides a 12-day tour of Ethiopia that includes visits to major cities and regions. The tour begins in Addis Ababa with city tours and visits local markets and sites. It then travels south through Arba Minch to visit tribal villages along the Omo River Valley like Jinka, Turmi, and Murule. The tour continues to Awassa and the Bale Mountains National Park to see wildlife and unique habitats before returning to Addis Ababa through scenic countryside.
This itinerary provides a 9 night, 10 day tour of historic and cultural sites in Ethiopia, including Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar, Gondar, Axum, and Lalibela. Visitors will see archaeological ruins, rock-hewn churches, monasteries and learn about Ethiopia's ancient history and culture. The trip includes transportation, guides, accommodations, and meals. Prices range from $3,150 - $11,000 per person depending on the group size and if transportation includes only ground, a mix of ground and air, or all air travel.
1. Bale Mountains National Park Saturday, January 30, 2016
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Bale Mountains National Park
Bale Mountains National Park is an area of high altitude plateau that is broken by numerous
spectacular volcanic plugs and peaks, beautiful alpine lakes and rushing mountain streams that
descend into deep rocky gorges on their way to the lowlands below. As you ascend into the
mountains you will experience changes in the vegetation with altitude, from juniper forests to
heather moorlands and alpine meadows, which at various times of year exhibit an abundance of
colourful wildflowers.
Bale Mountains National Park is the largest area of Afro-Alpine habitat in the whole of the
continent. It gives the visitor opportunities for unsurpassed mountain walking, horse trekking,
scenic driving and the chances to view many of Ethiopia's endemic mammals, in particular the
Mountain Nyala and Semien Fox, and birds, such as the Thick-billed Raven, Wattled Ibis, Blue-
winged Goose, and Rouget's Rail.
Topography
The Bale Mountains rise from the extensive surrounding farmlands at 2,500 m above sea level to
the west, north and east. The National Park area is divided into two major parts by the spectacular
Harenna escarpment that runs from east to west.
North of this escarpment is a high altitude plateau area at 4,000 m altitude. The plateau is formed
of ancient volcanic rocks (trachytes, basalts, agglomerates and tuffs) dissected by many Rivers
and streams that have cut deep gorges into the edges over the centuries. In some places this has
resulted in scenic waterfalls. From the plateau rise several mountain massifs of rounded and
craggy peaks, including Tullu Deemtu the second-highest mountain in Ethiopia at 4,377 m above
sea level. (Ras Dashen, near the Simien Mountains National Park in the north is the highest -
4,543 m). A major part of the central peaks area is covered by a capping of more recent lava flows,
still mainly unvegetated, and forming spectacular rock ripples and pillars. Many shallow
depressions on the plateau are filled with water in the wet season, forming small lakes that mirror
the surrounding scenery. Larger lakes such as Garba Guracha ("black water"), Hora Bachay and
Hala Weoz, contain water all year round. These many lakes provide habitat for water birds,
especially migrating ducks from Europe during the northern winter.
Best time to visit
The climate of the Bale Mountains, as is to be expected in a high altitude mountainous region, is
characterized by a high rainfall and periods of damp cloudy weather, interspersed with periods of
sparkling sunny weather with brilliant blue skies.
The climatic year can be roughly divided into three seasons -the dry, early wet and wet seasons.
The dry season is usually from November to February. Very little rain is experienced and
temperatures on the clear sunny days may rise to as high as nearly 30° centigrade. Nights are star-
filled, clear and cold, usually with heavy ground frosts. Temperatures may fall between minus 6°
and minus 15° centigrade in the main peak area of the Park. This is the best period to visit the
National Park, especially for walking and horse trekking in the high mountain area. The vegetation
can get very dry in the dry season, and fires must then be very carefully tended.
The early wet season lasts from March to June, and about two-thirds as much rain falls in this
period, as in the wet season from July to October. Throughout these eight months, days are
generally cooler and nights warmer than in the dry season. Despite the wetter weather, the area
can still be enjoyed with adequate warm and weatherproof clothing. Bright sunny periods may be
experienced at any time. Snow has been recorded, but does not lie around for very long.
2. South of the Harenna escarpment, the land falls precipitously to a large area of dense Podocarpus
forest, that slopes gradually down to an altitude of 1 500 m at the southern Park boundary. A few
kilometres further on the land changes.abruptly to open wooded grasslands, with higher
temperatures and the surprising sight of camels in the area of Dolo-Mena.
Vegetation
The high rainfall in the Bale Mountains, together with the great variation in altitude and topography,
result in rich diversity in the vegetation. Changes in the vegetation with altitude are clearly seen,
this zonation being a result of increasing then decreasing rainfall as you ascend, generally
decreasing temperatures, and increased exposure of rock and resulting poorer soils.
The mountains are surrounded to the northwest and northeast by fertile plains at 2,500 m that are
heavily utilized for agriculture mainly wheat growing. This is succeeded by remnants of beautiful
juniper and Kosso (Hagenia abyssinica) forest -a belt that reaches up to about 3,300 m altitude,
which is the upper limit of the tree zone, apart from a few isolated trees in protected valleys. Above
the tree line the heather moorlands begin, reaching to about 3,600 m altitudes on gently sloping
ground, and as high as 3,800 m on steep rocky slopes. Above this are various forms of Afro-Alpine
moorland, dominated by different plants depending on slope, drainage and rodent activity. The tops
of most of the high peaks are either bare rocks, or exposed soil with very small hardy tussock
herbs or grasses. To the south, the land falls away far more, through rich and varied forest below
the heather, containing bamboo and giant Podocarpus trees, and finally giving way to dry short-
tree wooded grasslands at 1,600 m on the southern boundary of the Park.
The northern forests are open with little under-growth, and while dominated by Juniper and
Hagenia trees, also contain St John's Wort and bushes (Hypericum spp.) with large golden-yellow
flowers, Schefflera abyssinica and Rappanea simensis trees amongst others. The grassy forest
floor makes for easy walking and viewing of animals; the wonderful fruity smell of fallen Hagenia
leaves rising from your path. This large tree of the rose family, has separate male and female
trees; the female flowers contain anthelmintic, and are widely used in a decoction against the
tapeworm. Another member of the rose family - Rosa abyssinica is found here, with its beautiful
white flowers and delicate scent, the only indigenous African rose.
The southern forests, in contrast, are much denser with a greater variety of tree, shrub and herb
species. Juniper is not found on the south side, but the other species are. The trees are covered in
epiphytes and creepers, and in many cases rise to over thirty metres in height. Higher reaches of
the forests, near Katcha at 2,600 m, are interspersed with bamboo groves, and many wildflowers
beside the small rushing torrents. Early in the wet season, dense thickets of edible Rubus
steudneri in the blackberry family are in flower and fruit. Streamside beds of the white-flowered
Crinum ornatum with their heavy sweet scent also bloom at this time. Occasional grassy glades
occur mainly where drainage is poor and small swamps form along River and stream courses.
Vegetaion
Grassland has formed at the forest altitude near Dinsho and at Gaysay. This is partly due to the
action of man, but mainly at Gaysay through impeded drainage and marshy conditions. These
grasslands include large areas of the scrubby aromatic "sagebrush " plant (Artemesia afra) -a
staple foodplant of the Mountain Nyala, and the grey-green leaved "everlasting" flower
(Helichrysum splendidum), which produces papery bright yellow flowers early in the wet season at
this altitude. The heather zone is often burnt in an attempt by pastoralists to obtain more grassland.
As a result the size of the heather (mainly Erica arborea) varies greatly -from thirty centimetre
recent regrowth to five metre tall mature trees. Mature heather trunks and stems are usually lichen
and moss covered and the frequent mists also support a lush dense growth beneath them of
wildflowers and grasses.
The Afro-Alpine moorlands and meadows are mainly dominated by low (50 cm) scrubby vegetation
of either the "everlasting" flower genus (Helichrysum) or by Alchemilla johnstoni. Within and above
the heather zone, these plants may form a continuous dense ground cover, but with increasing
altitude they are reduced to tussocks with bare soil and grass clumps in between. Alchemilla
3. predominates in wetter situations along drainage lines, while various Helichrym species dominate
in flatter areas and at higher altitudes. There are more than ten different species of "everlasting"
flower in the mountains -so- called because their flowers are dry and papery and last for years
when picked. Flowers vary from the uncommon large red and white H. formosissimum, through
many small white-flowered species including the rounded rock-like spiny cushions of H. citris
pinum, to several yellow and brown-flowered species, including H. cymosum which is found at all
altitudes. Several other plant genera are represented by many species here, like the Helichrysums
-including many species of the small ground-covering Alchemillas.
A notable plant which occurs over a broad range of altitude is the "Red-hot poker" (Kniphofia spp.).
The tall spikes of red and yellow flowers can be seen as early as April on the Harenna escarpment,
and a few flowers persist till December. But the height of flowering is from June onwards when
dense masses can be seen. They are a favourite source of nectar for the brilliant irridescent
Tacazze Sunbird. In common with other high altitude areas of Eastern Africa, a few plants have
developed giant forms.
Lobelia rhynchopetalum is the most noticeable in the Bale Mountains. The plant consists of a
rosette of large shiny leaves on top of an unbranched stem that grows to about two metres. Out of
this is produced the flower spike of dark blue flowers, that can reach six metres above the ground
at high altitudes. These Giant Lobelias are mainly found on the Sanetti Plateau up to the top of
Tullu Deemtu and Mt. Batu. The silhouettes of the flower spikes typify the horizon everywhere at
higher altitudes. Once the plant has flowered it dies, leaving a tall hollow and dried-out stem,
covered in seed capsules containing millions of tiny yellow seeds. The species only produces short
plants (2 m) at lower altitudes such as Dinsho. Another giant but very spindly species - L.gibberroa,
occurs in the Harenna forest.
The meadows, stream banks, forest floor and grasslands of the Bale Mountains contain many
different wildflowers. Some are minute, others large and showy; some present nearly year-round,
others rarely seen. They are a further fascinating facet of this area, that contribute visually to your
enjoyment, and understanding of this wonderful, wild place.
Wildlife
The mountains are most famous as home and refuge of the endemic Mountain Nyala and Semien
Fox. Both these mammals occur in reasonable numbers, and visits to the Gaysay area, and the
Sanetti plateau will ensure you see both. The Mountain Nyala is a large antelope in the spiral-
horned antelope family. Males are a dark brown colour with a pair of gently spiraled horns with
white tips. They bear handsome white markings on the face, neck and legs, together with usually at
least one stripe and some white spots on each side. The hornless females are a lighter brown
colour, and typically have the same white markings as the males, though less often have stripes,
4. but normally have spots on the sides. Males can weigh as much as 280 kilos, stand one and a half
metres at the shoulder, and have a mane of long erectile hairs along the spine. Females weigh less
and have no mane.
Younger animals are lighter in colour, and young males bear tiny spike horns from about five
months of age, that go through various shapes as they develop. Both sexes have enormous ears.
Mountain Nyala are especially numerous in the Gaysay area, and occur in small scattered groups
else where in the Park at all altitudes. They are mainly browsers - feeding on bushes and herbs,
but also eat grass. Groups vary in size -from lone adult males, or a female with her offspring from
the last two years, to aggregations of over seventy animals. Males may be seen to make strange
slow, strutting displays at each other, or to dig the earth with their horns and twist branches
between them. Mountain Nyala only occur in Ethiopia, and only in the high mountains east of the
Rift Valley, between Harar in the North, Arsi, and Bale in the South.
Semien Fox
The Semien Fox -despite its name, is more common here in Bale than it is in Semyen. It is found
nowhere in between these two isolated mountain areas, and nowhere else in the world. The animal
is the size and colour of a European Red Fox, but with long legs, longer muzzle, and a striking
black and white tail. The male and female are similar in appearance. Semien Fox feed on rodents,
and as a result are mainly found at the higher altitudes where rodents abound. The Sanetti Plateau
is an especially good area to see them, but they do occur in higher parts of the mountains, as well
as down at Gaysay on rare occasions. They are usually seen hunting alone, but can be seen in
pairs, and after the breeding season as many as eight adults and cubs have been seen together.
The Semien Fox hunts their prey by standing still over the rodent holes, patiently listening, turning
their head and ears from side to side, and suddenly pouncing when a rat emerges. They will also
dig to reach rats on occasions. They give a high yelping bark. To keep contact with other foxes,
and when apprehensive about anything such as your close proximity. They are well camouflaged
amongst the lichen - covered rocks of the plateau and can be very hard to see, despite their
striking orange-red colour.
There are more than twenty other small to large-sized mammals to be seen in the Park. Some are
sighted only rarely or are known by the evidence they leave -such as droppings and footprints.
Menelik's Bushbuck is a form, or subspecies, of the one commonly found over most of Africa. It is
very different however, in that the adult male is a jet-black color, and both sexes are long-haired.
Bushbuck are the smallest of the Mountain Nyala family that also includes the Greater and Lesser
Kudu, Eland, Bongo and Sitatunga. Like these other animals, the bushbuck has spirally twisted
horns and spots and stripes on the coat. However, the horns -found in the male only - are relatively
short. They are relatively easy to see at Dinsho and Gaysay, and are especially plentiful in the
forest and heather of the Adelay ridge. They are not found on the high plateau however which is
largely devoid of vegetation cover, and have rarely been sighted at altitudes over 3,400 m.
After the Mountain Nyala, the next most common antelope is the Bohor Reedbuck. These medium-
sized straw-coloured antelope are found in large numbers in the flat grasslands and swamps round
Gaysay mountain. Males are easily recognized from their forward-pointing hooked horns.
Reedbuck are almost only found in the Gaysay and Adelay grasslands, there being no suitable
long-grass areas higher in the mountains. Grey Duiker are the smallest antelope in the Park. They
occur at Gaysay and in the valleys with sufficient vegetation cover up to about 3,700 m altitude.
They are usually seen alone, diving into cover. Only the males have the short straight horns.
5. Klipspringer are only found where there is suitable rocky habitat, mainly at higher elevations,
though a few are found on the very top of Gaysay mountain. They are especially common in the
Lava Flows area. Their unusual spiky fur and square hooves are adaptations to their agile
existence amongst the rocks and cliffs. They probably derive their Amharic name of "Saas" from
their strange sneezing alarm call. Warthog are reasonably common in the Gaysay grasslands and
forest patches and on Adelay ridge. Groups with large numbers of piglets are frequently seen in the
dry and early wet seasons. Warthog are not found at higher altitudes in the mountains. Bushpig
and Giant Forest Hog occur in the southern Harenna forest area, but are rarely seen.
The Rock Hyrax are found in the same cliff and rocky habitat as the Klipspringer in large numbers
at all altitudes. These small dark-coloured and tailless relatives of the elephant are very numerous
in some localities. They are extremely agile in leaping up and down rock crevices and their shrill
calls echo from the cliffs in the evenings and early mornings.
Rodents
Rats, mice, etc, are not usually considered "wildlife" by most visitors! However, in the Bale
Mountains they are an extremely important part of the ecosystem. This is because of the role that
several species play in modifying the soil and vegetation at the higher altitudes, and as the Semien
Fox's source of food. Most parts of the Sanetti Plateau look as though they have been ploughed
recently all the soil freshly turned and exposed, and tunnelled with numerous holes. This is entirely
the work of the hordes of rodents, several species of which are endemic to the Bale Mountains, or
the high mountain areas of Ethiopia. Their squeaks are heard easily as you pass through the area,
and numbers of them can be seen on sunny days rushing for their holes as you approach. Of
special interest is the Giant Molerat, a large species that feeds above ground in the daylight and
makes large craterlike depressions. It only partly emerges from these holes as it feeds the edges.
Later it blocks the entrance with soil and vegetation, and then digs to a new crater nearby to feed
there. These large numbers of rodents support not only the healthy Semien Fox population in the
high plateau area, but also numerous birds of prey, especially European migrants in the dry
season, that pass the European winter in the Bale Mountains.
Monkeys
Only three primate species have been found in the Bale Mountains National Park so far. The
Guereza, or black and white Colobus Monkey, is common wherever there is suitable forest habitat.
Several troops are on the flanks of Gaysay Mountain and the Adelay ridge, and they are very
common in the Harenna forest area. They are not found in the high mountain area however, since
this is above the forest zone. The Olive Baboon is also found in large numbers in the Harenna
forest, and troops also occur on Gaysay and Adelay. Surprisingly one troop exists in the high
mountain area in the Lava Flows at over 3,700 m altitude. The small Grivet Monkey is found only in
the Harenna forest at altitudes lower than 3,000 m. They are sometimes seen from the Goba to
Dolo Mena road as you drive through.
Carnivores
There are several other carnivores you are likely to see apart from the Semien Fox in the Bale
Mountains National Park.
6. The Gaysay grasslands and Dinsho Hill are good places to see the beautiful Serval Cat. These
small, spotted, long-Iegged and short-tailed cats hunt alone in long grass, depending on rats and
small birds as food. Also at Gaysay you often see the long, lithe shape of the Egyptian mongoose.
They occur in small family parties of up to four or five animals, and like to use the vehicle tracks as
pathways. A close relative -the White-tailed Mongoose -is nocturnal and may appear in your car
headlights when driving at night.
Spotted Hyena are found at all altitudes in the Park, but in low numbers, and are rarely seen by
day except in the early morning. Their calls punctuate the night near most villages.
The Golden Jackal however though usually nocturnal, has often been seen by day in the Gaysay
and Dinsho areas. Other carnivores that are rarely seen but are known to exist in the area are
Leopard, Lion, Civet and the little striped Zorilla.
Birdlife
The Bale Mountains possess many habitats rich in birds, particularly the Harenna Forest which has
been little studied. More than one hundred and sixty species of birds are known from the Park
area, but their number is certain to be added to considerably in the future. Since the Bale
Mountains are isolated from other similar habitats in Africa by low and dry areas, many endemic
species are found. At least twenty-three species of birds are known to be endemic to Ethiopia. No
less than fourteen of these species are known to occur in the Bale Mountains National Park area,
and several are easily seen every day.
Amongst the endemics, the more commonly seen only are mentioned here. The Blue-winged
Goose and Rouget's Rail are found near any water be it stream or high mountain lake, at all
altitudes. The noisy Wattled Ibis occurs in most muddy places busily probing for food with its long
curved bill. Large numbers roost on high, cliffs in the mountains every night. The beautiful Spot-
breasted Plover is found in large numbers in the wet season on the Sanetti Plateau, and large
flocks of the White-collared Pigeon feed on the ground here at the same period. The weird-Iooking
Thick-billed Raven is a denizen of most villages, and usually finds your camp at any altitude. The
colourful little green and red Black-winged Love-birds are seen in large numbers in the forest
areas, while the larger Yellow-fronted Parrot is less often seen in the same habitat. The strident
ringing calls of the shy Abyssinian Catbird betray its presence in forest. Close observation in the
Gaysay grasslands and beside the main road will reveal the Abyssinian Long claw -a drab little
bird, but with a smart yellow bib. The high plateau is characterized by large flocks of the little black
and yellow Black-headed Siskin.
The Bale Mountains, rich in streams and little Alpine lakes, provide food and security for unusual
water birds such as the Ruddy Shelduck and the tall elegant Wattled Crane. Many European ducks
and waders pass the dry season in the mountains, before returning to Europe, as do several birds
of prey such as the Steppe Eagle and Kestrel. Probably the most common and friendly bird at all
altitudes is the little drab but cheery Mountain Chat - puffed up like a round feathered ball in the icy
dawn, hopping from tussock to tussock as he investigates you. One of the largest and most
spectacular birds is the Lammergeier also called the Bearded Vulture or Bone-breaker. This
enormous bird with its over-two-metre wingspan is often seen soaring alone over suitably high cliffs
and rock outcrops, while splintered bone fragments, even on the top of Tullu Deemtu and Mt. Batu
7. tell of its presence. Wherever you go in Bale there are birds to watch, and generally unusual ones
to add considerably to your experience of this wonderful area.
Park Attraction
Driving The Park is mainly a walking area since it is a mountainous and fragile environment. There
are few roads, and these require four-wheel-drive vehicles.
Gaysay
This area derives its name from the little Gaysay River that flows into the Web near Dinsho. It
consists of Boditi peak at the southern end of the Lajo Spur, and the flatlands each side of the
Gaysay River at the mountain's base. The main road crosses part of the Gaysay area, just before
reaching Dinsho. The entrance gate lies beside (north of) the main road seven kilometers before
the village, coming from Shashamenne. A small track from the gate leads you across the Gaysay
River and then divides at the base of the mountain. The eastern arm affords good views of the
plains west of the Web River and goes for four kilometres to the northern boundary fence at the
small Albabo stream. Colobus monkey are often seen in the Hagenia forest before the first stream
crossing. There is a small photographic hide that is ten minutes walk up the first stream through
lovely Hagenia trees. The left fork of the track goes for three kilometres to the northern boundary
fence around the west flank of Boditi. There are good views of the Gaysay valley and its associated
marshes brimming with reedbuck. Fine views can be had to the north of the Gaysay valley and
Lajo Spur.
The Gaysay area guarantees every visitor views of the endemic Mountain Nyala in considerable
numbers. As many as 400 have been seen here in a single afternoon. In addition there are
numerous Grey Duiker, Warthog and the Menelik's race of Bushbuck with beautiful jet-black males.
Colobus and Baboon are sometimes seen here and the beautiful Serval Cat is often surprised
hunting in the long grass. On very rare occasions Leopard are sighted, and sometimes a pair of the
endemic Semien Fox. Birds abound, especially in the forested parts, and are usually heard if not
seen.
Gaysay provides a good morning's or afternoon's wildlife watching and should on no account be
missed by any visitor to the Bale Mountains.
Sanetti Plateau
The spectacular road from Goba south to Dolo-Mena crosses the eastern part of the Bale
Mountains National Park and the Sanetti Plateau. This, the highest all-weather road in Africa,
crosses the 4,000 m contour, and some of the loveliest mountain scenery in Africa that can be
viewed from the comfort of your vehicle.
The road climbs up from Goba through beautiful Juniper and Hagenia forest. The road is lined with
the orange-blossomed Leonotis, and in the wet season the "Red Hot Poker" (Kniphofia} is
blooming beneath the trees and attracting the brilliant iridescent Tacazze and Malachite Sunbirds.
This forest gives way to giant St John's Wort (Hypericum revolutum} woods at 3,300 m altitude.
This narrow zone is soon succeeded by heather (Erica} moorlands at 3,400 m and you are out of
the forest and into the open in the mountains proper. Vistas open to the strange pinnacles of
Chorchora peak on the left -one of the Park boundary markers, and across the sheer-sided Tegona
River gorge to the right.
Another steep zigzag climb across slopes covered in heather bushes and Alchemilla johnstoni
scrub, and you enter the Plateau proper, through the portals of the weird five-metre tall flower
columns of giant Lobelia rynchopetalum plants. Here the plateau is studded with numerous shallow
alpine lakes, with views to the steep-sided volcanic plug of Konteh Tullu in the south, and the long
craggy ridges of Mt. Batu (4,203 m) in the west.
The road continues climbing gently, part Crane lakes at the base of Konteh. This is the centre of
the best area for seeing Semien Fox, and on rare occasions small groups of Mountain Nyala. Here,
you are at over 4,000 m above sea level, and in pure, clear cool mountain air with views in all
directions on a clear day. These views are heightened by the steep climb to the top of Konteh
(4,132 m), or the longer (one and a half hour) climb to the top of domed Tullu Deemtu (the "red
mountain" in Oromo) to the west of the road soon after. This is the second highest mountain in
8. Ethiopia at 4,377 m above sea level.
The road then skirts the base of Tullu Deemtu, and continues south to the edge of the Harenna
escarpment, forty kilometres from Goba. Here, on a clear day, the view is open right out over the
southern lowlands. The road descends the escarpment through a series of spectacular hairpin
bends. The initial heather scrub gives way after a few kilometres to Hagenia, heather and St John's
Wort forest, and later merges into lush Podocarpus forest; enormous trees covered in epiphytes
mosses, ferns and "Old Man's Beard" lichens. This continues down the small escarpment of Rira,
where looking back you see the tall rock towers of Gujurule, their tops often shrouded in cloud and
mist. Round their base is glorious mixed forest with bamboo and many clear sparkling streams that
are the source of the Shawe River. Later the road crosses the main Shawe River, passing through
tall mature Podo forest with its towering trees, until it suddenly ends almost 100 kilometres from
Goba.
The Park boundary is shortly before this as you cross the Shisha -a small tributary of the Yadot
River. The forest gives way abruptly to dry, lowland wooded grasslands at about 1,600 m altitude,
and about ten kilometres later the little village of Dolo-Mena is reached. Here on a market day you
will be treated to the surprising sight of camels, so soon after leaving the Alpine conditions of over
4,000 m altitude.
Dolo-Mena
The village is 110 kilometres from Goba, but a reasonable undertaking for a day's drive is from
Goba to the southern edge of the plateau, with maybe a descent of the escarpment into the forest
below, followed by the return to Goba. A good campsite exists at Katcha, after Rira on the left of
the road, along a track to a road quarry. This is a good base for walking in the bamboo forest, and,
for the more energetic, exploring the Gujurule volcanic plugs.
Simbirro Track
This is a rough (four-wheel-drive only) eleven kilometers track leading from the Park Headquarters
compound, south into the Park area. This track crosses the interesting natural bridge over the
Danka River where hyrax can be seen. It then runs beneath cliffs through heather to the edge of
the gorge of the Web River. It ends in a broad flat valley, from where it is an easy forty minute walk
to the beautiful Finch'Abera waterfall, where the Web and Wolla Rivers join. If you are lucky you
may see Semien Fox in the area at the end of the track. Arrangements can be made to meet your
horses at this point for more ambitious treks into the main peak area of the Park.
Walking
Bale Mountains National Park is essentially a walking area. Horse treks of several days duration
into the main peak area with pack and riding horses and accompanied by a guide, can be arranged
through the Park authorities in Dinsho. In addition, shorter walks can be accomplished in the
Dinsho area, or from anywhere along the roads and tracks mentioned above.
At Dinsho Headquarters a one kilometre Nature Trail has been designed up Dinsho Hill. This gives
a brief introduction to the plants and animals of the area, and the location of the main Park. There
is the added opportunity of seeing Mountain Nyala at close quarters on foot, in the Sanctuary
afforded by the fence around the compound. From the top of the hill (3,240 m) good views on a
clear day in all directions help in understanding the layout of the Park.
Walking on Gaysay hill is rewarding in terms of the views and the chances of seeing wildlife at
close quarters. The physically fit will find the steep climb to the Boditi summit (3,520 m) worthwhile
for a spectacular view of the Gaysay River flats and south into the main Park area.
A very enjoyable day-Iong walk can be had from Dinsho, up the Web valley to Gasuray peak
(3,325 m). The steep Climb to the summit is through beautiful mature Hagenia and juniper forest,
and into heather at the top. A traverse of the uplands to the north along the connecting spur to the
Adelay ridge leads you through beautiful heather and grass glades with the strange grey tussocks
of Helichrysum citrispinum -one of the "everlasting flowers". Mountain nyala, Klipspringer. Menelik's
Bushbuck and Warthog are commonly encountered here. A steep descent off the northeast corner
of Adelay brings you back down to the main road and Dinsho village.
9. The Sanetti Plateau is crowned by several peaks that add a good walk to the drive over it. Konteh
Tullu - the striking volcanic plug east of the road on the plateau, may look formidable, but twenty
minutes of steep scrambling from its base gives you magnificent views from the top (4, 132 m) in
all directions. Tullu Deemtu is the second highest mountain in Ethiopia at 4,377 m, and the highest
point in the Bale Mountains. Starting from the main road at its base it takes one and a half to two
hours to climb the slopes and reach the summit - a rounded ridge hidden from the aspect of your
starting point. Hares and rodents abound up here, despite the sparse vegetation cover. Mountain
Nyala are often seen below the summit to the south where there is a small water seepage point
and grove of Giant Lobelia plants. Wide views can be had all around, but especially to the main
plateau with its lakes and lava flows to the west, and to Mt. Batu a short distance north.
Mount Batu
Is a longer walking prospect, but can be done in a long day from the plateau road. The mountain is
a long horseshoe-shaped ridge at the head of the great Shiya and Tegona River gorges. It is very
craggy and more rugged than Tullu Deemtu in appearance, and seemingly more mountainous, for
all that it is a few metres lower. Leopard has been sighted near the top, as have Klipspringer and
Mountain Nyala, while montane birds such as the chough and lammergeier soar effortlessly over
as you climb up the mountain's flanks. It is strongly recommended that a guide be taken for the
climb up Mt. Batu.
Horse trekking
Short riding trips can be arranged in the Dinsho area, but it is far more worthwhile to set aside at
least four full days to enjoy a horse trip to the full. Arrangements are best made beforehand by
letter or phone, but horses can be organized for a morning departure if requested the afternoon
before. Various routes can be followed, and it is best to take the advice of your local guide from
Dinsho.
Other Attractions
Sof Omar Caves
The fantastic limestone caves of Sof Omar make a day's outing from Dinsho, Robe or Goba. The
road leaves Robe town, crossing the farming areas to the east, before descending into the
lowlands. Here the vegetation is very different being dry lowland with wooded grasslands. The
caves lie at 1,300 m above sea level. This is in marked contrast to what you will experience in the
Bale Mountains at up to 4,000 m. Very different animals occur along the way as well, most
noticeably the Greater and Lesser Kudu - both relatives of the Mountain Nyala, and the tiny dik dik
antelope. The caves themselves carry the whole flow of the Web River that rises in the Bale
Mountains, underground through wonderfully carved caverns for a distance of one and a half
kilometres. There are over fifteen kilometres of associated passages, which require skill, time and
special equipment for a full exploration. However, a friendly local guide will show you enough to
take your breath away and make the trip worthwhile, for an hour or for as long as you care to
spend. A cool dip in the clear River afterwards refreshes you for the return drive. Full details of the
caves are provided in the booklet, "The Caves of Sof Omar" obtainable from the Ethiopian Tourism
Commission.
Fishing
Nine Rivers and streams between Adaba and Goba were stocked with trout in the early 1970' s.
These have thrived and are now available for sport fishing. Information, guides and permits can be
obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture offices in Adaba, Dinsho and Goba.Brown Trout can be
fished on a short stretch of the Web River near Dinsho, while all the other Rivers are stocked with
Rainbow. Anglers have to provide all their own equipment. Fishing conditions are varied -
cascading waterfalls, deep still pools, or the tiny narrow and clear Danka stream. Good exercise,
beautiful scenery, peaceful surroundings, are all combined in the one activity.
Access
Dinsho -the Park Headquarters, Robe and Goba can all be reached in a long day's drive from
10. Addis Ababa. There are two routes -either along the Rift Valley south to Shashamenne, or through
Asella. The route via Shashamenne has more tarmac, and provides the added attractions of the
Rift Valley Lakes National Park - Abiatta and Shala lakes, and the Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest
Sanctuary, as well as the opportunity for an overnight stop at Lake Langano Resort.
From Shashamenne you take the road east onto the wheat-growing plateau, before climbing up
into the mountains from Adaba through the beautiful Zuten Melka Gorge.
The Asella route takes you south from Nazaret across the Awash River and along the eastern wall
of the Rift Valley, below the Arsi Mountains, which are to the east. Once over the pass between
Mts. Kakka and Nkolo, you descend to cross the Wabe Shebele River, before reaching Dodola and
joining the route into the mountains from Shashamenne.
Equipments
Warm clothing is a must at any time of the year, and waterproof clothing essential between March
and November, and advisable at all times. Visitors who are intending to do some walking will need
sturdy shoes or boots. It must be remembered that the sun at high altitudes burns the skin easily.
Hats, dark glasses and sunscreen lotions are therefore strongly recommended. Those visitors
spending nights on the trail need warm sleeping bags and light tents and camping equipment.
These can be provided by NTO for those trips arranged through them. Useful companions on a trip
to the Bale Mountains National Park are "Endemic Mammals of Ethiopia", "Ethiopia's Endemic
Birds" and the "Caves of Sof Omar" which are all published by ETC and available from NTO and
bookshops in Addis. Also very useful is "Some Wild Flowering Plants of Ethiopia" by Sue Edwards.
Permits
Travel permits must be obtained in Addis Ababa. They are currently $8 for 48 hours. These are
arranged by NTO for their clients, but otherwise must be obtained by individuals themselves. Daily
tickets for the Park are obtained and paid for at the Park Headquarters in Dinsho. Fishermen will
also need a fishing permit, which is obtained from the Fisheries Department in Addis Ababa, or
from Ministry of Agriculture offices in Addis Ababa, Dinsho or Goba.
Accommodation
Accommodation is not yet available in the Park area. The new Ras Hotel at Goba provides good
accommodation fifty kilometres from Park Headquarters at Dinsho, and is at the base of the road
leading to the Sanetti plateau and the east and Southern parts of the Park. The Bekelle Mola Hotel
at Robe, (15 km north of Goba) provides motel type accommodation, forty kilometres from Dinsho
on the way to Goba. Under certain circumstances camping may be allowed at the Park
Headquarters. Obviously camping is allowed in the main part of the Park when visitors are horse
trekking.
Contact Address
Tel. +251973053343/+251929079117
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Email:- contact@bobatour.com