Waterfall Karo Halı - Anıl Zemin MarketBurak Yıldız
Waterfall karo halı koleksiyonundaki; eksiksiz geçiş sağlayan desenler griden tam renge doğru, pürüzsüz bir solma etkisi yaratır. Benzersiz, geçişli zemin tasarım ve desenleri elde etmek için, 6 (altı) koleksiyon serisinden oluşan, doğal renkleri zeminlere yansıtan Waterfall Karo Halı koleksiyonumuzu tercih edebilirsiniz.
Voxflor karo halı koleksiyonunun ‘Waterfall’ serisi, neon renklerin 4 farklı kademeye bağlı geçişli renk desenlerinin oluşturduğu bu seri, yenilikçi ve kreatif zemin tasarımları için kullanılmaktadır.
Particle Size Analysis for Pharmaceutical Homogenization Process DevelopmentHORIBA Particle
Guest speaker Dr. Daniel Huang of Novartis joins HORIBA Scientific (http://www.horiba.com/particle) to speak about homogenization process development.
High-pressure homogenization has been used to prepare emulsions in a broad range of industries. Particle size distribution and emulsion stability are two key properties of the system essential to a successful downstream application. In this study, Daniel and his colleagues have investigated the effects of process conditions on droplet size and coalescence rate of the emulsion systems.
Waterfall Karo Halı - Anıl Zemin MarketBurak Yıldız
Waterfall karo halı koleksiyonundaki; eksiksiz geçiş sağlayan desenler griden tam renge doğru, pürüzsüz bir solma etkisi yaratır. Benzersiz, geçişli zemin tasarım ve desenleri elde etmek için, 6 (altı) koleksiyon serisinden oluşan, doğal renkleri zeminlere yansıtan Waterfall Karo Halı koleksiyonumuzu tercih edebilirsiniz.
Voxflor karo halı koleksiyonunun ‘Waterfall’ serisi, neon renklerin 4 farklı kademeye bağlı geçişli renk desenlerinin oluşturduğu bu seri, yenilikçi ve kreatif zemin tasarımları için kullanılmaktadır.
Particle Size Analysis for Pharmaceutical Homogenization Process DevelopmentHORIBA Particle
Guest speaker Dr. Daniel Huang of Novartis joins HORIBA Scientific (http://www.horiba.com/particle) to speak about homogenization process development.
High-pressure homogenization has been used to prepare emulsions in a broad range of industries. Particle size distribution and emulsion stability are two key properties of the system essential to a successful downstream application. In this study, Daniel and his colleagues have investigated the effects of process conditions on droplet size and coalescence rate of the emulsion systems.
Selection Of Column For Gas Chromatography Zohaib HUSSAIN
Selection of the proper column for the particular separation is an important step in GC. The two
types of columns used in GC are packed columns and capillary columns. Packed columns
discover first but now a days capillary column are used. Packed columns are use when we do not
require high resolution or when increased capacity is needed. Capillary column provides high
resolution and increased capacity. Column along with efficient detection system provides great
sensitivity to GC
Fiber Analyzer LFBA-A10 is designed with hidden solution, advance barrel pull structure to facilitates dosing operation, provide flexible, and safe fiber analysis. Advanced integrated infrared heating technology offers fast uniform heating of the crucible, more consistent sample extraction, higher extraction recovery, improved accurate test results. The crucible recoil function designed to prevent sample in the crucible cannot caking filtration. It can analyse crude fiber and Van Soest analysis to wash the fiber.
This presentation discusses the history of size exclusion chromatography from gel permeation to modern day columns, and introduces the next evolution in polymer chromatography, the ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography system.
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress. In everyday terms (for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity.
Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. For example, high-viscosity magma will create a tall, steep stratovolcano, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity lava will create a wide, shallow-sloped shield volcano.
The less viscous something is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity). All real fluids (except superfluids) have some resistance to stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.
The study of viscosity is known as rheology.
Mastering the Processing Methods of Engineered ParticlesHORIBA Particle
This webinar will explain the development process for particles with specific attributes that can cause problems during production. Three case studies will be discussed: Engineered particles that protect omega-3 oil from oxidation using special microencapsulation methods; modified cellulose fibers with high water holding capacity; and engineered particles produced by melt atomization processes with unique attributes. The talk will focus on alternative processing methods, the importance of understanding the materials being used, and what can happen when you do not understand the functional properties that you are designing for.
View recorded webinars:
http://bit.ly/particlewebinars
Chemical studies on Faecal Coliforms (E. Coli) present in ground water sample...iosrjce
The present study carried out in Sidhi city of Madhya Pradesh to test the presence of Faecal
Coliforms (E. Coli) in ground water samples using H2S bottles. The study was carried out in May 2014 and 40
samples were collected from various locations within city. The testing of the samples indicated the
contaminations of ground water by Faecal Coliforms in high depth and shallow depth hand-pumps. It was found
that most of the samples taken form hand pumps located near the water logged area showed the present of
Faecal Coliforms (E. Coli). The measure for strict quality assurance in the installation and operation of handpumps
and water quality surveillance by local body and government agencies with the involvement of
community participation has been suggested.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
a simple description of what a paragraph is, its features, and some guidelines on writing paragraphs.
useful to teach students of any age group the art of writing paragraphs.
Analysis of Cations in Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water from the Marcellus Shale Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the determination of cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback water using ion chromatography. In this work, sodium was most abundant, followed by calcium, strontium, magnesium, potassium, barium, ammonium, and then lithium, respectively. The quantity of scale-forming ions, such as calcium, strontium, and barium, is particularly informative because it can be used to determine the amount of anti-scaling agent in fracturing fluid mix that will maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
Selection Of Column For Gas Chromatography Zohaib HUSSAIN
Selection of the proper column for the particular separation is an important step in GC. The two
types of columns used in GC are packed columns and capillary columns. Packed columns
discover first but now a days capillary column are used. Packed columns are use when we do not
require high resolution or when increased capacity is needed. Capillary column provides high
resolution and increased capacity. Column along with efficient detection system provides great
sensitivity to GC
Fiber Analyzer LFBA-A10 is designed with hidden solution, advance barrel pull structure to facilitates dosing operation, provide flexible, and safe fiber analysis. Advanced integrated infrared heating technology offers fast uniform heating of the crucible, more consistent sample extraction, higher extraction recovery, improved accurate test results. The crucible recoil function designed to prevent sample in the crucible cannot caking filtration. It can analyse crude fiber and Van Soest analysis to wash the fiber.
This presentation discusses the history of size exclusion chromatography from gel permeation to modern day columns, and introduces the next evolution in polymer chromatography, the ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography system.
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress. In everyday terms (for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity.
Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. For example, high-viscosity magma will create a tall, steep stratovolcano, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity lava will create a wide, shallow-sloped shield volcano.
The less viscous something is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity). All real fluids (except superfluids) have some resistance to stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.
The study of viscosity is known as rheology.
Mastering the Processing Methods of Engineered ParticlesHORIBA Particle
This webinar will explain the development process for particles with specific attributes that can cause problems during production. Three case studies will be discussed: Engineered particles that protect omega-3 oil from oxidation using special microencapsulation methods; modified cellulose fibers with high water holding capacity; and engineered particles produced by melt atomization processes with unique attributes. The talk will focus on alternative processing methods, the importance of understanding the materials being used, and what can happen when you do not understand the functional properties that you are designing for.
View recorded webinars:
http://bit.ly/particlewebinars
Chemical studies on Faecal Coliforms (E. Coli) present in ground water sample...iosrjce
The present study carried out in Sidhi city of Madhya Pradesh to test the presence of Faecal
Coliforms (E. Coli) in ground water samples using H2S bottles. The study was carried out in May 2014 and 40
samples were collected from various locations within city. The testing of the samples indicated the
contaminations of ground water by Faecal Coliforms in high depth and shallow depth hand-pumps. It was found
that most of the samples taken form hand pumps located near the water logged area showed the present of
Faecal Coliforms (E. Coli). The measure for strict quality assurance in the installation and operation of handpumps
and water quality surveillance by local body and government agencies with the involvement of
community participation has been suggested.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
a simple description of what a paragraph is, its features, and some guidelines on writing paragraphs.
useful to teach students of any age group the art of writing paragraphs.
Analysis of Cations in Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water from the Marcellus Shale Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the determination of cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback water using ion chromatography. In this work, sodium was most abundant, followed by calcium, strontium, magnesium, potassium, barium, ammonium, and then lithium, respectively. The quantity of scale-forming ions, such as calcium, strontium, and barium, is particularly informative because it can be used to determine the amount of anti-scaling agent in fracturing fluid mix that will maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
Silica Gel Column chromatography is used for separating and purifying the liquids and solid compounds. It is an effective chromatography technique in which stationary phase adsorbs the unwanted compounds and other impurities using silica gel and activated aluminum oxide powder as powerful adsorbents.
URL:- http://column-chromatography.com/silica-gel-column-chromatography/
Effluent Treatment Plant, Reverse Osmosis System, Sewage Treatment Plant, Water Softening Plant, Swimming Pool Filter
We Netsol Water Solutions Private Limited are one of the leading and reliable manufacturer, supplier and exporter of a wide range of best quality Water Treatment Solutions. The offered range has been availed to the customers at the most comprehensive and market leading price range. We have manufactured this range from the usage of best quality raw material procured from reliable vending sources. In our extensive range we are availing products such as RO Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Air Pollution Control System, Water Treatment Plant WTP Manufacturer, Swimming Pool Filter, Swimming Pool Builder and much more.
Our expert professionals have fabricated this range in complete compliance with the industrial standards. We have also installed and made use of highly advanced technicalities and machines for the making of these machines and components. Offering complete purification of water, the systems are available for various processes be it industrial or domestic. At our infrastructure we have installed the best of facilities. We assure complete quality from our side as we put up our products to stringent quality testing.
Scale Stopper - Saltless Water "Softener" & Chlorine Removal SystemsClean Water Systems
- Treats up to 12 GPM, 16 GPM, 20 GPM, and 30 GPM of service flow
- Green Alternative to Conventional Water Softening: no salt added and no waste water generated
- Unlike regular water softeners no sodium is added to the water.
- When the inlet water goes into the water conditioner tank, the Scale Stopper media acts as a catalyst and pulls the hardness minerals of calcium and magnesium out of the solution and transforms these minerals into inactive Nano crystal particles.
- Because the hardness minerals have been transformed into Nano particles, Nanoscopic particles make their way through plumbing systems without attaching to pipes, fixtures, valves, or heating elements.
Read more: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?
Similar to Development of highly stable solid phase reagent strips for the detection of Magnesium Hardness using eXact® Micro photometers (20)
2014 International Pool and Spa Tradeshow kickoff presentation by ITS Marketing Manager Mike McBride on incorporating Twitter as a tool to market your organization.
W.A.H.C 2014 The Future of Water Testing is DigitalITS (Sensafe)
Handheld photometers are replacing expensive lab equipment and matching drops to test pool water quality. This presentation is an overview of testing procedures used in the pool industry.
Product presentation at the WQA 2012 show about Sensafe™ Water Metals Check. Sensafe™ Water Metals Check visual test strips are a fast, easy, accurate and inexpensive way to determine if metals are in drinking water. This patented test incorporates a unique aperture (window) indicator that develops red in the presence of +2 metals. The technology eliminates color “bleeding” and gives better results with greater sensitivity. These strips are safe and easy to use with a built in noncarcinogenic pad indicator.
An 2012 overview of our Arsenic Quick, recognized throughout the world as premium inorganic arsenic field test kits. Designed using cutting-edge chemistry, our kits report results in as few as 14 minutes and detect from 0.3 ppb. All Arsenic Quick™ kits detect below the MCL limits of inorganic arsenic concentrations in drinking water set by the EPA of 10 ppb (parts per billion) and the FDA limit in bottled water of 5 ppb. Our patented test kits are used by various world relief organizations. Performance and accuracy of these kits have been verified by the USEPA through the ETV program and require no technical training or equipment.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Development of highly stable solid phase reagent strips for the detection of Magnesium Hardness using eXact® Micro photometers
1. Development of highly stable
solid phase reagent strips for
the detection of Magnesium
Hardness using eXact®
Micro photometers
ByBy
Balaji Tatineni, Ph.DBalaji Tatineni, Ph.D
PITTCON-2014,PITTCON-2014, Abstract # 760 - 5Abstract # 760 - 5
March 03, 2014, 03:05 PMMarch 03, 2014, 03:05 PM
Room S502aRoom S502a
2. • Water hardness is caused by
the presence of salts
dissolved in water, primarily
Calcium and Magnesium.
• It causes the formation of
scale during water boiling
and bad soap foaming.
• These species also account
for inorganic scaling and
fouling of water samples.
What causes water
hardness?
3. • Carbonate hardness – called temporary
hardness caused by the presence of
carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides
of Calcium and Magnesium.
• Non carbonate hardness – caused by the
presence of Ca2+
, Mg2+
and other cations
like: Al3+
, Fe2+
, Fe2+
, Cu2+
and anions such as
Cl-
, SO4
2-
, NO3
-
. These ions do not
decompose and do not precipitate during
water boiling.
• General hardness – is a combination of
Calcium, Magnesium and other ions.
How can we divide water
hardness?
4. Types of water hardness
Temporary hardness (Alkaline Hardness):
• Caused by the presence of bicarbonates,
carbonates and hydroxides of Calcium and
Magnesium.
Permanent hardness (Non Alkaline Hardness):
• Caused by the presence of sulfates,
chlorides and nitrates of Calcium and
Magnesium.
5. Benefits of hard water
• Good for health.
• Calcium good for
healthy bones and
teeth.
• Magnesium good for
effective metabolism.
• Reduces prevalence
of heart diseases and
hypertension.
6. What are the disadvantages of hard
water?
Domestic:
• Affects cleaning ability of soap.
• Consumes large amount of soap and
detergent for washing.
• Short life of cloths due to deposition of salts in
fabrics.
• Decreased life of cisterns and pipes.
Industrial:
• Causes "Scaling" inside the transport water
pipes.
• Hard water in turbines and heat exchanger
pipes will be corroded.
• Disturbance of dying process.
Health:
• Lead to stomach disorders. Especially
Magnesium Sulphate can weaken the
stomach permanently.
• Discoloration of foods.
7. Removal of Hardness
Temporary Hardness:
• Boiling
• Addition of lime
Permanent Hardness:
• Addition of lime
• Addition of Sodium Carbonate
• Base exchange method / Permutit process
8. The scale of water
hardness
Classification mg / L Grains per Gallon
Soft <17.1 <1
Slightly Hard 17.1-60 1-3.5
Moderately Hard 60-120 3.5-7
Hard 120-180 7-10.5
Very Hard >180 >10.5
9. Testing for Hardness
Public water supplies
• Operator needs to provide annual water
quality reports, called as consumer
confidence reports.
Private water supplies
• Suppliers has to test the water hardness
using government or private labs or test
kits or strips or using portable
photometers.
10. COLORIMETRIC TESTS
Four basic photometric
methods used:
1) Digital Photometer &
Reagent: liquid, powder,
tablet and reagent strip
2) Colorimetric titration:
(counting drops and digital
titration)
3) Comparator color test that
uses a reagent: liquid,
powder, tablet, or reagent
strip (test tube and
comparator color chart)
4) Test strips
12. About Photometry
• Analytical Chemists use photometry because the tests are
uncomplicated and give accurate results.
• Photometry has been used for analysis of various
parameters such as hardness, Iron, and Chlorine. For field
analysis, a visual photometer was developed commercially.
• Since the 1930’s, when Electronic Photometers or
Photometers were introduced, a variety of improvements
make them a convenient tool for today’s water analysis.
13. Typical Photometric Method
• Typical Supplies:
• photometer and cover
• Two glass photocells /
caps
• Reagents (powder,
liquids or tablets)
• Wipes
• Sampling Beaker
14. Photometer Changes
• Software allows the meter to read the optical density (OD) and
to convert the OD as ppm or mg/L of reactant.
•Long Life LED’s - replace filament lamps - increases reliability.
•Solid state light sensors - replace light detectors - increases
accuracy.
•Battery operation allows portable field meters.
•Waterproofing extends the life expectancy from months to
years.
•Digital display makes results easier to read.
•Plastic cells replace glass cells to reduce breakage.
•Matched cells are eliminated by modifying the test procedure.
• Micro electronics reduce price (below $300), reduce size and
increase sophistication.
•Stable and convenient reagent delivery methods improve
accuracy and reliability.
15. • A new development
in colorimetric testing
with the use of a
waterproof
Photometer with a 4
ml “cell” or cuvette
permanently fixed or
welded into the
meter.
New Colorimetric Test
16. • In addition, the colorimetric reagents
delivered by a reagent strip (eXact Strip)
into the “cell”. This development is available
for field testing for oxidizing agents like Free
Chlorine (OCl) and for metals like Iron
(Total) and Hardness (as CaCO3).
•Today I’ll present the development for
Magnesium Hardness testing with the Micro
20 meter.
New Colorimetric Test
17. Chemistry
• Chemistry is reaction of Phthalein purple with
Magnesium in the presence of buffer and
masking agents.
• Optimized the concentration of Phthalein
purple, buffer reagents and masking agent.
• Optimized concentration of reagent were
made in the form of reagent strip using our
patented reagent strip technology.
18. New Colorimetric Test
• The strip demonstrates high precision and
accuracy, and a long shelf life.
• The developed strips are used for real
time analysis in our eXact® Micro
photometers.
• No separate sample cell is required.
• The reaction time is immediate.
20. Once the parameter is selected, rinse
the cell with the test sample for three
times and fill the cell with the test sample.
21. Press the ON/ZERO button to ZERO meter
and take the strip from the bottle.
22. Insert reagent strip into cell and press READ.
Meter begins 20-second countdown and during
countdown, move strip back & forth to release the
reagent from the strip.
23. Remove and discard strip. Meter automatically
reads result and stores in memory. Rinse the
meter thoroughly with the test sample.
24. Absorbance spectra of Phthalein Purple with various
concentrations of Magnesium
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660
0 ppm
50 ppm
100 ppm
200 ppm
300 ppm
400 ppm
500 ppm
600 ppm
700 ppm
Wavelength, nm
A
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
25. Calibration graph with varying concentrations of Magnesium
y = 0.0017x
R2
= 0.9866
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Mg Concentration, ppm
A
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
26. Conclusions
• Can measure the Magnesium hardness in
various samples from the range 1 to 700 ppm of
Mg as CaCO3. Calculated detection limit is 3.58
ppm.
• Applicability of the strips for various kinds of
water samples such as sea, aquarium, drinking,
coolant, tap and waste water samples were
studied.
• Most of the ions are not interfered in the
detection.
• Demonstrates high precision, accuracy and
selectivity, and a long shelf life.
• No separate sample cell required.
27. Questions?
Dr. Balaji Tatineni – Principal Scientist
btatineni@sensafe.com www.sensafe.com
DOWNLOAD THIS PRESENTATION: http://www.slideshare.net/sensafe
The authors would like to express our thanks to Mr. Howard Ray,
Mr. James Rapley, Mrs. Corlyss Lewis and Ms. Ashley Calhoun
for their help during the various stages of this work.