Bacteriophages come in different sizes and shapes but most of them have the same basic features: a head or capsid and a tail. A bacteriophage’s head structure, regardless of its size or shape, is made up of one or more proteins which protectively coats the nucleic acid. Though there are some phages that don’t have a tail, most of them do have one attached to its head structure.
How Bacteriophages Work
n oder to infect a host cell, the bacteriophage attaches itself to the bacteria’s cell wall, specifically on a receptor found on the bacteria’s surface. Once it becomes tightly bound to the cell, the bacterial virus injects its genetic material (its nucleic acid) into the host cell. Depending on the type of phage, one of two cycles will occur – the lytic or the lysogenic cycle. During a lytic cycle, the phage will make use of the host cell’s chemical energy as well as its biosynthetic machinery in order to produce phage nucleic acids (phage DNA and phage mRNA) and phage proteins. Once the production phase is finished, the phage nucleic acids and structural proteins are then assembled. After a while, certain proteins produced within the cell will cause the cell wall to lyse, allowing the assembled phages within to be released and to infect other bacterial cells.
Viral reproduction can also occur through the lysogenic cycle. The main difference between the two types of cycles is that during lysogeny, the host cell is not destroyed or does not undergo lysis. Once the host cell is infected, the phage DNA integrates or combines with the bacterial chromosome, creating the prophage. When the bacterium reproduces, the prophage is replicated along with the host chromosomes. Thus, the daughter cells also contain the prophage which carries the potential of producing phages. The lysogenic cycle can continue indefinitely (daughter cells with prophage present within continuing to replicate) unless exposed to adverse conditions which can trigger the termination of the lysogenic state and cause the expression of the phage DNA and the start of the lytic cycle. These adverse conditions include exposure to UV or mutagenic chemicals and desiccation.
http://phages.org/bacteriophage/
Patients in hospitals, especially those on breathing machines, those with devices such as catheters, and patients with wounds from surgery or from burns are potentially at risk for serious, life-threatening infections.
n hospitals, where the most serious infections occur, Pseudomonas can be spread on the hands of healthcare workers or by equipment that gets contaminated and is not properly cleaned.
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html
P. aeruginosa can develop resistance to antibacterials either through the acquisition of resistance genes on mobile genetic elements (i.e., plasmids) or through mutational processes that alter the expression and/or function of chromosomally encoded mechanisms. Both strategies for developing drug resistance can severely limit the therapeutic ...
Bacteriophage therapy for antimicrobial resistant and biofilm forming [Autosa...kamal shrestha
This document discusses bacteriophage therapy as a potential treatment for antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria. It provides background on antibiotic resistance and biofilms, how they form and confer resistance. Bacteriophages are introduced as viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. The history of bacteriophage therapy is covered, along with its advantages over antibiotics in being non-toxic and specifically targeting bacteria. Recent advances aim to improve efficacy, such as using cocktails of phages with broader host ranges or genetically modifying phages. Overall, the document argues that bacteriophage therapy shows promise as an alternative to antibiotics for resistant bacterial infections.
Bacteriophages & Its classification, cycles, therapy, and applicationsZoqiaTariq
These slides are covering multiple aspects of Bacteriophages including History
Classification
Replication
Plaque Assay
Transduction
Phage Therapy and pahge types.
This document provides information about malaria vaccines. It discusses the context of malaria globally and the need for a vaccine. Several potential vaccine candidates target different stages of the malaria parasite's lifecycle, including sporozoites, infected hepatocytes, and erythrocytic stages. Developing an effective vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's diversity and complexity. The most promising current candidate is RTS,S, which provides some protection against malaria in clinical trials but is not fully effective.
Rotavirus vaccines: recent developments and future considerations discusses two new rotavirus vaccines that have been shown to be safe and effective in protecting young children against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. While both vaccines are now marketed worldwide, there is still room for improvement. The review addresses recent advances in rotavirus research that could help improve existing vaccines or develop new ones, with a focus on the immune response induced by the current vaccines and mechanisms of protection.
Role of Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Responsible for Respiratory Tract...Premier Publishers
The majority of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for respiratory tract infections. The aims of this study are to identify the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli species in respiratory tract infections, to describe their antibiotic resistance and to describe the factors associated with these bacteria. It is a prospective study of 54 respiratory samples for a period of six months from October 2019 to March 2020 in the laboratory of the University Hospital of Befelatanana Antananarivo. Among the 54 respiratory samples, the microbiological results showed 12 (22.2%) cases of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. These bacilli were represented by 7 (58.3%) cases of Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 (33.3%) cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (8.3%) case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Concerning the associated factors, subjects under 40 years (24%) (p=0.77; NS), men (30.8%) (p=0.03) and subjects hospitalized in intensive care units (40.7%) (p=0.003) were the most affected by the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Regarding antibiotic resistance, it varies from 71.4% to 100% for Acinetobacter baumannii and 0% to 100% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate had a broad spectrum ß-lactamase but was sensitive to the other antibiotics. Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for severe nosocomial pneumonia and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
The document summarizes a presentation on phage therapy given by Peace Oghalohene Okotie. It discusses how bacteriophages were discovered and can be used to selectively target and lyse pathogenic bacteria. Phage therapy involves using lytic bacteriophages or their products to treat bacterial infections. It describes the lytic bacteriophage lifecycle and how routes of administration avoid the immune system. While phage therapy was widely used in the early 20th century, antibiotics replaced it. However, with increasing antibiotic resistance, phage therapy is being reexamined as an alternative to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria. The document outlines some challenges but also potential solutions to issues like host resistance.
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria. They have either a lytic or lysogenic lifecycle. The lytic cycle involves the phage hijacking the host cell to replicate its DNA and proteins before lysing the cell. The lysogenic cycle incorporates the phage DNA into the host genome where it remains dormant until stress induces the lytic cycle. Phages have either DNA or RNA genomes encapsulated in protein capsids and may have complex or simple structures like tails. They are ubiquitous wherever bacteria exist and are the most abundant biological entity on Earth.
Bacteriophage therapy for antimicrobial resistant and biofilm forming [Autosa...kamal shrestha
This document discusses bacteriophage therapy as a potential treatment for antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria. It provides background on antibiotic resistance and biofilms, how they form and confer resistance. Bacteriophages are introduced as viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. The history of bacteriophage therapy is covered, along with its advantages over antibiotics in being non-toxic and specifically targeting bacteria. Recent advances aim to improve efficacy, such as using cocktails of phages with broader host ranges or genetically modifying phages. Overall, the document argues that bacteriophage therapy shows promise as an alternative to antibiotics for resistant bacterial infections.
Bacteriophages & Its classification, cycles, therapy, and applicationsZoqiaTariq
These slides are covering multiple aspects of Bacteriophages including History
Classification
Replication
Plaque Assay
Transduction
Phage Therapy and pahge types.
This document provides information about malaria vaccines. It discusses the context of malaria globally and the need for a vaccine. Several potential vaccine candidates target different stages of the malaria parasite's lifecycle, including sporozoites, infected hepatocytes, and erythrocytic stages. Developing an effective vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's diversity and complexity. The most promising current candidate is RTS,S, which provides some protection against malaria in clinical trials but is not fully effective.
Rotavirus vaccines: recent developments and future considerations discusses two new rotavirus vaccines that have been shown to be safe and effective in protecting young children against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. While both vaccines are now marketed worldwide, there is still room for improvement. The review addresses recent advances in rotavirus research that could help improve existing vaccines or develop new ones, with a focus on the immune response induced by the current vaccines and mechanisms of protection.
Role of Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Responsible for Respiratory Tract...Premier Publishers
The majority of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for respiratory tract infections. The aims of this study are to identify the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli species in respiratory tract infections, to describe their antibiotic resistance and to describe the factors associated with these bacteria. It is a prospective study of 54 respiratory samples for a period of six months from October 2019 to March 2020 in the laboratory of the University Hospital of Befelatanana Antananarivo. Among the 54 respiratory samples, the microbiological results showed 12 (22.2%) cases of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. These bacilli were represented by 7 (58.3%) cases of Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 (33.3%) cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (8.3%) case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Concerning the associated factors, subjects under 40 years (24%) (p=0.77; NS), men (30.8%) (p=0.03) and subjects hospitalized in intensive care units (40.7%) (p=0.003) were the most affected by the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Regarding antibiotic resistance, it varies from 71.4% to 100% for Acinetobacter baumannii and 0% to 100% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate had a broad spectrum ß-lactamase but was sensitive to the other antibiotics. Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for severe nosocomial pneumonia and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
The document summarizes a presentation on phage therapy given by Peace Oghalohene Okotie. It discusses how bacteriophages were discovered and can be used to selectively target and lyse pathogenic bacteria. Phage therapy involves using lytic bacteriophages or their products to treat bacterial infections. It describes the lytic bacteriophage lifecycle and how routes of administration avoid the immune system. While phage therapy was widely used in the early 20th century, antibiotics replaced it. However, with increasing antibiotic resistance, phage therapy is being reexamined as an alternative to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria. The document outlines some challenges but also potential solutions to issues like host resistance.
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria. They have either a lytic or lysogenic lifecycle. The lytic cycle involves the phage hijacking the host cell to replicate its DNA and proteins before lysing the cell. The lysogenic cycle incorporates the phage DNA into the host genome where it remains dormant until stress induces the lytic cycle. Phages have either DNA or RNA genomes encapsulated in protein capsids and may have complex or simple structures like tails. They are ubiquitous wherever bacteria exist and are the most abundant biological entity on Earth.
Bacterial virus (Bacteriophage).
Structure of bacteriophage.
Where we can find phage?
Families of bacteriophage.
Life cycle of bacteriophage.
Potential uses of bacteriophage.
Bacteriophage vs. antibiotics.
Factors affecting phage therapy.
This document discusses the mass production of the bio-control agent Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaNPV) to control the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. It describes the biology of H. armigera and HaNPV, methods for rearing H. armigera larvae and producing HaNPV through infection of the larvae, processing and quality control of the harvested HaNPV, and application recommendations. Mass production of HaNPV involves rearing large numbers of healthy H. armigera larvae, infecting them with HaNPV, collecting dead larvae, and extracting and purifying the occluded HaNPV virions for use as a bio
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on Salmonella, including its classification and the historical perspectives of its discovery. It then discusses definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotics, and the mechanisms by which Salmonella develops resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Resistance occurs through modification or destruction of antibiotics, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability.
Antibiotic resistance: From a broader perspectiveZakir H. Habib
The document discusses the history and evolution of antibiotic resistance from multiple perspectives. It begins by describing how bacteria were the first life on Earth and were dominant for billions of years. It then covers the initial observations of bacteria in the 1600s by Van Leeuwenhoek and the pioneers who discovered antibiotics in the 1920s-1940s. The document also examines the mechanisms, genetic basis, spread, and reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, as well as the natural existence of antibiotics and resistance in the environment prior to human usage.
Epidemiology of antigenic, genetic and biological diversity amongst pathogens...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation briefly describes the Antigenic, genetic and biological diversity amongst pathogens, and their origin and emergence. It also discusses with their association with different forms associated with a disease/ outbreak. The presentation also enlists diversity in strains causing some common diseases of livestock in India.
This document discusses the history and potential applications of bacteriophage therapy. It begins by introducing bacteriophages and their ability to lyse bacteria. It then provides examples of different types of phages and describes their life cycles. The document discusses the discovery of phages in the early 20th century and their use in the former Soviet Union to treat bacterial infections. It notes that antibiotic resistance has renewed interest in phage therapy as an alternative approach. The advantages and disadvantages of phage therapy over antibiotics are presented. The document concludes by stating that further studies are needed but that phages show promise as tailored treatments for multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Viruses can infect humans and cause illness or death. Forensic virology studies viruses in a legal context, such as determining the source of a virus used in bioterrorism. Viruses have genetic material protected by a protein coat and sometimes an envelope. They infect cells and hijack the cell's machinery to replicate themselves before breaking out and infecting new cells. PCR and RAPD techniques can be used to detect, analyze, and trace viruses.
1) A study investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 65 burn victims admitted to a hospital in Iraq over 2 months.
2) PCR and phenotypic assays found that the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates were able to form alginate biofilm and had high antibiotic multi-drug resistance.
3) Specifically, 82% of isolates were found to be positive for alginate biofilm formation by PCR and 91% by a phenotypic assay, and the isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.4.
This document provides an overview of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related species. It discusses their habitat in soil, water, and hospitals. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause various infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The document outlines several of P. aeruginosa's important virulence factors and describes some of its clinical manifestations, including pulmonary infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and eye infections. Molecular techniques help study the epidemiology and transmission of this multidrug-resistant bacterium.
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibr...Pig Farm Solution
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Current Status of Research and Challenges Ahead
Nandita Matamp and Sarita G. Bhat *
Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-682022, Kerala, India; nandita.matamp@gmail.com
* Correspondence: saritagbhat@gmail.com; Tel.: 91-984-603-3486. Fax: 0484-257-7595
Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019
The document discusses bacteriophages (phages), including their taxonomy, characteristics, uses in treating antibiotic resistance, and applications. Phages are viruses that infect bacteria and there are over 100 phage species. Phage therapy uses phages to treat bacterial infections and was commonly used in the early 20th century before being replaced by antibiotics. Recent interest has grown in phage therapy and other applications of phages due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Phages and their enzymes (enzybiotics) show potential for treating various infections and in industries like food processing.
Novel antibiotic resistance proteins in V parahaemolyticusFrank Higgins
This document describes a study aimed at determining if two genes, emrA and emrB, found in Vibrio parahaemolyticus encode for an efflux pump. V. parahaemolyticus is a pathogenic bacteria that causes food poisoning. Efflux pumps are one mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance by actively pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The genes were cloned into an expression vector and introduced into E. coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration assays were performed using four different antibiotics on the transformed E. coli to test the ability of the genes to confer antibiotic resistance, which would suggest they encode for an efflux pump. The results were inconclusive but further research may determine if the genes do encode for an eff
fmicb-10-01923 August 20, 2019 Time 1756 # 1ORIGINAL RESShainaBoling829
This document summarizes a study examining the role of the alternative sigma factor RpoS in regulating Borrelia burgdorferi's lifecycle between ticks and mammals. The study confirms that RpoS is a genuine sigma factor homolog and establishes that ospA is expressed throughout tick transmission before being downregulated after transmission to a new host. It also demonstrates that RpoS is required for maximal persistence in mammals and represses tick genes until acquisition by a new tick vector. Comparison of RpoS-regulated genes in different B. burgdorferi strains identified both conserved core genes and strain-specific genes associated with host range and virulence.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most versatile nosocomial (i.e.
acquired in hospital) and dangerous human pathogen. In spite of the
introduction of antimicrobial agents and improvements in the
frequency and morbidity of staphylococcal diseases in the twentieth
century, staphylococci have persisted as an important hospital and
community pathogen. Thereafter, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
emerged as a major pathogen worldwide. A total of 38 positive clinical
isolates from various clinical samples received from different hospitals
of Dehradun included from March 2014 to August 2014. 38 samples
had bacterial growth, among these isolates 17(44.7%) were
Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was designed to investigate
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the role of biofilm in isolates of various clinical
samples (Urine, Blood, Semen and Pus), by examining the ability of isolates to form biofilm
and produce signaling molecules and by developing a wound model, to relate laboratory
findings with in vivo activity by exploring the possibility of detecting biofilm markers in
dressings removed from chronic infections. The presence of biofilm was confirmed by
specialized microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Various antibiotics had a
greater effect on viability when used at higher antibiotic concentrations (≥100 mg/L) and on
younger (6h) biofilms. The antibiotics used for antibiotic susceptibility testing were
Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin.
This document provides a detailed review of the outbreak of the coronavirus. It discusses the virus's genome structure, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, complications/fatality rates, and preventive measures. The key points are:
- Coronavirus is a large family of RNA viruses that originated in China and has become a global pandemic.
- It has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.
- Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction.
- Preventive measures focus on infection control, isolation, hand washing, and
Viruses were first discovered in the late 1880s through experiments with tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many other viruses have been discovered that infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses are generally too small to be seen with a light microscope and have a variety of structures depending on their nucleic acid content and presence of an envelope. They replicate by infiltrating a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles. There is ongoing debate about whether viruses are considered living organisms.
Viruses were first discovered in the late 1880s through experiments with tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many other viruses have been discovered that infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses are generally too small to be seen with a light microscope and have a variety of structures depending on their nucleic acid content and presence of an envelope. They replicate by infiltrating a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles. There is ongoing debate about whether viruses are considered living organisms.
Parasite Vaccines in Trials and in Usedranjansarma
Current Parasitic Vaccines: in Use and in Trial
There are several challenges to developing effective parasitic vaccines. Parasites have complex life cycles and evade the immune system, making the identification of protective antigens difficult. Few parasitic vaccines are currently licensed. The RTS,S vaccine for malaria is the leading candidate and aims to stimulate immunity against the liver stage of Plasmodium falciparum. Efforts are also being made to develop vaccines for other protozoan parasites like Leishmania as well as helminthic parasites such as hookworm and Schistosoma. Overcoming issues related to the protective immune response, antigen expression and variation, and appropriate animal models is key to advancing the development of new
BACTERIAL DEFENSE SYSTEM by Dr. Chayanika DasChayanika Das
Bacteria have evolved several defense mechanisms against bacteriophages:
1. Bacteria can block phage receptors to prevent viral attachment or mask receptors to avoid detection.
2. Innate immune systems like restriction-modification systems and CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity can degrade invading phage DNA.
3. Toxin-antitoxin systems can induce dormancy or programmed cell death to limit phage replication.
4. The co-evolution of bacterial defenses and phage countermeasures has led to an ongoing "arms race" between the two, maintaining a balanced predator-prey relationship.
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
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In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
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* Correspondence: saritagbhat@gmail.com; Tel.: 91-984-603-3486. Fax: 0484-257-7595
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The document discusses bacteriophages (phages), including their taxonomy, characteristics, uses in treating antibiotic resistance, and applications. Phages are viruses that infect bacteria and there are over 100 phage species. Phage therapy uses phages to treat bacterial infections and was commonly used in the early 20th century before being replaced by antibiotics. Recent interest has grown in phage therapy and other applications of phages due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Phages and their enzymes (enzybiotics) show potential for treating various infections and in industries like food processing.
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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most versatile nosocomial (i.e.
acquired in hospital) and dangerous human pathogen. In spite of the
introduction of antimicrobial agents and improvements in the
frequency and morbidity of staphylococcal diseases in the twentieth
century, staphylococci have persisted as an important hospital and
community pathogen. Thereafter, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
emerged as a major pathogen worldwide. A total of 38 positive clinical
isolates from various clinical samples received from different hospitals
of Dehradun included from March 2014 to August 2014. 38 samples
had bacterial growth, among these isolates 17(44.7%) were
Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was designed to investigate
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the role of biofilm in isolates of various clinical
samples (Urine, Blood, Semen and Pus), by examining the ability of isolates to form biofilm
and produce signaling molecules and by developing a wound model, to relate laboratory
findings with in vivo activity by exploring the possibility of detecting biofilm markers in
dressings removed from chronic infections. The presence of biofilm was confirmed by
specialized microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Various antibiotics had a
greater effect on viability when used at higher antibiotic concentrations (≥100 mg/L) and on
younger (6h) biofilms. The antibiotics used for antibiotic susceptibility testing were
Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin.
This document provides a detailed review of the outbreak of the coronavirus. It discusses the virus's genome structure, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, complications/fatality rates, and preventive measures. The key points are:
- Coronavirus is a large family of RNA viruses that originated in China and has become a global pandemic.
- It has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.
- Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction.
- Preventive measures focus on infection control, isolation, hand washing, and
Viruses were first discovered in the late 1880s through experiments with tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many other viruses have been discovered that infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses are generally too small to be seen with a light microscope and have a variety of structures depending on their nucleic acid content and presence of an envelope. They replicate by infiltrating a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles. There is ongoing debate about whether viruses are considered living organisms.
Viruses were first discovered in the late 1880s through experiments with tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many other viruses have been discovered that infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses are generally too small to be seen with a light microscope and have a variety of structures depending on their nucleic acid content and presence of an envelope. They replicate by infiltrating a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles. There is ongoing debate about whether viruses are considered living organisms.
Parasite Vaccines in Trials and in Usedranjansarma
Current Parasitic Vaccines: in Use and in Trial
There are several challenges to developing effective parasitic vaccines. Parasites have complex life cycles and evade the immune system, making the identification of protective antigens difficult. Few parasitic vaccines are currently licensed. The RTS,S vaccine for malaria is the leading candidate and aims to stimulate immunity against the liver stage of Plasmodium falciparum. Efforts are also being made to develop vaccines for other protozoan parasites like Leishmania as well as helminthic parasites such as hookworm and Schistosoma. Overcoming issues related to the protective immune response, antigen expression and variation, and appropriate animal models is key to advancing the development of new
BACTERIAL DEFENSE SYSTEM by Dr. Chayanika DasChayanika Das
Bacteria have evolved several defense mechanisms against bacteriophages:
1. Bacteria can block phage receptors to prevent viral attachment or mask receptors to avoid detection.
2. Innate immune systems like restriction-modification systems and CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity can degrade invading phage DNA.
3. Toxin-antitoxin systems can induce dormancy or programmed cell death to limit phage replication.
4. The co-evolution of bacterial defenses and phage countermeasures has led to an ongoing "arms race" between the two, maintaining a balanced predator-prey relationship.
Similar to Bacteriophages come in different sizes and shapes but most of them.docx (20)
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic,.docxrock73
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic, physical, and emotional challenges of providing chronic care for a family member have not produced more salient political demands for aggressive policy intervention (Hudson, 2014).
Discuss her findings as well as your own theory on why there has not been a stronger demand from the public for policy intervention to assist caregivers.
Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style.
References
Hudson, R. (Ed). (2014).
The new politics of old age policy
(3rd ed.). Baltimore, John Hopkins.
.
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation o.docxrock73
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation of the steps you took to rewrite the Romantic poem you selected. Your explanation should point out at least three typically modernist qualities in your work with regard to elements such as
language, style, literary elements, and themes. Here, as an example, is a brief explanation of the modernist rewrite of the first stanza of Wordsworth
’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”:
.
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is Americas past .docxrock73
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is America's past time. As part of your paper you can share some of your memories of baseball. How did baseball mirror society(good and bad?) as a reflection of American society. Be sure to cite all of your sources and you must show direct evidence of integrating your textbook once per chapter as part of your final exam. Your paper should at include at least one resource from the library.
.
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public .docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public has responded to the October 2001 USA Patriot Act. Has the public’s response been positive or negative? What are some pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act with the American public? Explain your answer.
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 213-214).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from .docxrock73
Senior investigators from a state crime lab requested that AB Investigative Services create standard operating procedures for processing computer evidence, as recent investigators have not properly understood how computer data works and technical issues related to evidence processing. ABIS was asked to provide 4 general guidelines for processing evidence to ensure investigators follow standard procedures.
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the e.docxrock73
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the engineering phenomenon – a substantial paragraph for each. You will need to research both the art and engineering, so each section of the memo should include citations from credible sources.
i need to wrote two paragraph also incloude two citation for each one
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforce.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforcement officials have faced regarding the issues of federal, state, and local jurisdictions attempting to intervene in tribal policing. How has this issue contributed to confusion and discontent with law enforcement? Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 22-25). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in the context of span of control, it is more beneficial to
limit the number of officers reporting to one supervisor.
What factors can affect how many employees are supervised at one time?
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg.
Pg. 35-40
).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to1. Summarize the ar.docxrock73
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to:
1. Summarize the article (include all necessary background information);
2. Identify, discuss and analyze the main issue covered in the article, making links to all secondary
issues, theories and concepts;
3. Critique the actions taken by management and the union, (i.e., what did each do particularly
well or poorly); and
4. Discuss how the event in the article affects the lives of people other than those in management
or the union
.
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and referenc.docxrock73
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) would cause an increase in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Your paper must be formatted according to APA Style and include at least two scholarly sources to support your assertions.
.
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference.docxrock73
A balance sheet shows a company's financial position at a point in time by listing its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. It reflects a company's financial status by indicating what it owns, owes, and the portion owned by shareholders. An analysis of Ford Motor Company's 2012 balance sheet from its Annual Report shows its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at the end of 2012.
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this f.docxrock73
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this folder. For each of these essays: (1) outline the organization of the components, (2) label the components, (3) name the audience and purpose, (4) decide if you found the organization of the components to be effective, and if the components themselves were well written or poorly written. You'll type your notes into a Microsoft Word document, include the names of all group members, and then upload the document individually to your own iLearn dropbox.
.
BASEBALLRuns Scored (X)Wins (Y)7086987590654797048078795730716678661963867976457455667707918559674381731946418965471735797357361556
Develop a position paper on best practices for teaching English Learners. This paper should contain the student’s personal beliefs about and the best models to practice. Statements must be supported with research data. There must be at least THREE references. The textbook may serve as ONE reference (Education English Learners for a Transformed World) The paper must be typed using APA style, double spaced, and with a title page and a reference page. The paper should be no less than three pages in length.
The positon paper: why two way is the best method in Bilingual Education
1) Please explain the components of the Prism Model and why these components are important in creating a welcoming school that promotes success for English Learners.
2) There have been many programs and ideas in the US Public schools for how best to serve English Learners and close the gap between those who enter school speaking English and those who have to learn English along the way.
Following is a list of Bilingual Education Models that have been tried. According to the text book and the research of Virginia Collier and Wayne Thomas, please rate the following programs from 1-6 with 1 being the most effective program for student success and 6 being the least effective program for learning English:
__________Maintenance Bilingual Ed., Self-Contained
__________Transitional Bilingual Ed.
__________One-way Dual Language
__________Pull-out Bilingual Ed.
__________Two-way Dual Language
__________Enrichment Bilingual Education (30 min. per day)
The following programs are designed for ELs who do not live in an area where bilingual ed. is available or do not qualify for bilingual education due to the language they speak. Please rate the following ESL programs on a scale of 1-4 with 1 being the most successful way to teach English and 4 being the least effective program:
__________ESL Pull-out
__________Sheltered Instruction in the regular classroom
__________Total emersion with no language support
__________English enrichment, 30 minutes per day, by classroom teacher
3) Please explain the difference between a 50/50 model and a 90/10 model of Dual Language Education.
4) Why does 2-way Dual Language Education usually have better results than 1-way Dual Language Education?
5) In order to have an effective Dual Language program, there are two important things teachers should not do. What are they?
6) What does it mean to see other cultures not as a deficit but as a difference? Why is this idea important to your classroom?
7) We are required to have many formal assessments in our educational curriculum. However, informal assessment can be much more informative to the teacher of language learners. Please explain why Informal Assessments might be a better way for the teacher to know the true level of the student.
...
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics DialogueEthics .docxrock73
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics Dialogue
Ethics case studies
This is an extra credit assignment that I am offering for the first time this term. In this booklet, you will find 38 separate case studies. You are free to respond to any or all of these cases.
You may earn up to 5 extra credit points per question, based on the complexity of the case and the logic of your response. You may not earn more than 100 points (10 percent of your final grade).
You may find it helpful to read the paper “Four Tough Ethical Dilemmas” prior to responding.
While these are your opinions, citations are not expected; however, if you make use of the work of others, include APA style citations for complete credit.
Either cut and paste the cases you select to a separate file or use this file for your submission. If you use this file to submit a response, please delete those cases to which you are not responding.
Dr. Frick
Case 1: Family Loyalty vs. Meritocracy
A man was appointed president of the newly-acquired Philippine subsidiary of a large American company. He was reviewing the organization with the company's head of human resources. One thing the president noted was that the same names reoccurred frequently in several departments. "It is our tradition," commented the HR head. "Families take care of their own. If one family member gets a good job in a Philippine company, other members of the family apply to join that company and the first member there can help the whole family become successful by helping them get hired and by coaching them to be successful. The company benefits. Our costs of recruiting are lower, we know more about the people we hire, and the commitment to family success results in fewer performance and discipline problems because family members want to please their older relatives."
The president wondered how these practices would be regarded in a large American firm, and whether or not he should take action to change them.
1. Nepotism is not illegal, but is it ethical?
2. If the business is family-owned, does that make a difference?
3. How does national culture affect this discussion?
Case 2: Is the Two-Tier System Ethically Problematic
Employees at a cereal makers plant were “locked-out” from their jobs producing cereal for over 3 months. Company management and the union representing the employees reached a stalemate in negotiations resulting in the lockout. The union claims that the primary issue is the company’s demand of dramatically increasing the number of temporary workers, who would earn $6 less per hour and receive fewer benefits. Critics claim this effectively creates a two-tier system at the plant. Under the current agreement, the company may use temporary workers for up to 30% of the workforce, but the union claims the company is now pushing for 100%. The workers, who have had their health insurance suspended, fear that their jobs will either be replaced entirely by temporary workers, or they will be f ...
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires In her.docxrock73
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires
In her hilarious and lighthearted book, Shark Tales: How I Turned $1,000 Into a
Billion Dollar Business, Barbara Corcoran demonstrates the importance of knowing what
you really want out of life (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011). As her title suggests, Barbara
founded her real estate company, The Corcoran Group, with only $1,000 and some big
dreams. Shortly after founding the company, Barbara took out a piece of paper and wrote
down some big goals for herself and the company. In 1978, she had only 14 sales agents
working for her, who earned a total of $250,000 in commissions. She set a goal of
doubling the number of agents and the commissions every year. So she put down 28 sales
people for 1979, 56 for 1980, and so on, all the way up to 1,792 salespeople in 1985 with
total commissions of $32,000,000. Barbara was amazed when she saw the fantastic sums
projected for 1985, and of course many people, when they see such amazing sums, would
dismiss the calculations as fantasy But as Barbara put it, she went to work the next day
hustling hard for her $32 million.
Real estate agents are paid largely by commission, which is about as close as you
can get to a pure form of contingent reward for performance. However, Barbara didn’t
rely solely on the commissions to motivate her workers. She threw theme parties and held
numerous social events to build a committed workforce. Good sales agents could always
move to another firm, but not every firm had Barbara’s positive attitude and fun-filled
atmosphere. In the early years of the firm, when money was tight, Barbara and her
relatives did the cooking for the outings and parties, and she found clever ways to
entertain people with skating parties and other lively activities. As the firm became larger
and more profitable, she even hired professional entertainers for the company’s midweek
picnics, which included elephant shows, daring rides on hot air balloons, horses, or
Harley Davidsons, etc. Barbara stated “I built my company on pure fun, and believe that
fun is the most underutilized motivational tool in business today. All of my best ideas
came when I was playing outside the office with the people I worked with” (Corcoran &
Littlefield, 2011, p. 283). What did she get in return for the fun atmosphere? She had the
“most profitable real estate company per person in the United States” (p. 284). By the
time she sold her agency in 2001, she had 1,000 agents working for her, and she had the
largest real estate agency in New York – clearly her motivational strategies attracted a
large number of productive employees.
Barbara Corcoran had sold her firm for $66 million. She thought that would make
her happy, but instead, it made her sad. Although she pretended to be happy with her new
wealth and freedom, she was “secretly miserable” (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011, p. 232).
She had lost her purpose ...
This document provides context and summaries about Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Cracking India and Deepa Mehta's film adaptation Earth. It discusses the characters and plot of Earth, focusing on the abduction of Ayah. It analyzes themes in the novel like the child narrator, fallen women, masculinity, and the metaphor of India cracking. It also discusses the film adaptation and historical context of violence against women during the 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan, including government estimates of abductions.
Barriers of therapeutic relationshipThe therapeutic relations.docxrock73
Barriers of therapeutic relationship:
The therapeutic relationship between patient and nurse is often filled with barriers that can generate obstacles for the relationship and, in the end, the health system as a whole (Sfoggia et al.,2014). There are many factors that hinder building a therapeutic relationship: language, professional jargon, communication impairment, and cultural diversity (ibid).
Language:
Language can be an obstacle to nurse-patient communication because a patient may not be able to speak the same language and therefore communication is not possible (Levin,2006). The best way to overcome this barrier is providing a translator who can explain a professional facilitator's message easily to the patient(ibid). For instance, if the nurse only speaks English but the patient is only able to speak Arabic, a translation to the patient of what the professional facilitator is saying leads to less chance of misunderstanding (ibid). Translation also allows a patient to feel comfortable through being able to speak in their own language (ibid).
Medical jargon:
Jargon is a technical language that is comprehended by people in a specific industry or area of work (Leblanc et al.,2014). Health professionals often use jargon to communicate with each other(ibid). For example, T.B. disease stands for tubercle bacillus and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Mccrary & Christensen,1993). Jargon often makes sense to health professionals but a patient who does not understand these acronyms will not understand such communication, leading to a barrier in therapeutic relationship between patient and health professional (Leblanc et al.,2014).
Communication impairment:
Patients with communication impairment such as blindness, deafness and speech impairment often feel isolated, frustrated and self-conscious (O’Halloran et al.,2009). Some patients are born with such disabilities or have developed them as a result of disease (ibid). Therefore, nurses should provide enough time in order to describe any issue to such patients so that they do not feel uncomfortable or censured by health professionals, who must remain impartial (ibid).
Cultural diversity:
Patients often have various differences (Leblanc et al.,2014).Some of these differences are due to a patient's illness, social status, economic class, education and personality(ibid). However, according to Kirkham (1998), the deepest differences might be cultural diversity. Beheri (2009) points out that many nurses believe if they just treat patients with respect, they will avoid most cultural issues. Nevertheless, avoiding misunderstanding can be achieved through some knowledge of cultural customs, which might help and enable nurses to provide better health care to patients (ibid).
Facilitators of therapeutic relationship:
UNCRPD (2006) states that the most fundamental human right in hospital is communication. Patients are required to be provided with an effective communication method by nurs ...
Barada 2Mohamad BaradaProfessor Andrew DurdinReligions of .docxrock73
Barada 2
Mohamad Barada
Professor Andrew Durdin
Religions of the World Hum 201-02
March 23rd, 2018
References:
1. Rachel. Rachel’s Musings: Buddhism is a Religion. Retrieved from https://www.rabe.org/thoughts-on-buddhism/buddhism-is-a-religion/
2. Winfield, Pamela. The Conversation: Why so many Americans think Buddhism is just a philosophy. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-so-many-americans-think-buddhism-is-just-a-philosophy-89488
Critical Analysis of the religious nature of Buddhism
The religious community often debates on whether Buddhism is categorized as a religion or as philosophical teaching. The answer to the question varies depending on an individual’s point of view. There are three main types of Buddhism practices across the world with each of them having smaller branches with slights variances in their teachings and beliefs. The different styles of Buddhist mainly encompass Theravada Buddhism, Vajrayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism. The various forms often have deities that are worshipped while others do not. Some often have scriptures while others do not usually believe in any physical form of the Buddhist teachings. The first article is authored by Rachel, a blogger, presenting the argument that Buddhism is a religion (Rachel, 1). On the other hand, the second article authored by Pamela Winfield recognizes Buddhism as a philosophy. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces having divergent views on the religious nature of Buddhism is crucial for understanding whether it is a religion or philosophy.
Summary of the articles
Rachel in her article considers Buddhism as a religion. The author acknowledges the fact that Mahayana Buddhism which is often found in greater part of Asia that includes Japan, Korea, and China often teaches on attaining enlightenment (Rachel, 1). The Mahayana often accept that every individual wishes to ensure the effective attainment of enlightenment and thus end the cycle of rebirth which others recognize as “Karma.” The article proceeds to state that Buddha is the greatest of the deities but is not worshipped. Instead, Buddha often inspires all those who practice doing as he once did. The author states that Buddhism often requires that the individuals that choose the wrong path attempt to re-accomplish these tasks in their next life alongside other punishments imposed on them by karma. The characteristics of this type of Buddhism thus often play a significant role in showing the religious nature of Buddhism. The author concludes by stating that Buddhism often contains all the different elements of a religion. Moreover, the article associates Buddhism with fallacies that characterize other religions and just as dangerous as other religions as well. A quote proves the claim on the dangerous nature of Buddhism that the author uses to summarize the teachings of Buddhism.
On the other hand, Winfield tends to focus on enlightening the readers on some of the aspects of Buddhism that ensures its a ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Bacteriophages come in different sizes and shapes but most of them.docx
1. Bacteriophages come in different sizes and shapes but most of
them have the same basic features: a head or capsid and a tail.
A bacteriophage’s head structure, regardless of its size or shape,
is made up of one or more proteins which protectively coats the
nucleic acid. Though there are some phages that don’t have a
tail, most of them do have one attached to its head structure.
How Bacteriophages Work
n oder to infect a host cell, the bacteriophage attaches itself to
the bacteria’s cell wall, specifically on a receptor found on the
bacteria’s surface. Once it becomes tightly bound to the cell,
the bacterial virus injects its genetic material (its nucleic acid)
into the host cell. Depending on the type of phage, one of two
cycles will occur – the lytic or the lysogenic cycle. During a
lytic cycle, the phage will make use of the host cell’s chemical
energy as well as its biosynthetic machinery in order to produce
phage nucleic acids (phage DNA and phage mRNA) and phage
proteins. Once the production phase is finished, the phage
nucleic acids and structural proteins are then assembled. After a
while, certain proteins produced within the cell will cause the
cell wall to lyse, allowing the assembled phages within to be
released and to infect other bacterial cells.
Viral reproduction can also occur through the lysogenic cycle.
The main difference between the two types of cycles is that
during lysogeny, the host cell is not destroyed or does not
undergo lysis. Once the host cell is infected, the phage DNA
integrates or combines with the bacterial chromosome, creating
the prophage. When the bacterium reproduces, the prophage is
replicated along with the host chromosomes. Thus, the daughter
cells also contain the prophage which carries the potential of
producing phages. The lysogenic cycle can continue indefinitely
(daughter cells with prophage present within continuing to
replicate) unless exposed to adverse conditions which can
trigger the termination of the lysogenic state and cause the
expression of the phage DNA and the start of the lytic cycle.
2. These adverse conditions include exposure to UV or mutagenic
chemicals and desiccation.
http://phages.org/bacteriophage/
Patients in hospitals, especially those on breathing machines,
those with devices such as catheters, and patients with wounds
from surgery or from burns are potentially at risk for serious,
life-threatening infections.
n hospitals, where the most serious infections
occur, Pseudomonas can be spread on the hands of healthcare
workers or by equipment that gets contaminated and is not
properly cleaned.
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html
P. aeruginosa can develop resistance to antibacterials either
through the acquisition of resistance genes on mobile genetic
elements (i.e., plasmids) or through mutational processes that
alter the expression and/or function of chromosomally encoded
mechanisms. Both strategies for developing drug resistance can
severely limit the therapeutic options for treatment of serious
infections.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772362/
Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas can be deadly for patients in
critical care. An estimated 51,000 healthcare-associated P.
aeruginosa infections occur in the United States each year.
More than 6,000 (13%) of these are multidrug-resistant, with
roughly 400 deaths per year attributed to these
infections. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas was given a threat
level of serious threat in the CDC AR Threat report.
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html
Antibacterial Resistance Trends
Presented in Table Table11 are rates of P. aeruginosa resistance
3. to several antipseudomonal drugs
(54, 95, 99, 100, 178, 211, 212). This summary is not meant to
be inclusive of all of the published literature, but rather
highlights data reported for isolates from several U.S.
surveillance studies since January 2000. If multiple years were
included in a study, the resistance rates for the most recent year
are presented in Table Table11.
Rates of antibacterial resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates
from hospitals and ICUs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772362/
Each set must be modified twice a year to retain its ability to
lyse a large proportion of the target species [5], [11]. P.
aeruginosa bacteriophages are numerous, and current knowledge
of their diversity shows that they are distributed in at least 7
genera of purely lytic phages (T7-like, ΦKMV-like, LUZ24-
like, N4-like, PB1-like, ΦKZ-like, JG004-like) in addition to a
similar number of temperate genera [12], [13]. Within each
genus, phages with a variety of different host spectra are
observed, in part at least reflecting differences in their tail-
associated adhesins
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone
.0060575
In- vitro and In- vivo Phage Trials
Running head: BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY 1
BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY 2
4. BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY ON Pseudomonas aeruginosa
NAME: Roaya Alhawsawi
LIU
11/13/2016
BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY ON Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Introduction
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and replicate
within the bacterial cell wall. Most have double-stranded DNA
genomes found in heads with icosahedral symmetry, and their
tails vary in length. All bacteriophages are classified in the
order Caudovirales and belong to the families Myoviridae (long,
contractile tail), Siphoviridae (long, non-contractile tail)and
Podoviridae (short, non-contractile tail) (Harper & Enright,
2011). Bacteriophages were first discovered by Fredrick Twort
and Felix D’Herelle in 1915. Since then, bacteriophages started
being widely used for treating bacterial infections. This,
however, did not last long as chemical antibiotics were
discovered and preferred because bacteriophages were not well
understood and their efficacy was controversial. Things have
now changed due to the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacterial strains and bacteriophages have started being used
5. again. Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: You need more
background on phage. Life cycle. Lytic vs. lysogenic, etc.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative
bacteria that causes infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis
patients and is a regular cause of hospital-acquired bacterial
pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Since
bacteriophages are capable of reaching bacteria protected within
biofilms (such as those found in the lungs of patients with
cystic fibrosis), they are being considered as an alternative
treatment to antibiotics. Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: You
need more about P. aeruginosa. How many people get it every
year? It is lethal? Who is infected? You should get some
statistics from the CDC or WHO. I would also start with this
and then talk about phage.
You should also talk about the developent of drug resistance.
What are they resistant to?
Types of P.aeruginosa bacteriophages
Many P.aeruginosa bacteriophages have been discovered,
and they are classified into at least seven genera of lytic
phages. These include T7-like, ɸKMV-like, LUZ24- like, N4-
like, PB1-like, ɸKZ-like and JG004-like including a similar
number of temperate genera.(Essoh et al., 2013). Therapeutic
bacteriophage cocktails such as “pyophage” have also been
formulated. “Pyophage” contains many different phages that
target streptococcus, staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, proteus
and P. aeruginosa. Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: How are
these different from each other?
In- vitro and In- vivo Phage Trials
Many in-vitro and in-vivo phage trials have been conducted on
animal models and human patients. In in-vitro trials, the
potential of phages against P. aeruginosa strains in planktonic
cultures or biofilms isolates has been evaluated. Some of the
trials that have been done include: (1.) Fu et al. study of the
effect of lytic phages in the prevention of P. aeruginosa biofilm
formation in hydrogel-coated catheters, (2.) Pires et al. study
6. of biofilm control using a broad- host- range phage for P.
aeruginosa, (3.) Torres-Barceló et al. report on treatment using
a combination of Podoviridae phage LUZ7 and streptomycin
against P. aeruginosa PAO1 (Pires, Vilas Boas, Sillankorva, &
Azeredo, 2015). Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: Don’t just
list these. You need to talk a little bit about each of them.
What phage was used? What kind of system was it done in?
How were the phage delivered? How well did they work?
Some of the in- vivo trials that have been conducted on human
patients include: (1.) Wright et al. study of the the efficacy and
safety of a therapeutic phage preparation (Biophage-PA), (2.)
Sivera Marza et al. report on the successful topical use of phage
to treat a burn patient who had been colonized by P. aeruginosa
months after skin grafts had been applied and (3.) Merabishvili
et al. description of a quality-controlled small-scale production
of a phage cocktail (BFC-1) for use in human clinical
practice(Pires et al., 2015).
Discussion
Many bacteriophages have been isolated and their effects
against P. aeruginosa documented. A cocktail of ɸMR299-2 and
ɸNH-4 was effective in eliminating P. aeruginosa NH57388A
(mucoid) and P. aeruginosa MR299 (non- mucoid) strains when
growing as a biofilm on a cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial
CFBE41o- cell line (Alemayehu et al., 2012). PAK-P or P3-
CHA reduced mortality and lung damage in mice with lethal
pneumonia caused by MDR P. aeruginosa (Rolain, Hraiech, &
Bregeon, 2015). Cocktail from “pyophage” showed lytic activity
against 70% of P. aeruginosa strains cultured in growth
medium, while PAK-P1 reduced mortality and lung inflation in
mice with lethal pneumonia caused by PAK bioluminescent P.
aeruginosa strain. Phage LUZ7 used with streptomycin inhibited
growth of the P. aeruginosa PAOI strain, while Engineered T7
phage with aiiA gene inhibited biofilm formation in the P.
aeruginosa PAOI strain. Phage PB-1 and tobramycin reduced
resistance to tobramycin in the P. aeruginosa PAOI strain
(Rolain et al., 2015). Phage P2-10Ab01 isolated from sewage
7. water in Abidjan could lyse two pyophage-resistant strains, C7-
6 and C9-5, and PAP3 was capable of lysogenization (Essoh et
al., 2013). Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: How effective?
Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: How were the phage
delivered? Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: What is this?
Comment by Daniel Ginsburg: You need a little more
detail about each of these. How did they work? How was the
experiment done?
Quorum Sensing Inhibition
Since hydrolyzing acyl homoserine lactonases can decrease in
vivo virulence of P. aeruginosa and in vitro biofilm production,
bacteriophages can be modified genetically to produce
lactonase, which would facilitate inhibition of P.aeruginosa
biofilm production (Rolain et al., 2015). … Comment by
Daniel Ginsburg: How do these work?
I don’t understand what this has to do with quoroum sensing.
Mechanism of Bacteriophage Resistance
Even though bacteriophage therapy has made headway in the
treatment of bacterial infections, the issue of bacteria that are
resistant to phages has come up. The mechanisms of bacterial
resistance to phages drive the evolution of both bacteria and
bacteriophages, and ongoing isolation of new bacteriophages
targeting various hosts and host receptors is, therefore,
necessary. Bacterial resistance to phages may involve three
mechanisms: inhibition of the adsorption of phages on the
bacteria and injection of DNA, use of restriction enzymes to
degrade phage DNA and the CRISPR- Cas system that gives
bacteria immunity against the phages (Essoh et al., 2013). The
CRISPR-Cas mediates interference against certain types of
temperate phages. However, some phages found in the Mu- like
genus have been found to carry genes that can inactivate the
system.
Challenges Facing Use of Bactereophages
The potential disadvantages of bacteriophages can be
categorized into four: phage selection, phage-host- range
8. limitation uniqueness of phages as pharmaceuticals and
unfamiliarity with phages (Loc-Carrillo & Abedon, 2011). Not
all phages are good for therapeutics since some of them may
cause the development of immunogenic reactions due to large
uncontrolled amounts of phages in circulation (Paul et al.,
2011). However, use of bacteriophages devoid of endotoxins
should not induce a strong stimulation of the pro-inflammatory
markers (Morello et al., 2011).
Conclusion
In this therapy, isolation of bacteriophage using the strain from
the patient is preferred over using readymade phages (Henry,
Lavigne, & Debarbieux, 2013). Moreover, bioluminescent
bacteria can be used to compare several bacteriophages, so as to
establish candidates for therapeutics based on their real in vivo
efficacy instead of they are in vitro performance (Debarbieux et
al., 2010). With a combination of proper selection of phages,
proper formulation and improved clinical understanding of how
phages work, bacteriophage could easily become the most
effective way for treating bacterial infections. Comment by
Daniel Ginsburg: As I see it, everything up to this point is
Body. This would be your Discussion and it needs to be
expanded. Can you talk more about isolating phage from
patients, using bioluminescent bacteria, etc.?
References
Alemayehu, D., Casey, P. G., McAuliffe, O., Guinane, C. M.,
Martin, J. G., Shanahan, F., … Hill, C. (2012). Bacteriophages
φMR299-2 and φNH-4 can eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in the murine lung and on cystic fibrosis lung airway cells.
mBio, 3(2), e00029-12. http://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00029-12
Debarbieux, L., Leduc, D., Maura, D., Morello, E., Criscuolo,
A., Grossi, O., … Touqui, L. (2010). Bacteriophages can treat
and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections. The
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http://doi.org/10.1086/651135
Essoh, C., Blouin, Y., Loukou, G., Cablanmian, A., Lathro, S.,
Kutter, E., … Qimron, U. (2013). The Susceptibility of
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to Bacteriophages. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e60575.
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Harper, D. R., & Enright, M. C. (2011). Bacteriophages for the
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Applied Microbiology, 111(1), 1–7.
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Paul, V., Sundarrajan, S., Rajagopalan, S., Hariharan, S.,
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http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-195
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