Bacterioliogy and Virolgy.pptx
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DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material and have a lower mutation rate than RNA viruses. They replicate in the nucleus and have a large, double-stranded genome that is packaged into a pre-formed capsid. Examples include herpes, hepatitis, adenoviruses, and poxviruses. RNA viruses contain RNA as their genetic material and have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses. They replicate in the cytoplasm and have a small, single-stranded genome that is not packaged into a pre-formed capsid. Examples include influenza, SARS, the common cold, hepatitis C, polio, and measles. The document compares the key differences between DNA and RNA viruses, such as their
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Virus classification by Kainat Ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the
structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex
poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical
composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Virus classification by kainat ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Recommended
Virus classification by Kainat Ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the
structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex
poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical
composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Virus classification by kainat ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Classification of virus, symmetry
Viruses are infectious intracellular obligate parasites with subcellular level of organisation and without protoplasm, cell, cell organells and the molecular machineries for energy metabolism and protein synthesis,Grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome and mode of replication
most viruses have a specific shape that is determined by the capsomeres or the envelope.
Capsid symmetry - Three types
(1) HELICAL CAPSID
(2) ICOSAHEDRALCAPSID
(3) COMPLEX CAPSID
Capsid - large macromolecular structures.
Made up of proteins called capsomers.
Chemical unit of capsomers are polypeptide chain.
Capsid - surrounded by lipoprotein layer called envelop
Envelop is made up of proteins and glycoproteins
Presence of lipid -envelope seems flexible and loose.
Envelope is composed of both the host viral components.
projections on the envelope known as spikes/peplomers which are arranged into distinct units.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in some of the virses whi.pdf
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in some of the virses which has the ability of
synthesizing a complementary DNA using an RNA molecule as a template.This process is called
reverse transcription.This is not possible by normal DNA polymerase because it is only possible
to make RNA from DNA,but not the vice versa,which is only possible by reverse
transcriptase.The retroviruses or RNA viruses contains RNA as their genetic material,so when
they infect a host genome,they use this RNA as a template to make a complementary DNA using
the host\'s transcriptional machinery and thus start replicating.Reverse transcriptase is mainly
present only in some viruses,not humans,but an exception is the telomere portion of a
chromosome in human and other organisms where enzyme telomerase is present which acts as a
reverse transcriptase.
Solution
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in some of the virses which has the ability of
synthesizing a complementary DNA using an RNA molecule as a template.This process is called
reverse transcription.This is not possible by normal DNA polymerase because it is only possible
to make RNA from DNA,but not the vice versa,which is only possible by reverse
transcriptase.The retroviruses or RNA viruses contains RNA as their genetic material,so when
they infect a host genome,they use this RNA as a template to make a complementary DNA using
the host\'s transcriptional machinery and thus start replicating.Reverse transcriptase is mainly
present only in some viruses,not humans,but an exception is the telomere portion of a
chromosome in human and other organisms where enzyme telomerase is present which acts as a
reverse transcriptase..
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid before the virus be.pdf
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid before the virus becomes a provirus, in order
for that to occur the form of the genome must be converted to
Solution
1) Answer:
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid, RNA before the virus become a provirus; in
order that to occur, single stranded form of the genome must be converted to double stranded
form.
Explanation: A retrovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an
obligate parasite, targets a host cell. In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then
RNA is translated into protein. However, retroviruses function differently, as their RNA is
reverse-transcribed into DNA (by an enzyme reverse transcriptase), which is integrated into the
host cell\'s genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and
translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus.
2) Answer:
Human make RNA during a process called transcription.
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a
template, a process known as transcription..
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to describe the molecular aspects of the
virion. single-stranded RNA genome Undergoes cytoplasmic replication Undergoes nuclear
replication nonenveloped DNA genome linear genome in the virion This is a retrovirus that
integrates into the infected host cells genome. enveloped double-stranded This is a virus that has
a latent state in the infected host cells The genome undergoes circularization circular genome in
the virion
For Poxviridae select all the features that are true to describe the molecular aspects of the virion.
double-stranded Undergoes nuclear replication enveloped RNA genome single-stranded linear
genome in the virion circular genome in the virion Undergoes cytoplasmic replication Large
complex virus This is a virus that has a latent state in the infected host cells DNA genome
nonenveloped There is a vore wall surrounding the viral genome.
Overview of families of viruses
An overview of the families of viruses that come up in the 2nd year pathology course of Cambridge medical school.
Replication of DNA viruses .ppt
Several virus-coded enzyme activities are generally required for the replication of viral DNA. These are helicase (with ATPase activity) to unwind the double helix, helix-destabilizing protein to keep the two separated strands apart, DNA polymerase to copy each strand from the origin of replication, RNAse to degrade the RNA primer after it has served its purpose, DNA ligase to join the Okazaki fragments together
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under cat.pdf
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell.
Solution
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell..
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Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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Classification of virus, symmetry
Viruses are infectious intracellular obligate parasites with subcellular level of organisation and without protoplasm, cell, cell organells and the molecular machineries for energy metabolism and protein synthesis,Grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome and mode of replication
most viruses have a specific shape that is determined by the capsomeres or the envelope.
Capsid symmetry - Three types
(1) HELICAL CAPSID
(2) ICOSAHEDRALCAPSID
(3) COMPLEX CAPSID
Capsid - large macromolecular structures.
Made up of proteins called capsomers.
Chemical unit of capsomers are polypeptide chain.
Capsid - surrounded by lipoprotein layer called envelop
Envelop is made up of proteins and glycoproteins
Presence of lipid -envelope seems flexible and loose.
Envelope is composed of both the host viral components.
projections on the envelope known as spikes/peplomers which are arranged into distinct units.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in some of the virses whi.pdf
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in some of the virses which has the ability of
synthesizing a complementary DNA using an RNA molecule as a template.This process is called
reverse transcription.This is not possible by normal DNA polymerase because it is only possible
to make RNA from DNA,but not the vice versa,which is only possible by reverse
transcriptase.The retroviruses or RNA viruses contains RNA as their genetic material,so when
they infect a host genome,they use this RNA as a template to make a complementary DNA using
the host\'s transcriptional machinery and thus start replicating.Reverse transcriptase is mainly
present only in some viruses,not humans,but an exception is the telomere portion of a
chromosome in human and other organisms where enzyme telomerase is present which acts as a
reverse transcriptase.
Solution
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in some of the virses which has the ability of
synthesizing a complementary DNA using an RNA molecule as a template.This process is called
reverse transcription.This is not possible by normal DNA polymerase because it is only possible
to make RNA from DNA,but not the vice versa,which is only possible by reverse
transcriptase.The retroviruses or RNA viruses contains RNA as their genetic material,so when
they infect a host genome,they use this RNA as a template to make a complementary DNA using
the host\'s transcriptional machinery and thus start replicating.Reverse transcriptase is mainly
present only in some viruses,not humans,but an exception is the telomere portion of a
chromosome in human and other organisms where enzyme telomerase is present which acts as a
reverse transcriptase..
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid before the virus be.pdf
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid before the virus becomes a provirus, in order
for that to occur the form of the genome must be converted to
Solution
1) Answer:
The retrovirus genome is made of the nucleic acid, RNA before the virus become a provirus; in
order that to occur, single stranded form of the genome must be converted to double stranded
form.
Explanation: A retrovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an
obligate parasite, targets a host cell. In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then
RNA is translated into protein. However, retroviruses function differently, as their RNA is
reverse-transcribed into DNA (by an enzyme reverse transcriptase), which is integrated into the
host cell\'s genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and
translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus.
2) Answer:
Human make RNA during a process called transcription.
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a
template, a process known as transcription..
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to describe the molecular aspects of the
virion. single-stranded RNA genome Undergoes cytoplasmic replication Undergoes nuclear
replication nonenveloped DNA genome linear genome in the virion This is a retrovirus that
integrates into the infected host cells genome. enveloped double-stranded This is a virus that has
a latent state in the infected host cells The genome undergoes circularization circular genome in
the virion
For Poxviridae select all the features that are true to describe the molecular aspects of the virion.
double-stranded Undergoes nuclear replication enveloped RNA genome single-stranded linear
genome in the virion circular genome in the virion Undergoes cytoplasmic replication Large
complex virus This is a virus that has a latent state in the infected host cells DNA genome
nonenveloped There is a vore wall surrounding the viral genome.
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Several virus-coded enzyme activities are generally required for the replication of viral DNA. These are helicase (with ATPase activity) to unwind the double helix, helix-destabilizing protein to keep the two separated strands apart, DNA polymerase to copy each strand from the origin of replication, RNAse to degrade the RNA primer after it has served its purpose, DNA ligase to join the Okazaki fragments together
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under cat.pdf
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell.
Solution
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell..
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
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Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
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Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
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Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
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Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
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Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
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Bacterioliogy and Virolgy.pptx
- 1. Difference between DNA and RNA viruses Presented By Muhammad Waseem Student ID BSF2001013 Presented To Mam Sana Jabeen
- 3. DNA viruses Contain DNA as genetic material Large icosahedral and enveloped in lipoproteins Some time referred as HHAPPY viruses because Herpes Hepadna Adeno Papova Parvo Pox
- 4. DNA viruses
- 5. RNA Virus • Contain RNA as genetic material • Mostly single stranded helical capsid symmetry Toga Corona Retro Picorna Arena Reo Orthomyxo Paramyxo
- 7. Comparison DNA viruses RNA viruses o DNA as genetic material o RNA as genetic material o Mostly double stranded o They are single stranded o Mutation rate is less than RNA viruses o Mutation rate is higher than DNA viruses o DNA viruses are stable o RNA viruses are unstable o Replicate in nucleus of host cell o Replicate in the cytoplasm of host cell o Contain a large genome o Contain a small genome o Newly synthesized DNA is packed in a pre- formed capsid called procapsid o Newly synthesized RNA is not packed in a procapsid
- 8. Comparison DNAviruses RNAviruses o DNA viruses shows an accurate replication. o RNA viruses shows an error-prone replication. o Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses, Parvoviruses, and Hepadnaviruses are the examples of DNA viruses. o Reoviruses, Picornaviruses, Togaviruses, Ort homyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, and Retroviruses are the examples of RNA viruses. o Smallpox, herpes, and chickenpox are diseases of DNA viruses. o SARS, the common cold, influenza, hepatitis C polio and measles are some of the diseases caused by RNA viruses.
- 9. References • https://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/projct-viruses • https://www.slideshare.net/amanullah9803150/classification-of-virus • https://www.pmfias.com/difference-virus-bacteria-dna-rna-viruses/