This document provides an overview of animal behaviour and chronobiology. It discusses:
1. The origin and history of ethology, including brief profiles of Karl Von Frish, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, and Niko Tinbergen, who were Nobel Laureates in this field.
2. Niko Tinbergen outlined four types of questions to study animal behavior: mechanisms, development, survival value, and evolutionary history.
3. There are three foundations of animal behavior: natural selection, individual learning, and cultural transmission. Learning theories like Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning are also discussed.
4. Different types of behaviors are described like stereotyped responses
1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving.
2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.
Animal Behavior and it's type to show thehkpatir1996
This document provides an overview of animal behavior and related topics:
- It defines behavior as what animals do and how they do it, classifying behaviors as innate or learned.
- It introduces ethology, the study of animal behavior in natural environments, and some pioneers in the field like Von Frisch, Tinbergen, and Lorenz.
- It discusses concepts like behavioral ecology, evolutionary fitness, proximate and ultimate explanations for behavior, and Tinbergen's four questions for understanding behavior.
- It provides examples of innate behaviors like fixed action patterns, kinesis, taxis, and migration as well as learned behaviors like associative learning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
The document provides an overview of the behavioral (learning) approach. It discusses the major theories of learning put forth by behavioral psychologists, including classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov, operant conditioning by Thorndike and Skinner, and observational learning. It also outlines the key figures in the development of behaviorism from Watson to Bandura and Rotter. Finally, it discusses applications of behaviorism to education, including the use of reinforcement and punishment in the classroom.
B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning which examines how behaviors are influenced by consequences. Operant conditioners use reinforcement schedules to shape behaviors by rewarding desired responses. They can train animals to perform tasks and detect sensory stimuli. Schedules of intermittent reinforcement produce stable, schedule-controlled behaviors useful for studying mechanisms of action. Skinner argued operant conditioning could improve education by emphasizing positive reinforcement over punishment, though his views on human nature were controversial.
Learnind theory and its implications in psychiatryNayab Anjum
learning theory consists of classical conditioning theories, operant conditioning ,cognitive conditioning, and these theories gives background for cognitive behavior therapies. Also new concept of mirror neurons are described which gives wide views on autism spectrum disorders, empathy and emotions.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; John B. Watson, who established behaviorism as a scientific approach and conducted experiments on conditioning with infants; and Edward Thorndike, who formulated the law of effect and conducted puzzle box experiments on animal learning. Behaviorism became a dominant approach in psychology from the 1920s through the 1950s and focused on stimulus-response learning through conditioning.
This document discusses animal behavior and ethology. It defines behavior and describes the three main approaches to studying behavior: vitalistic, mechanistic, and ethological. The ethological approach attempts to explain responses observed in the field in terms of eliciting stimuli. Behavior can be species-characteristic innate behaviors or individual learned behaviors. Stimuli that influence behavior can be internal or external. Motivation precedes behaviors and is influenced by physiological and environmental factors. Communication and sign stimuli also impact animal behaviors.
1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving.
2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.
Animal Behavior and it's type to show thehkpatir1996
This document provides an overview of animal behavior and related topics:
- It defines behavior as what animals do and how they do it, classifying behaviors as innate or learned.
- It introduces ethology, the study of animal behavior in natural environments, and some pioneers in the field like Von Frisch, Tinbergen, and Lorenz.
- It discusses concepts like behavioral ecology, evolutionary fitness, proximate and ultimate explanations for behavior, and Tinbergen's four questions for understanding behavior.
- It provides examples of innate behaviors like fixed action patterns, kinesis, taxis, and migration as well as learned behaviors like associative learning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
The document provides an overview of the behavioral (learning) approach. It discusses the major theories of learning put forth by behavioral psychologists, including classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov, operant conditioning by Thorndike and Skinner, and observational learning. It also outlines the key figures in the development of behaviorism from Watson to Bandura and Rotter. Finally, it discusses applications of behaviorism to education, including the use of reinforcement and punishment in the classroom.
B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning which examines how behaviors are influenced by consequences. Operant conditioners use reinforcement schedules to shape behaviors by rewarding desired responses. They can train animals to perform tasks and detect sensory stimuli. Schedules of intermittent reinforcement produce stable, schedule-controlled behaviors useful for studying mechanisms of action. Skinner argued operant conditioning could improve education by emphasizing positive reinforcement over punishment, though his views on human nature were controversial.
Learnind theory and its implications in psychiatryNayab Anjum
learning theory consists of classical conditioning theories, operant conditioning ,cognitive conditioning, and these theories gives background for cognitive behavior therapies. Also new concept of mirror neurons are described which gives wide views on autism spectrum disorders, empathy and emotions.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; John B. Watson, who established behaviorism as a scientific approach and conducted experiments on conditioning with infants; and Edward Thorndike, who formulated the law of effect and conducted puzzle box experiments on animal learning. Behaviorism became a dominant approach in psychology from the 1920s through the 1950s and focused on stimulus-response learning through conditioning.
This document discusses animal behavior and ethology. It defines behavior and describes the three main approaches to studying behavior: vitalistic, mechanistic, and ethological. The ethological approach attempts to explain responses observed in the field in terms of eliciting stimuli. Behavior can be species-characteristic innate behaviors or individual learned behaviors. Stimuli that influence behavior can be internal or external. Motivation precedes behaviors and is influenced by physiological and environmental factors. Communication and sign stimuli also impact animal behaviors.
This document provides an overview of key topics in psychology including theoretical perspectives and approaches to learning. It discusses several theories of learning including:
- Classical conditioning as proposed by Pavlov including the three phases of conditioning and principles like extinction.
- Instrumental conditioning studied by Thorndike including his puzzle box experiments with cats and laws of learning like the law of effect.
- Operant conditioning developed by Skinner using controlled environments like Skinner boxes. Key concepts discussed are reinforcement, punishment, and their effects on behavior.
- Educational implications are also highlighted for various theories including the importance of discrimination, generalization of learning, and ensuring consequences are pleasant to strengthen behaviors. The document covers major theories to understand human learning
Behaviourism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key behaviourist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; Edward Thorndike, who introduced the law of effect and studied animal learning through puzzle boxes; John Watson, who promoted objective experimental methods and conducted controversial studies on humans; and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning and invented the Skinner box. Behaviourism views learning as occurring through conditioning processes involving stimuli, responses, and reinforcement or punishment.
1) Ethological theory views instinctive behavior as consisting of three stages: the drive stage where an instinct is triggered, the appetitive stage where the organism searches for the goal, and the consummatory stage where the behavior is completed and the drive is satisfied.
2) Key scholars in this theory were Lorenz, Tinbergen, and Von Frisch who studied behavior in natural settings and observed species-specific, fixed action patterns that had survival value.
3) Instincts are unlearned behaviors released by specific stimuli and have characteristics like being species-specific and having a drive component that needs periodic release.
Behaviourism/ The Behavioural Model. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psy...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The behavioural model is based on the assumptions of behaviourism which was the dominant paradigm in psychology from the 1920s-1950s. It focuses on careful observation and measurement of behaviour and views psychology as a science aimed at predicting and controlling behaviour. Classical conditioning experiments by Pavlov and operant conditioning experiments by Skinner demonstrated that behaviours can be learned through reinforcement and punishment. The behavioural model explains behaviour in terms of stimuli, responses, and their consequences.
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from physiological and genetic factors. Key concepts include localization of brain function, with different areas controlling processes like speech, vision, and hearing. The brain is also lateralized, with the left and right hemispheres specialized for different tasks. Biological rhythms like the circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles through mechanisms like the body clock and the pineal gland. Theories of sleep propose functions like restoration, memory consolidation, and energy conservation from an evolutionary perspective. Dreaming may aid in clearing useless memories according to some theories.
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from physiological and genetic factors. Key concepts include localization of brain function, with different areas controlling processes like speech, vision, and hearing. The brain is also lateralized, with the left and right hemispheres specialized for different tasks. Biological rhythms like the circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles through mechanisms like the body clock and the pineal gland. Theories of sleep propose functions like restoration, memory consolidation, and energy conservation from an evolutionary perspective. Dreaming may aid in clearing useless memories according to some theories.
This document provides an overview of several theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Classical conditioning refers to learning associations between stimuli and responses, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a tone that was paired with food. Operant conditioning refers to learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors, as studied by Thorndike and Skinner. Observational learning occurs when observing the behaviors of others, as shown by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. The document also discusses insight learning, latent learning, and different reinforcement schedules used to shape behaviors.
Introductory Psychology: Learning Part II (Operant)Brian Piper
lecture 19 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, operant conditioning
All things should be looked at from the perspective of behaviour.
And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the mind, it just matters what the behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist mind between external behaviour and internal thoughts.
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
The document discusses animal behavior and its use as a screening tool in biomedical research. It defines animal behavior and describes ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. It discusses pioneers in the field like Niko Tinbergen and covers different types of behaviors like feeding, social, and communicative behaviors. The document also discusses the nature vs nurture debate and different learning processes in animals. It describes using animal models to study behaviors related to pain, anxiety, depression, and other conditions to gain insights into human behaviors and disorders.
The document provides an overview of learning and different types of conditioning processes. It discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs can learn to associate stimuli. Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with food led dogs to eventually salivate to just the stimulus. Operant conditioning is also examined, focusing on how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Various applications of classical and operant conditioning in teaching are also outlined.
Animal behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and cannot be modified by experience, such as bird song and spider web building. Learned behaviors develop through experience, including habituation, imprinting, and various forms of conditioning. Behavior serves survival functions like attracting mates, caring for offspring, and responding to threats and is shaped by natural selection.
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior in natural conditions and how behavior evolved to be adaptive. Key developments include identifying fixed action patterns and studying imprinting. Ethology examines behavior across many species to understand evolution, while comparative psychology focuses more on learning in artificial settings using few species. Important behaviors studied in ethology include habituation, associative learning, social behaviors like group living, communication, parental care, and mating rituals. Studying animal behavior provides insights into cognition, social learning, and the costs and benefits of group living.
The document discusses the behaviorist framework, which views human behavior as being explained by stimulus-response relationships. It defines stimuli as any environmental change that causes an organism to react, and response as how the organism reacts to the stimulus. The behaviorist theory includes classical conditioning, where a stimulus elicits a response, and operant conditioning, where consequences reinforce voluntary behaviors. The document provides background on Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner, pioneers of behaviorism who conducted classical and operant conditioning experiments.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of classical and operant conditioning, including definitions of key concepts, descriptions of pioneering research studies, recent research examples, and lists of useful resources like journals, books, videos, blogs and articles on the topics of classical and operant conditioning.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Behaviorism in Psychology
Basic concepts, Major theorist and their contributions , Therapeutic Techniques, Current applications of behaviorism and research area
This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect warmwater fish species. It describes the cell morphologies of bacteria, including spherical, rod, and spiral shapes. It then examines several specific diseases in more detail, including Columnaris caused by Flavobacterium columnare, enteric septicemia of catfish caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella tarda, motile Aeromonas septicemia caused by various Aeromonas species, mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacteria species, and Streptococcus iniae infections in tilapia. For each disease, it provides information on affected fish species, clinical signs, diagnosis, and characteristics.
The document summarizes several viral diseases including their symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. It covers Parvoviridae which causes a rash in children, Papillomavirus which can cause warts and cervical cancer, Herpesviruses like HSV-1 and HSV-2, Norovirus which causes gastroenteritis, Rhinoviruses which are the main cause of colds, Hepatitis A transmitted through the fecal-oral route, Influenza spread through droplets with annual vaccination, Measles which causes rash and is highly contagious prevented through vaccination, Mumps spread through saliva, RSV which can be severe in infants, SARS a respiratory illness spread through droplets with
This document provides an overview of key topics in psychology including theoretical perspectives and approaches to learning. It discusses several theories of learning including:
- Classical conditioning as proposed by Pavlov including the three phases of conditioning and principles like extinction.
- Instrumental conditioning studied by Thorndike including his puzzle box experiments with cats and laws of learning like the law of effect.
- Operant conditioning developed by Skinner using controlled environments like Skinner boxes. Key concepts discussed are reinforcement, punishment, and their effects on behavior.
- Educational implications are also highlighted for various theories including the importance of discrimination, generalization of learning, and ensuring consequences are pleasant to strengthen behaviors. The document covers major theories to understand human learning
Behaviourism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key behaviourist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; Edward Thorndike, who introduced the law of effect and studied animal learning through puzzle boxes; John Watson, who promoted objective experimental methods and conducted controversial studies on humans; and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning and invented the Skinner box. Behaviourism views learning as occurring through conditioning processes involving stimuli, responses, and reinforcement or punishment.
1) Ethological theory views instinctive behavior as consisting of three stages: the drive stage where an instinct is triggered, the appetitive stage where the organism searches for the goal, and the consummatory stage where the behavior is completed and the drive is satisfied.
2) Key scholars in this theory were Lorenz, Tinbergen, and Von Frisch who studied behavior in natural settings and observed species-specific, fixed action patterns that had survival value.
3) Instincts are unlearned behaviors released by specific stimuli and have characteristics like being species-specific and having a drive component that needs periodic release.
Behaviourism/ The Behavioural Model. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psy...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The behavioural model is based on the assumptions of behaviourism which was the dominant paradigm in psychology from the 1920s-1950s. It focuses on careful observation and measurement of behaviour and views psychology as a science aimed at predicting and controlling behaviour. Classical conditioning experiments by Pavlov and operant conditioning experiments by Skinner demonstrated that behaviours can be learned through reinforcement and punishment. The behavioural model explains behaviour in terms of stimuli, responses, and their consequences.
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from physiological and genetic factors. Key concepts include localization of brain function, with different areas controlling processes like speech, vision, and hearing. The brain is also lateralized, with the left and right hemispheres specialized for different tasks. Biological rhythms like the circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles through mechanisms like the body clock and the pineal gland. Theories of sleep propose functions like restoration, memory consolidation, and energy conservation from an evolutionary perspective. Dreaming may aid in clearing useless memories according to some theories.
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from physiological and genetic factors. Key concepts include localization of brain function, with different areas controlling processes like speech, vision, and hearing. The brain is also lateralized, with the left and right hemispheres specialized for different tasks. Biological rhythms like the circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles through mechanisms like the body clock and the pineal gland. Theories of sleep propose functions like restoration, memory consolidation, and energy conservation from an evolutionary perspective. Dreaming may aid in clearing useless memories according to some theories.
This document provides an overview of several theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Classical conditioning refers to learning associations between stimuli and responses, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a tone that was paired with food. Operant conditioning refers to learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors, as studied by Thorndike and Skinner. Observational learning occurs when observing the behaviors of others, as shown by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. The document also discusses insight learning, latent learning, and different reinforcement schedules used to shape behaviors.
Introductory Psychology: Learning Part II (Operant)Brian Piper
lecture 19 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, operant conditioning
All things should be looked at from the perspective of behaviour.
And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the mind, it just matters what the behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist mind between external behaviour and internal thoughts.
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
The document discusses animal behavior and its use as a screening tool in biomedical research. It defines animal behavior and describes ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. It discusses pioneers in the field like Niko Tinbergen and covers different types of behaviors like feeding, social, and communicative behaviors. The document also discusses the nature vs nurture debate and different learning processes in animals. It describes using animal models to study behaviors related to pain, anxiety, depression, and other conditions to gain insights into human behaviors and disorders.
The document provides an overview of learning and different types of conditioning processes. It discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs can learn to associate stimuli. Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with food led dogs to eventually salivate to just the stimulus. Operant conditioning is also examined, focusing on how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Various applications of classical and operant conditioning in teaching are also outlined.
Animal behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and cannot be modified by experience, such as bird song and spider web building. Learned behaviors develop through experience, including habituation, imprinting, and various forms of conditioning. Behavior serves survival functions like attracting mates, caring for offspring, and responding to threats and is shaped by natural selection.
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior in natural conditions and how behavior evolved to be adaptive. Key developments include identifying fixed action patterns and studying imprinting. Ethology examines behavior across many species to understand evolution, while comparative psychology focuses more on learning in artificial settings using few species. Important behaviors studied in ethology include habituation, associative learning, social behaviors like group living, communication, parental care, and mating rituals. Studying animal behavior provides insights into cognition, social learning, and the costs and benefits of group living.
The document discusses the behaviorist framework, which views human behavior as being explained by stimulus-response relationships. It defines stimuli as any environmental change that causes an organism to react, and response as how the organism reacts to the stimulus. The behaviorist theory includes classical conditioning, where a stimulus elicits a response, and operant conditioning, where consequences reinforce voluntary behaviors. The document provides background on Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner, pioneers of behaviorism who conducted classical and operant conditioning experiments.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of classical and operant conditioning, including definitions of key concepts, descriptions of pioneering research studies, recent research examples, and lists of useful resources like journals, books, videos, blogs and articles on the topics of classical and operant conditioning.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Behaviorism in Psychology
Basic concepts, Major theorist and their contributions , Therapeutic Techniques, Current applications of behaviorism and research area
This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect warmwater fish species. It describes the cell morphologies of bacteria, including spherical, rod, and spiral shapes. It then examines several specific diseases in more detail, including Columnaris caused by Flavobacterium columnare, enteric septicemia of catfish caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella tarda, motile Aeromonas septicemia caused by various Aeromonas species, mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacteria species, and Streptococcus iniae infections in tilapia. For each disease, it provides information on affected fish species, clinical signs, diagnosis, and characteristics.
The document summarizes several viral diseases including their symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. It covers Parvoviridae which causes a rash in children, Papillomavirus which can cause warts and cervical cancer, Herpesviruses like HSV-1 and HSV-2, Norovirus which causes gastroenteritis, Rhinoviruses which are the main cause of colds, Hepatitis A transmitted through the fecal-oral route, Influenza spread through droplets with annual vaccination, Measles which causes rash and is highly contagious prevented through vaccination, Mumps spread through saliva, RSV which can be severe in infants, SARS a respiratory illness spread through droplets with
This document discusses various methods for laboratory diagnosis and cultivation of bacteria, as well as identification. It describes microscopic examination, culture methods, and tests to determine sensitivity to antibiotics. Various culture techniques are outlined, including streak, lawn, stab and liquid cultures. Identification involves examining morphology, staining reactions, motility, metabolism, biochemical reactions, antigenic analysis and pathogenicity. Bacterial metabolism and the basic requirements for culture media are also summarized. Finally, different sterilization methods like autoclaving, boiling and dry heat are compared.
The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and growth. It describes how bacteria are classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their characteristics. It also explains the different phases of a bacterial growth curve and how bacteria obtain energy through aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Additionally, it mentions some factors that affect bacterial growth such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and carbon dioxide.
The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It describes the hierarchical order of bacteria from domains to species based on characteristics like morphology and genetics. It also summarizes bacterial growth curves in four phases and differentiates between obligate and facultative anaerobes as well as obligate aerobes.
Migratory animals use various navigational strategies to travel long distances between seasonal habitats. These include piloting using landmarks, path integration by tracking distance and direction traveled, and using compass cues like the sun, stars, and magnetic field. Monarch butterflies migrate from Canada to Mexico, salmon migrate between ocean feeding grounds and freshwater spawning sites, and Arctic terns fly over 40,000 km each year between Arctic and Antarctic regions. Animals navigate using internal "maps" and compass senses to guide long distance seasonal journeys and return to the same locations each year.
Fish migration occurs for feeding, spawning, or to escape environmental extremes. There are several types of migration based on habitat, including potamodromous (between freshwater habitats), oceanodromous (within marine habitats), and diadromous (between freshwater and marine habitats). Diadromous migration includes catadromous (from freshwater to marine) and anadromous (from marine to freshwater) patterns. Vertical migration also occurs as fish move up and down the water column daily or seasonally for reasons such as feeding, predator avoidance, and environmental conditions. Understanding fish migratory behavior is important for fisheries management.
This document outlines several case studies and initiatives related to engaging the private sector in agriculture development in Africa. The Allanblackia case study describes efforts to domesticate the Allanblackia tree through germplasm collection, propagation techniques, and developing rural resource centers and a supply chain for Allanblackia nuts in Tanzania. The cocoa case study involves a public-private partnership in Cote d'Ivoire to improve cocoa yields and farmer livelihoods through activities like grafting, variety trials, and empowering women farmers. A new nutrition public-private partnership and the African Orphan Crop Consortium, which aims to sequence and improve underutilized African crops, are also summarized.
Birds are highly susceptible to aspergillosis compared to mammals due to environmental contamination by Aspergillus fungi, differences in avian anatomy and physiology such as lack of macrophages in the lungs/air sacs, and a less effective avian immune response. Aspergillosis in birds can cause a variety of clinical signs depending on the infected area and species. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, epidemiology, hematology, serology including detection of galactomannan, culture, and histopathology. Treatment involves antifungals but has a generally poor prognosis, so prevention through reducing environmental fungal levels and stress is important.
This document discusses potential sequelae after tuberculosis infection and treatment. It provides examples of common sequelae including tuberculous meningitis, miliary tuberculosis, and osteoarticular and pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary sequelae can include obstructive or restrictive lung disease, hypoxia, and pulmonary hypertension. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can reduce fatality and risk of sequelae, though cured disease does not always mean full restoration of health. Sequelae depend on the initial disease presentation and site of infection as well as any remaining damage.
RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of ribose, phosphate groups, and four bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, transfer RNA (tRNA) which brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up the ribosome. Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into protein during translation with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
Almond is an important stone fruit grown in Pakistan, mainly in Baluchistan province. It has high nutritional value due to its oil content. Almonds must have first been domesticated in the Mediterranean region between 3000-2000 BC. Propagation involves preparing pits 1-2 months before transplanting in November/December. Pollinizers are also needed and should be uniformly planted. Planting is done on a square system of 6.5x6.5 meters with 109 trees per acre. Pruning and fertilization is also described.
This document provides information on pedigree analysis including:
- Standard pedigree symbols used to represent family members and their relationships and health status.
- Guidelines for constructing a pedigree including including at least 3 generations and relevant information like dates of birth, death, diagnosis.
- Explanations of different inheritance patterns like autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked and how they present in a pedigree. Pedigrees are used to analyze inheritance of genetic traits and diseases in families.
The document discusses DNA and RNA. It defines DNA as a double-stranded nucleic acid located in the nucleus that stores genetic information through base pairing of nucleotides. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries DNA's message to help synthesize proteins, comes in different types like mRNA and tRNA, and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine. The document compares the key differences and similarities between DNA and RNA.
Branchiostoma has a cosmopolitan distribution, found on sandy shores from tropical to temperate seas. It lives buried in sand with its mouth exposed to filter feed on microorganisms. It has a elongated flattened body with gill slits along the sides that create water currents for feeding and respiration. Its nervous system includes a hollow nerve cord that extends along its back and pairs of nerves that branch off to each segment.
Eugenics is the practice of improving human hereditary traits through controlled breeding. It was coined in 1883 by Francis Galton, who advocated allowing races with "suitable" traits to prevail over those with "less suitable" traits, influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection. Eugenics involves discouraging reproduction of those with genetic defects or undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction of those with desirable traits (positive eugenics). The goal is to improve the genetic makeup and qualities of humans.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Unit 1: Introduction to Animal Behaviour
1. Origin and history of Ethology
2. Brief profiles of Karl Von Frish, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen
3. Proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour
4. Methods and recording of a behaviour
KS_JRCZOO
5. Unit 1: Introduction to Animal Behaviour
1. Origin and history of Ethology
2. Brief profiles of Karl Von Frish, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen
3. Proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour
4. Methods and recording of a behaviour
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7. KS_JRCZOO
•Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine in 1904.
•Karl Ritter[a] von Frisch, was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, along
with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. His work centered on investigations of the sensory perceptions of the honey bee and he
was one of the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance.
•Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of
animal behaviour. He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth. Lorenz
studied instinctive behavior in animals, especially in greylag geese and jackdaws.
•Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social
behavior patterns in animals. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology.
8. Unit 1: Introduction to Animal Behaviour
1. Origin and history of Ethology
2. Brief profiles of Karl Von Frish, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen
3. Proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour
4. Methods and recording of a behaviour
KS_JRCZOO
9. Niko Tinbergen’s 4 Types of questions
Niko Tinbergen outlined in a classic paper entitled “On the Aims and Methods of Ethology” (N. Tinbergen, 1963). These questions centre
on:
• Mechanism—What stimuli elicit behavior? What sort of neurobiological and hormonal changes occur in response to, or in
anticipation of, such stimuli?
• Development—How does behavior change as an animal matures? How does behavior change with the ontogeny, or
development, of an organism? How does developmental variation affect behavior later in life?
• Survival value—How does behavior affect survival and reproduction?
• Evolutionary history—How does behavior vary as a function of the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of the animal being
studied? When did a behavior first appear in the evolutionary history of the species under study?
Tinbergen’s four questions can be captured in two different kinds
of analyses—proximate analysis and ultimate analysis
Proximate analysis is focuses on immediate causes, whereas
Ultimate analysis is defined in terms of the evolutionary forces that have shaped a trait over time.
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10. 1.The force of natural selection
2.The ability of animals to learn (individual learning), and
3.The power of transmitting learned information to others
(cultural transmission)
THREE FOUNDATIONS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
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20. Unit 1: Introduction to Animal Behaviour
1. Origin and history of Ethology
2. Brief profiles of Karl Von Frish, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen
3. Proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour
4. Methods and recording of a behaviour
KS_JRCZOO
23. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 2: Patterns of Behaviour
1. Stereotyped Behaviours (Orientation, Reflexes)
2. Individual Behavioural patterns
3. Instinct vs. Learnt Behaviour
4. Associative learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation,
Imprinting
24. KS_JRCZOO
Stereotyped response
Unlearned behavioral reaction of an organism to some environmental stimulus
It is an adaptive mechanism and may be expressed in a variety of ways
All living organisms exhibit one or more types of stereotyped response
Stereotyped responses are the result of a continuing process of evolutionary modification and
refinement
Those actions that most successfully aid the animal or plant in its basic drives (e.g., reproduction,
search for nourishment, escape from predators) are the ones most likely to be retained in succeeding
generations
As environmental conditions change, inherently determined responses also become modified in
order to ensure continuation of the species
Types: Orientation (Taxis and kinesis) & Reflexes
25. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 2: Patterns of Behaviour
1. Stereotyped Behaviours (Orientation, Reflexes)
2. Individual Behavioural patterns
3. Instinct vs. Learnt Behaviour
4. Associative learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation,
Imprinting
26. Types of behaviours
1. Taxis and kinesis
2. innate and learned
3. egocentric and altruistic
KS_JRCZOO
27. Maintaenance
Body surface maintenance
• Body care
Bathing
Water bathing
Mud bathing
Sand bathing
Fire bathing
Powdering
Cleaning
Moving tail
Grooming
Comfort movement
• Rubbing
• Rutting
• Scratching
• Shaking
• Stretching
• Niblling
• Yawning
• Panting
• Sub bathing/ basking
Anting
• Active
• Passive
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28. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 2: Patterns of Behaviour
1. Stereotyped Behaviours (Orientation, Reflexes)
2. Individual Behavioural patterns
3. Instinct vs. Learnt Behaviour
4. Associative learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation,
Imprinting
29. Motivation and drive
What compels an animal to do what it does is motivation
All the internal and external factors which cause an organism to behave in a goal seeking way is motivation
Motivation leads to build-up of drives for the animal to perform appropriate behaviour (appetitive and
consummatory)
Motivation helps to optimize stimulation to the homeostasis
There is no behaviour without motivation except strict Pavlovian reflex
Instincts are important to understand motivation
Instincts are unlearned behaviours and responses which help them to survive and reproduce
Animals have needs which motivate it to perform a behaviour
Drives are internal state of arousal (e.g. thirst or hunger etc.) which animals tried to reduce and re-
establish the homeostasis
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30. Hierarchy of drives
1. First level drive
(reproductive drive)
2. Second level drive
(territoriality, mating, nest
building, parental care)
3. Third level drive
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31. Sign stimulus
Specific external stimuli that triggered stereotyped
responses from conspecifics, usually called fixed action
pattern
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32. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 2: Patterns of Behaviour
1. Stereotyped Behaviours (Orientation, Reflexes)
2. Individual Behavioural patterns
3. Instinct vs. Learnt Behaviour
4. Associative learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation,
Imprinting
33. KS_JRCZOO
HOW ANIMALS LEARN?
This discussion of how animals learn follows an outline developed by Cecilia Heyes,
both because of its conciseness and its attempt to tie how animals learn to why they
learn (Heyes, 1994)
Heyes notes that there are three commonly recognized types of experience that can
lead to learning—namely,
1. Single stimulus
2. Stimulus-stimulus (Pavlovian (classical) conditioning), and
3. Response-reinforce (Operant conditioning)— each of which facilitates certain
forms of learning.
34. Sensitization and habituation are two simple single-stimulus forms of learning
Single-stimulus learning
Habituation and sensitization:
Numerous times each day, a blue stick is placed in a
rat’s cage. If the rat takes less and less notice of the
stick, habituation has occurred. If the rat pays more
attention to the blue stick over time, sensitization has
taken place.
KS_JRCZOO
36. Pavlovian (classical) conditioning
Paired stimuli
Five seconds after a blue stick (stimulus 1)
is placed in a rat’s cage, the odor of a cat
(stimulus 2) is sprayed in as well. The
question then becomes: Will the rat pair
the blue stick with danger (cat odor)?
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38. Conditioned response
If the rat pairs the blue stick (CS) and the cat odor (US), it will
hide under the chips when the blue stick alone is presented.
Such hiding represents a conditioned response (CR)
In nature, US=UR
Upon pairing, US+NS=UR/R
When, NS=R
Then, NS=CS & R=CR
KS_JRCZOO
39. Ivan Pavlov and classical conditioning. Pavlov watches a classical
conditioning experiment as it is being conducted in his laboratory. In the
experiment, a device to measure salivation has been attached to the dog’s
cheek, the unconditioned stimulus is a dish containing meat powder, and the
conditioned stimulus is a light. (Photo credit: Sovfoto/Eastfoto)
KS_JRCZOO
40. Second-order conditioning The rat learns to respond to a
second CS—the yellow light—with the conditioned response.
KS_JRCZOO
41. Pavlovian conditioning affects not only behavior
per se but also what is referred to as
learnability (that is, the ability to learn under
certain conditions).
We will explore three types of learnability:
overshadowing, blocking, and latent inhibition.
KS_JRCZOO
43. Blocking
Learning can be slowed down
depending on prior association or
lack of association between
stimuli
KS_JRCZOO
44. Finally
Let’s consider a fourth group of rats that is initially exposed to a blue stick,
but no cat odor, for a long period of time
We then try to pair the blue stick with cat odor at some subsequent point
in time
If we find that the rats in group 4 have more difficulty learning than the
rats in group 1 (where standard Pavlovian pairing has occurred), then we
would say that latent inhibition is responsible for this lack of learning in
group 4
KS_JRCZOO
45. Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Instrumental conditioning, also known as operant or goal-directed learning, occurs when
the response that is made by an animal is reinforced (increased) by the presentation of a
reward or the termination of an aversive stimulus, or when the response is suppressed
(decreased) by the presentation of aversive stimulus or the termination of a reward.
One of the most fundamental differences between Pavlovian and instrumental learning is
that, in instrumental learning, the animal must undertake some action or response in
order for the conditioning process to produce learning.
Thorndike’s law of effect: This law states that if a response in the presence of a stimulus is
followed by a positive event, the association between the stimulus and the response will
be strengthened. Conversely, if the response is followed by an aversive event, the
association will be weakened.
KS_JRCZOO
46. Rats in a Skinner box
To test various theories of animal learning, rats are often placed in “Skinner
boxes,” where they have to take an action (here, pressing a button) to get a
reward of food or water. (Photo credit: Walter Dawn/Science Photo
Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
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47. Extinction In learning, the decrease of response
rate or magnitude of response with lack of
reinforcement in a learning situation
KS_JRCZOO
48. KS_JRCZOO
Imprinting is a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with
which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object
In nature the object is almost invariably a parent; in experiments, other animals and inanimate objects
have been used
Imprinting has been intensively studied only in birds, especially chickens, ducks, and geese, but a
comparable form of learning apparently occurs in the young of many mammals and some fishes and
insects
In mallard ducklings and domestic chicks, imprinting can be accomplished in a few hours, but receptivity
to imprinting stimuli vanishes at the age of about 30 hours.
49. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 2: Social and Sexual Behavior
1. Social Behaviour: Concept of Society, Altruism (Insects’ society with
Honey bee as example, Foraging in honey bee and advantages of the
waggle dance)
2. Communication and the senses
3. Sexual Behaviour: Asymmetry of sex, Sexual dimorphism, Mate choice,
Intra-sexual selection (male rivalry), Inter-sexual selection (female
choice), Sexual conflict in parental care
51. Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics
that provides tools for analysing situations in which
parties, called players, make decisions that are
interdependent. This interdependence causes each
player to consider the other player’s possible
decisions, or strategies, in formulating his own
strategy.
52. Game theory was originally developed by…
John von Neumann
Hungarian-born American mathematician
Oskar Morgenstern
German-born American economist
53. Types of games…
1. One-person, two-person, or n-person game (based on number of players)
2. Games of perfect information vs. game of imperfect information (based
on available information about the opponent’s strategies, e.g. Chess vs.
Poker)
3. Constant-sum games (game of pure competition e.g. poker) vs. variable-
sum game (based on the distribution of resource)
4. Variable-sum games can be further distinguished as being either
cooperative or non-cooperative.
55. T = “Temptation to cheat” payoff,
R = “Reward for mutual cooperation” payoff,
P = “Punishment for mutual defection” payoff, and
S = “Suckers” payoff.
For the matrix to qualify as a prisoner’s dilemma game, it must be true that T > R > P > S
PD Matrix Suspect 2
Cooperate Cheat
Suspect 1 Cooperate Suspect 1:
R = 5 year in jail
Suspect 2:
R = 5 year in jail
Suspect 1:
S = 15 years in jail
Suspect 2:
T = 0 years in jail
Cheat Suspect 1:
T = 0 years in jail
Suspect 2:
S = 15 years in jail
Suspect 1:
P = 10 years in jail
Suspect 2:
P = 10 years in jail
56. What should be the Evolutionary Stable Strategy
(or the Nash Equilibrium)?
• If cooperation adopted by most then
cheating penetrate
• If cheating adopted by most then system
collapses and cooperation penetrate
So…Tit for Tat
58. The Hawk-Dove game
John Maynard Smith
British theoretical and
mathematical evolutionary
biologist
George Price
American geneticist
59. c>v leads to hawk-dove
v>c leads to PD
(we have them in this room!!!)
60. What should be the Evolutionary Stable Strategy
(or the Nash Equilibrium)?
A mixture of both
(can be calculated mathematically)
which is dynamic in nature
and
the third bourgeois behaviour
61. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 3: Social and Sexual Behaviour
1. Social Behaviour: Concept of Society
2. Communication and the senses
3. Altruism: Insects’ society with Honey bee as example, Foraging in honey
bee and advantages of the waggle dance
4. Sexual Behaviour: Asymmetry of sex, Sexual dimorphism, Mate choice,
Intra-sexual selection (male rivalry), Inter-sexual selection (female
choice), Sexual conflict in parental care
62. KS_JRCZOO
Unit 3: Social and Sexual Behaviour
1. Social Behaviour: Concept of Society
2. Communication and the senses
3. Altruism: Insects’ society with Honey bee as example, Foraging in honey
bee and advantages of the waggle dance
4. Sexual Behaviour: Asymmetry of sex, Sexual dimorphism, Mate choice,
Intra-sexual selection (male rivalry), Inter-sexual selection (female
choice), Sexual conflict in parental care
63. Communication is the transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver
It modulate the behavior of the receiver
Chutter-Snakes
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The vervet monkey story of Amboseli National Park, Southern Kenya
Cough-Eagle Barking-Leopard
64. KS_JRCZOO
Signaler Receiver
+ve -ve
+ve True Communication Manipulation
-ve Exploitation Ignorance
Types and Evolution of Behaviour
Exaggerated signals
Krebs and Dawkins, 1978
Conspirational whispers
When what is good for the signaler is not good for the recipient, natural selection will favor signalers that send
signals in whatever way best increases the fitness of the signaler, even if that means manipulating recipients
But natural selection also favor recipients with the ability to unscramble what is honest and what isn’t, so it can act
in ways that maximize its own fitness. Krebs and Dawkins refer to recipients as “mind readers” and describe an
“arms race” between signaler and recipient
in which the signaler is selected to better manipulate the receiver, which then is selected to better filter out only
that information that benefi ts it, and so on
one might expect from a salesman attempting to convince
a prospective buyer that his product is the top of the line
signaling often involves some costs—for example, energy
costs or drawing attention from predators—natural
selection should favor minimizing these costs during
conspirational whispers, thus reducing the
conspicuousness
65. KS_JRCZOO
Signaler Receiver
+ve -ve
+ve True Communication Manipulation
-ve Exploitation Ignorance
Types and Evolution of Behaviour
Exaggerated signals
Krebs and Dawkins, 1978
Conspirational whispers
When what is good for the signaler is not good for the recipient, natural selection will favor signalers that send
signals in whatever way best increases the fitness of the signaler, even if that means manipulating recipients
But natural selection also favor recipients with the ability to unscramble what is honest and what isn’t, so it can act
in ways that maximize its own fitness. Krebs and Dawkins refer to recipients as “mind readers” and describe an
“arms race” between signaler and recipient
In ‘arms race’ which the signaler is selected to better manipulate the receiver, which then is selected to better filter
out only that information that benefits it, and so on
66. KS_JRCZOO
Signaler Receiver
+ve -ve
+ve True Communication Manipulation
-ve Exploitation Ignorance
Types and Evolution of Behaviour
Exaggerated signals
Krebs and Dawkins, 1978
Conspirational whispers
When what is good for the signaler is not good for the recipient, natural selection will favor signalers that send
signals in whatever way best increases the fitness of the signaler, even if that means manipulating recipients
But natural selection also favor recipients with the ability to unscramble what is honest and what isn’t, so it can act
in ways that maximize its own fitness. Krebs and Dawkins refer to recipients as “mind readers” and describe an
“arms race” between signaler and recipient
In ‘arms race’ which the signaler is selected to better manipulate the receiver, which then is selected to better filter
out only that information that benefits it, and so on
67. KS_JRCZOO
Signaler Receiver
+ve -ve
+ve True Communication Manipulation
-ve Exploitation Ignorance
Types and Evolution of Behaviour
Exaggerated signals
Krebs and Dawkins, 1978
Conspirational whispers
When what is good for the signaler is not good for the recipient, natural selection will favor signalers that send
signals in whatever way best increases the fitness of the signaler, even if that means manipulating recipients
But natural selection also favor recipients with the ability to unscramble what is honest and what isn’t, so it can act
in ways that maximize its own fitness. Krebs and Dawkins refer to recipients as “mind readers” and describe an
“arms race” between signaler and recipient
In ‘arms race’ which the signaler is selected to better manipulate the receiver, which then is selected to better filter
out only that information that benefits it, and so on
68. KS_JRCZOO
Even within the manipulator/mind-reader view of communication, honesty might evolve:
Signals being sent are impossible
Or at least, very difficult to fake
This appears to be the case in toads:
Deep croaks and physiological advantage
Under Zahavi’s handicap principle
Honesty is also possible when traits are not impossible but
merely very costly to fake
Honest communication may be an outcome even when
deception is possible in principle, as long as deception is
costly
But…
69. KS_JRCZOO
Even within the manipulator/mind-reader view of communication, honesty might evolve:
Signals being sent are impossible
Or at least, very difficult to fake
This appears to be the case in toads:
Deep croaks and physiological advantage
Under Zahavi’s handicap principle
Honesty is also possible when traits are not impossible but
merely very costly to fake
Honest communication may be an outcome even when
deception is possible in principle, as long as deception is
costly
But…
70. This thought leads Amotz Zahavi to Handicap principle
Competitive altruism: In Arabian babbler the helping-at-the-nest behavior often occurs
among unrelated individuals- thus cannot be explained by kin selection-The altruistic act
is costly to the donor, but may improve its attractiveness to potential mates
Obesity, a sign of ability to procure or afford plenty of food, comes at the expense of health, agility, and in more
advanced cases, even strength; in cultures that experience food scarcity, this exhibits "fitness" to the opposite sex and
is also often associated with wealth
Peacock to peahen 'I have survived in spite of this huge tail;
hence I am fitter and more attractive than others‘
71. Response to male cowbirds song by female:
Each point represents the copulation-solicitation displays (CSDs) of one female
KS_JRCZOO
75. Modification of Behavior Due to Anthropogenic Disturbance
Altering forest canopy in or near lek (traditional place where males assemble during the mating season
and engage in competitive displays that attract females) leads to…
(1) stop males from displaying at all because of increased exposure to predators,
(2) induce males to display so often that they become energetically drained, or
(3) lead to females no longer being able to assess male quality accurately
Cock-of-the-Rock (South America/Peru)