This document discusses a proposed method for color image authentication using digital image watermarking and histograms. It begins with an abstract describing the goal of robust digital color image watermarking for authentication while minimizing embedding distortion. It then provides background on digital watermarking techniques and reviews some previous related works. The proposed method embeds a watermark into the least significant bit of each color plane (red, green, blue) of the cover image. It describes the insertion and extraction algorithms in detail. Experimental results on test images are provided, analyzing the peak signal-to-noise ratio for each color plane between the original and watermarked images. The method is concluded to enhance visibility and robustness of the watermark for image authentication.
Performance evaluation of lossy image compression techniques over an awgn cha...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recent advancement in image compression research resulted in reducing the time and cost in image storage and transmission without significant reduction of the image quality. In this paper software algorithms for image compression based on psycho visual and inter pixel redundancy elimination have been developed and implemented. This paper examines the suitability of these two compression techniques over a practical AWGN communication channel and concludes with an experimental comparison on the basis of BER v/s Eb/No ratio. Key Words: Psycho visual redundancy, inter pixel redundancy, lossless and lossy compression, AWGN channel, BER, Eb/No ratio.
Colorization of Greyscale Images Using Kekre’s Biorthogonal Color Spaces and ...Waqas Tariq
There is no exact solution for colorization of greyscale images. The main focus of the techniques [24] is to minimise the human efforts needed in manually coloring the greyscale images. The human interaction is needed only to find a reference color image, then the job of transferring color traits from reference color image to greyscale image is done by techniques discussed in[1]. Here the colors from some source color image are picked up and squirted into the colored greyscale image. The color palette used in colorization technique discussed here is generated using the modified VQ codebook obtained by applying Kekre’s Fast Codebook generation algorithm. The technique is tested using various VQ codebook sizes like 64, 128, 256. In this papaer the techniques of color traits transfer to greyscale images are revisited with various color spaces like newly introduced Kekre’s Biorthogonal color spaces and RGB color space. The pixel window size used is of size 2x2. Color traits transfer to greyscale algorithms are tested over five different images for deciding the color space giving best quality of coloring. The experimental results show that the Kekre’s Biorthogonal Green color space gives better coloring.
Edge detection is one of the most powerful image analysis tools for enhancing and detecting edges. Indeed, identifying and localizing edges are a low level task in a variety of applications such as 3-D reconstruction, shape recognition, image compression, enhancement, and restoration. This paper introduces a new algorithm for detecting edges based on color space models. In this RGB image is taken as an input image and transforming the RGB image to color models such as YUV, YCbCr and XYZ. The edges have been detected for each component in color models separately and compared with the original image of that particular model. In order to measure the quality assessment between images, SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Method) and VIF (Visual Information Fidelity) has been calculated. The results have shown that XYZ color model is having high SSIM value and VIF value. In the previous papers, edge detection based on RGB color model has low SSIM and VIF values. So by converting the images into different color models shows a significant improvement in detection of edges. Keywords: Edge detection, Color models, SSIM, VIF.
The document presents a new approach for lossless reversible visible watermarking that allows embedding of various visible watermarks into images in a way that the original image can be recovered without any loss. The approach uses deterministic one-to-one compound mappings of pixel values to overlay visible watermarks while ensuring the mappings are reversible. Different types of visible watermarks, including opaque monochrome and translucent full color ones, can be embedded. Experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach are also included.
APPLYING EDGE INFORMATION IN YCbCr COLOR SPACE ON THE IMAGE WATERMARKINGsipij
The document proposes a blind watermarking scheme for color images that embeds watermarks in the luminance component (Y) of the YCbCr color space. Edge detection using Sobel and Canny operators is applied to Y, Cb, and Cr to determine which component has the most edge information. The watermark is then embedded in the pixels of Y that have strong edges. Experimental results show the scheme is robust against Gaussian blurring and noise attacks, with normalized correlation between extracted and original watermarks remaining close to 1. The scheme effectively embeds a large number of watermark bits while maintaining imperceptibility and robustness against various image processing attacks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This paper studies color visual cryptography techniques. It discusses using visual information pixel synchronization and error diffusion to improve image quality in color visual cryptography schemes. Visual information pixel synchronization helps keep pixel positions consistent across color channels, improving contrast. Error diffusion distributes quantization errors during encoding, generating shares with better visibility. The paper provides an example applying these concepts to encrypt and reconstruct a color image from shares with high visual quality. In summary, the paper analyzes how visual information pixel synchronization and error diffusion can enhance color visual cryptography methods.
IRJET-Lossless Image compression and decompression using Huffman codingIRJET Journal
S.Anitha"Lossless image compression and decompression using huffman coding", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
This paper propose a novel Image compression based on the Huffman encoding and decoding technique. Image files contain some redundant and inappropriate information. Image compression addresses the problem of reducing the amount of data required to represent an image. Huffman encoding and decoding is very easy to implement and it reduce the complexity of memory. Major goal of this paper is to provide practical ways of exploring Huffman coding technique using MATLAB .
Performance evaluation of lossy image compression techniques over an awgn cha...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recent advancement in image compression research resulted in reducing the time and cost in image storage and transmission without significant reduction of the image quality. In this paper software algorithms for image compression based on psycho visual and inter pixel redundancy elimination have been developed and implemented. This paper examines the suitability of these two compression techniques over a practical AWGN communication channel and concludes with an experimental comparison on the basis of BER v/s Eb/No ratio. Key Words: Psycho visual redundancy, inter pixel redundancy, lossless and lossy compression, AWGN channel, BER, Eb/No ratio.
Colorization of Greyscale Images Using Kekre’s Biorthogonal Color Spaces and ...Waqas Tariq
There is no exact solution for colorization of greyscale images. The main focus of the techniques [24] is to minimise the human efforts needed in manually coloring the greyscale images. The human interaction is needed only to find a reference color image, then the job of transferring color traits from reference color image to greyscale image is done by techniques discussed in[1]. Here the colors from some source color image are picked up and squirted into the colored greyscale image. The color palette used in colorization technique discussed here is generated using the modified VQ codebook obtained by applying Kekre’s Fast Codebook generation algorithm. The technique is tested using various VQ codebook sizes like 64, 128, 256. In this papaer the techniques of color traits transfer to greyscale images are revisited with various color spaces like newly introduced Kekre’s Biorthogonal color spaces and RGB color space. The pixel window size used is of size 2x2. Color traits transfer to greyscale algorithms are tested over five different images for deciding the color space giving best quality of coloring. The experimental results show that the Kekre’s Biorthogonal Green color space gives better coloring.
Edge detection is one of the most powerful image analysis tools for enhancing and detecting edges. Indeed, identifying and localizing edges are a low level task in a variety of applications such as 3-D reconstruction, shape recognition, image compression, enhancement, and restoration. This paper introduces a new algorithm for detecting edges based on color space models. In this RGB image is taken as an input image and transforming the RGB image to color models such as YUV, YCbCr and XYZ. The edges have been detected for each component in color models separately and compared with the original image of that particular model. In order to measure the quality assessment between images, SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Method) and VIF (Visual Information Fidelity) has been calculated. The results have shown that XYZ color model is having high SSIM value and VIF value. In the previous papers, edge detection based on RGB color model has low SSIM and VIF values. So by converting the images into different color models shows a significant improvement in detection of edges. Keywords: Edge detection, Color models, SSIM, VIF.
The document presents a new approach for lossless reversible visible watermarking that allows embedding of various visible watermarks into images in a way that the original image can be recovered without any loss. The approach uses deterministic one-to-one compound mappings of pixel values to overlay visible watermarks while ensuring the mappings are reversible. Different types of visible watermarks, including opaque monochrome and translucent full color ones, can be embedded. Experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach are also included.
APPLYING EDGE INFORMATION IN YCbCr COLOR SPACE ON THE IMAGE WATERMARKINGsipij
The document proposes a blind watermarking scheme for color images that embeds watermarks in the luminance component (Y) of the YCbCr color space. Edge detection using Sobel and Canny operators is applied to Y, Cb, and Cr to determine which component has the most edge information. The watermark is then embedded in the pixels of Y that have strong edges. Experimental results show the scheme is robust against Gaussian blurring and noise attacks, with normalized correlation between extracted and original watermarks remaining close to 1. The scheme effectively embeds a large number of watermark bits while maintaining imperceptibility and robustness against various image processing attacks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This paper studies color visual cryptography techniques. It discusses using visual information pixel synchronization and error diffusion to improve image quality in color visual cryptography schemes. Visual information pixel synchronization helps keep pixel positions consistent across color channels, improving contrast. Error diffusion distributes quantization errors during encoding, generating shares with better visibility. The paper provides an example applying these concepts to encrypt and reconstruct a color image from shares with high visual quality. In summary, the paper analyzes how visual information pixel synchronization and error diffusion can enhance color visual cryptography methods.
IRJET-Lossless Image compression and decompression using Huffman codingIRJET Journal
S.Anitha"Lossless image compression and decompression using huffman coding", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
This paper propose a novel Image compression based on the Huffman encoding and decoding technique. Image files contain some redundant and inappropriate information. Image compression addresses the problem of reducing the amount of data required to represent an image. Huffman encoding and decoding is very easy to implement and it reduce the complexity of memory. Major goal of this paper is to provide practical ways of exploring Huffman coding technique using MATLAB .
Automated Colorization of Grayscale Images Using Texture DescriptorsIDES Editor
The document proposes a novel automated process called ACTD for colorizing grayscale images using texture descriptors without human intervention. It analyzes sample color images to extract coherent texture regions, then uses Gabor filtering for texture-based segmentation. Texture descriptors and color information are computed and stored for each region. These are then used to colorize a new grayscale image based on texture matching. The method combines techniques such as Gabor filtering, fuzzy C-means clustering with a new "Gki factor" for noise tolerance, and content-based image retrieval of texture descriptors. Preliminary results found the approach viable but improvements were needed for scale and rotation invariance.
A Robust Method for Image Watermarking Using Block Differencing LSB SubstitutionIJERA Editor
A robust watermark scheme for copyright protection is proposed in this paper. The present method selects the
best block of image for watermark embedding by comparing luminance value of colored image and block. The
watermark is embedded in the selected pixel blocks by using block pixel differencing LSB substitution method.
The proposed approach overcomes the weak robustness problem of embedding the watermark in the spatial
domain LSB substitution method. Further the watermark extraction does not require the original image as in the
case of many digital watermarking methods. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system is better
in terms of image quality and robustness against various attacks.
Implementation of content based image retrieval using the cfsd algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
3.[13 21]framework of smart mobile rfid networksAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm calculates nine LBP histograms from a 3x3 pattern by comparing each node to all other nodes. These histograms are used as a feature vector for image retrieval. Two experiments on the Brodatz and MIT VisTex databases show the algorithm improves retrieval accuracy over LBP and other transform domain techniques.
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm extracts nine LBP histograms from each image as features by comparing each pixel in a 3x3 pattern to the other pixels using graph cut theory. Two experiments on texture databases show the proposed Graph Cut Local Binary Patterns (GCLBP) algorithm achieves significantly better retrieval accuracy than LBP and other transform-based methods, as measured by average retrieval precision and rate.
3.[18 30]graph cut based local binary patterns for content based image retrievalAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm calculates nine LBP histograms from a 3x3 pattern by comparing each node to all other nodes. These histograms are used as a feature vector for image retrieval. Two experiments on texture databases show the algorithm improves retrieval accuracy over LBP and other transform techniques.
11.graph cut based local binary patterns for content based image retrievalAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm extracts nine LBP histograms from each image as features by comparing each pixel in a 3x3 pattern to the other pixels using graph cut theory. Two experiments on texture databases show the proposed Graph Cut Local Binary Patterns (GCLBP) algorithm achieves significantly better retrieval accuracy than LBP and other transform-based methods, as measured by average retrieval precision and rate.
This document presents a new adaptive approach for enhancing degraded document images. It constructs an adaptive contrast map for the input image and then uses local thresholding to binarize the image. The local threshold is estimated based on intensities of detected text stroke edge pixels within a local window. The proposed method aims to handle degradations from shadows, lighting variations, low contrast, ink bleeding, smearing and strain. It constructs a contrast map using a combination of local image gradient and contrast, weighted based on image statistics. Text is then extracted based on detected high contrast edge pixels and thresholding neighboring pixels. The method is intended to be simple, robust and require minimal parameter tuning.
The document discusses color characterization for scanners and the relationship between scanned RGB values and CIE color space values. It examines using polynomial regression and neural networks to create models that relate scanning devices to spectrophotometers. Specifically, it aims to determine CIE XYZ, L*a*b*, and L*c*h* values from RGB scans under D65 illumination for a color characterization target containing 140 color patches scanned on a Fabric Eye D2000 scanner. Previous studies that used polynomial regression and other transformation techniques for scanner color characterization are also reviewed.
improving differently illuminant images with fuzzy membership based saturatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Illumination estimation is basic to white balancing digital color images and to color constancy. The key to automatic white balancing of digital images is to estimate precisely the color of the overall scene illumination. Many methods for estimating the illumination’s color has proposed. Though not the most exact, one of the simplest and quite extensively used methods are the gray world algorithm, white patch, max-RGB, Gray edge using first order derivative and gray edge using second order derivative, saturation weighting. The first-three methods have neglected the multiple light sources illuminate. In this work, we investigate how illuminate estimation techniques can be improved using fuzzy membership. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate performance of Fuzzy Enhancement based saturation weighting technique for different light sources (single, multiple, indoor scene and outdoor scene) under different conditions. The experiment has clearly shown the effectiveness of the proposed technique over the available methods.
3.[18 30]graph cut based local binary patterns for content based image retrievalAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm calculates nine LBP histograms from each image by comparing each pixel to its neighbors, which are then used as a feature vector for image retrieval. Two experiments on standard databases show the new algorithm improves retrieval accuracy over LBP and other transform-based techniques. The document provides background on CBIR techniques, an overview of LBP for texture description, and describes how the new graph cut-based LBP calculates histograms for image retrieval.
Information search using text and image queryeSAT Journals
Abstract An image retrieval and re-ranking system utilizing a visual re-ranking framework which is proposed in this paper the system retrieves a dataset from the World Wide Web based on textual query submitted by the user. These results are kept as data set for information retrieval. This dataset is then re-ranked using a visual query (multiple images selected by user from the dataset) which conveys user’s intention semantically. Visual descriptors (MPEG-7) which describe image with respect to low-level feature like color, texture, etc are used for calculating distances. These distances are a measure of similarity between query images and members of the dataset. Our proposed system has been assessed on different types of queries such as apples, Console, Paris, etc. It shows significant improvement on initial text-based search results.This system is well suitable for online shopping application. Index Terms: MPEG-7, Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD), image retrieval and re-ranking system
Object detection for service robot using range and color features of an imageIJCSEA Journal
In real-world applications, service robots need to locate and identify objects in a scene. A range sensor
provides a robust estimate of depth information, which is useful to accurately locate objects in a scene. On
the other hand, color information is an important property for object recognition task. The objective of this
paper is to detect and localize multiple objects within an image using both range and color features. The
proposed method uses 3D shape features to generate promising hypotheses within range images and
verifies these hypotheses by using features obtained from both range and color images.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Prediction of Interpolants in Subsampled Radargram Slicesijtsrd
This paper provides an algorithmic procedure to predict interpolants of subsampled images. Given a digital image, one can subsample it by forcing pixel values in the alternate columns and rows to zero. Thus, the size of the subsampled image is reduced to half of the size of the original image. This means 75 of the information in the original image is lost in the subsampled image. The question that arises here is whether it is possible to predict these lost pixel values, which are called interpolants so that the reconstructed image is in accordance with the original image. In this paper, two novel interpolant prediction techniques, which are reliable and computationally efficient, are discussed. They are i interpolant prediction using neighborhood pixel value averaging and ii interpolant prediction using extended morphological filtering. T. Kishan Rao | E. G. Rajan | Dr. M Shankar Lingam "Prediction of Interpolants in Subsampled Radargram Slices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38207.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/38207/prediction-of-interpolants-in-subsampled-radargram-slices/t-kishan-rao
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize test time and test access mechanism (TAM) length for three-dimensional system-on-chip (3D SoC). It describes challenges in testing 3D SoCs, such as pre-bond and post-bond testing. It presents a genetic algorithm that represents solutions as chromosomes encoding TAM partitioning, width distribution, and core/layer assignments. The algorithm aims to minimize total test time and TAM length by evolving populations of solutions until an optimal one is found. Experimental results on benchmark circuits showed improved test times over previous methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
O documento fornece 8 dicas para obter ideias de conteúdo valioso, incluindo pesquisar em sites como Yahoo Respostas, Google, Facebook e analisar o comportamento de busca interna e palavras-chave dos usuários. A satisfação do usuário deve ser o foco ao criar conteúdo.
Este documento descreve o acidente de carro sofrido por Jacqueline Saburido em 1999, quando o carro em que ela viajava foi conduzido por um jovem de 17 anos embriagado. Jacqueline ficou presa no carro em chamas por 45 segundos e sofreu queimaduras graves em 60% do corpo, necessitando de mais de 40 operações. Tanto Jacqueline como o motorista embriagado sofreram consequências duradouras do acidente.
Automated Colorization of Grayscale Images Using Texture DescriptorsIDES Editor
The document proposes a novel automated process called ACTD for colorizing grayscale images using texture descriptors without human intervention. It analyzes sample color images to extract coherent texture regions, then uses Gabor filtering for texture-based segmentation. Texture descriptors and color information are computed and stored for each region. These are then used to colorize a new grayscale image based on texture matching. The method combines techniques such as Gabor filtering, fuzzy C-means clustering with a new "Gki factor" for noise tolerance, and content-based image retrieval of texture descriptors. Preliminary results found the approach viable but improvements were needed for scale and rotation invariance.
A Robust Method for Image Watermarking Using Block Differencing LSB SubstitutionIJERA Editor
A robust watermark scheme for copyright protection is proposed in this paper. The present method selects the
best block of image for watermark embedding by comparing luminance value of colored image and block. The
watermark is embedded in the selected pixel blocks by using block pixel differencing LSB substitution method.
The proposed approach overcomes the weak robustness problem of embedding the watermark in the spatial
domain LSB substitution method. Further the watermark extraction does not require the original image as in the
case of many digital watermarking methods. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system is better
in terms of image quality and robustness against various attacks.
Implementation of content based image retrieval using the cfsd algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
3.[13 21]framework of smart mobile rfid networksAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm calculates nine LBP histograms from a 3x3 pattern by comparing each node to all other nodes. These histograms are used as a feature vector for image retrieval. Two experiments on the Brodatz and MIT VisTex databases show the algorithm improves retrieval accuracy over LBP and other transform domain techniques.
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm extracts nine LBP histograms from each image as features by comparing each pixel in a 3x3 pattern to the other pixels using graph cut theory. Two experiments on texture databases show the proposed Graph Cut Local Binary Patterns (GCLBP) algorithm achieves significantly better retrieval accuracy than LBP and other transform-based methods, as measured by average retrieval precision and rate.
3.[18 30]graph cut based local binary patterns for content based image retrievalAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm calculates nine LBP histograms from a 3x3 pattern by comparing each node to all other nodes. These histograms are used as a feature vector for image retrieval. Two experiments on texture databases show the algorithm improves retrieval accuracy over LBP and other transform techniques.
11.graph cut based local binary patterns for content based image retrievalAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm extracts nine LBP histograms from each image as features by comparing each pixel in a 3x3 pattern to the other pixels using graph cut theory. Two experiments on texture databases show the proposed Graph Cut Local Binary Patterns (GCLBP) algorithm achieves significantly better retrieval accuracy than LBP and other transform-based methods, as measured by average retrieval precision and rate.
This document presents a new adaptive approach for enhancing degraded document images. It constructs an adaptive contrast map for the input image and then uses local thresholding to binarize the image. The local threshold is estimated based on intensities of detected text stroke edge pixels within a local window. The proposed method aims to handle degradations from shadows, lighting variations, low contrast, ink bleeding, smearing and strain. It constructs a contrast map using a combination of local image gradient and contrast, weighted based on image statistics. Text is then extracted based on detected high contrast edge pixels and thresholding neighboring pixels. The method is intended to be simple, robust and require minimal parameter tuning.
The document discusses color characterization for scanners and the relationship between scanned RGB values and CIE color space values. It examines using polynomial regression and neural networks to create models that relate scanning devices to spectrophotometers. Specifically, it aims to determine CIE XYZ, L*a*b*, and L*c*h* values from RGB scans under D65 illumination for a color characterization target containing 140 color patches scanned on a Fabric Eye D2000 scanner. Previous studies that used polynomial regression and other transformation techniques for scanner color characterization are also reviewed.
improving differently illuminant images with fuzzy membership based saturatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Illumination estimation is basic to white balancing digital color images and to color constancy. The key to automatic white balancing of digital images is to estimate precisely the color of the overall scene illumination. Many methods for estimating the illumination’s color has proposed. Though not the most exact, one of the simplest and quite extensively used methods are the gray world algorithm, white patch, max-RGB, Gray edge using first order derivative and gray edge using second order derivative, saturation weighting. The first-three methods have neglected the multiple light sources illuminate. In this work, we investigate how illuminate estimation techniques can be improved using fuzzy membership. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate performance of Fuzzy Enhancement based saturation weighting technique for different light sources (single, multiple, indoor scene and outdoor scene) under different conditions. The experiment has clearly shown the effectiveness of the proposed technique over the available methods.
3.[18 30]graph cut based local binary patterns for content based image retrievalAlexander Decker
This document presents a new algorithm for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) based on graph cut theory and local binary patterns (LBP). The algorithm calculates nine LBP histograms from each image by comparing each pixel to its neighbors, which are then used as a feature vector for image retrieval. Two experiments on standard databases show the new algorithm improves retrieval accuracy over LBP and other transform-based techniques. The document provides background on CBIR techniques, an overview of LBP for texture description, and describes how the new graph cut-based LBP calculates histograms for image retrieval.
Information search using text and image queryeSAT Journals
Abstract An image retrieval and re-ranking system utilizing a visual re-ranking framework which is proposed in this paper the system retrieves a dataset from the World Wide Web based on textual query submitted by the user. These results are kept as data set for information retrieval. This dataset is then re-ranked using a visual query (multiple images selected by user from the dataset) which conveys user’s intention semantically. Visual descriptors (MPEG-7) which describe image with respect to low-level feature like color, texture, etc are used for calculating distances. These distances are a measure of similarity between query images and members of the dataset. Our proposed system has been assessed on different types of queries such as apples, Console, Paris, etc. It shows significant improvement on initial text-based search results.This system is well suitable for online shopping application. Index Terms: MPEG-7, Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD), image retrieval and re-ranking system
Object detection for service robot using range and color features of an imageIJCSEA Journal
In real-world applications, service robots need to locate and identify objects in a scene. A range sensor
provides a robust estimate of depth information, which is useful to accurately locate objects in a scene. On
the other hand, color information is an important property for object recognition task. The objective of this
paper is to detect and localize multiple objects within an image using both range and color features. The
proposed method uses 3D shape features to generate promising hypotheses within range images and
verifies these hypotheses by using features obtained from both range and color images.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Prediction of Interpolants in Subsampled Radargram Slicesijtsrd
This paper provides an algorithmic procedure to predict interpolants of subsampled images. Given a digital image, one can subsample it by forcing pixel values in the alternate columns and rows to zero. Thus, the size of the subsampled image is reduced to half of the size of the original image. This means 75 of the information in the original image is lost in the subsampled image. The question that arises here is whether it is possible to predict these lost pixel values, which are called interpolants so that the reconstructed image is in accordance with the original image. In this paper, two novel interpolant prediction techniques, which are reliable and computationally efficient, are discussed. They are i interpolant prediction using neighborhood pixel value averaging and ii interpolant prediction using extended morphological filtering. T. Kishan Rao | E. G. Rajan | Dr. M Shankar Lingam "Prediction of Interpolants in Subsampled Radargram Slices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38207.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/38207/prediction-of-interpolants-in-subsampled-radargram-slices/t-kishan-rao
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize test time and test access mechanism (TAM) length for three-dimensional system-on-chip (3D SoC). It describes challenges in testing 3D SoCs, such as pre-bond and post-bond testing. It presents a genetic algorithm that represents solutions as chromosomes encoding TAM partitioning, width distribution, and core/layer assignments. The algorithm aims to minimize total test time and TAM length by evolving populations of solutions until an optimal one is found. Experimental results on benchmark circuits showed improved test times over previous methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
O documento fornece 8 dicas para obter ideias de conteúdo valioso, incluindo pesquisar em sites como Yahoo Respostas, Google, Facebook e analisar o comportamento de busca interna e palavras-chave dos usuários. A satisfação do usuário deve ser o foco ao criar conteúdo.
Este documento descreve o acidente de carro sofrido por Jacqueline Saburido em 1999, quando o carro em que ela viajava foi conduzido por um jovem de 17 anos embriagado. Jacqueline ficou presa no carro em chamas por 45 segundos e sofreu queimaduras graves em 60% do corpo, necessitando de mais de 40 operações. Tanto Jacqueline como o motorista embriagado sofreram consequências duradouras do acidente.
O documento discute os efeitos do furacão Katrina em Nova Orleans e como o desastre trouxe reflexões sobre a fragilidade da vida, a importância da humanidade e a necessidade de preservar o planeta. O texto também alerta que os tesouros materiais são passageiros, enquanto os valores espirituais como compaixão e amor são eternos.
Este documento apresenta uma breve autodescrição de Carmen Regina. Ela descreve sua personalidade extrovertida e criativa, sua fé religiosa e apreciação por dançar, comer, crianças e festas. Carmen também elogia seus pais como heróis por sua dedicação, honestidade e amor, e considera ter recebido uma boa formação familiar com valores religiosos.
Este documento presenta un experimento sobre calor y temperatura realizado por estudiantes. El objetivo era explicar cómo una lupa puede aumentar la temperatura de dos vasos de agua expuestos a los rayos del sol. Los estudiantes midieron inicialmente la temperatura de ambos vasos y luego enfocaron la lupa en uno de ellos durante 5 minutos. Al medir la temperatura final, encontraron que el vaso con la lupa tuvo un mayor incremento de temperatura, lo que los llevó a concluir que una lupa interfiere y aumenta más el calor que los rayos sol
Este documento presenta una guía sobre el uso básico de Microsoft Excel 2007. Explica las teclas de movimiento para navegar entre celdas y hojas. Luego cubre temas como introducir datos, funciones (de fechas, texto, búsqueda, financieras y otras), seleccionar, copiar y borrar celdas. Finalmente, detalla diversas unidades sobre gráficos, tablas, filtros, validación de datos, macros e hipervínculos. El objetivo es proporcionar a los estudiantes las herramientas necesarias para empez
El documento presenta los datos de 10 personas incluyendo su nombre, edad, sexo, estatura y peso. Los datos están organizados en tablas y se calculan los valores máximos, mínimos y promedios de estatura, peso y otras variables. Adicionalmente, se presenta una tabla con las calificaciones de cada persona en diferentes asignaturas y se calcula su promedio para determinar si aprueba o desaprueba.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo usar herramientas tecnológicas educativas como PowerPoint y Blogger. Explica cómo crear presentaciones en PowerPoint y blogs educativos en Blogger, y brinda consejos sobre cómo incorporar estas herramientas en el aula para enriquecer la enseñanza y el aprendizaje.
This study evaluated the effect of ranibizumab injections on reading speed in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Patients received monthly injections of either ranibizumab 0.3mg, ranibizumab 0.5mg or a sham injection for 6 months. Reading speed, measured as words per minute, improved significantly in the ranibizumab groups compared to the sham group. Ranibizumab treatment led to measurable improvements in visual function beyond increases in visual acuity alone.
El documento explica los conceptos básicos de HTML: HTML es un lenguaje de marcado para crear páginas web compuestas de texto, imágenes y otros elementos; los navegadores como Chrome e Internet Explorer interpretan el código HTML; los editores como Dreamweaver ayudan a crear páginas web; las etiquetas marcan los elementos de una página; y los colores hexadecimales especifican los colores usando códigos de seis dígitos.
Estructuracristalina propieddades y aplic del silicio, germanio y galio darwin1Darwin Oclocho Minchan
El documento describe tres elementos químicos: silicio, germanio y galio. El silicio es un metaloide abundante en la corteza terrestre que se encuentra naturalmente como cuarzo. El germanio es un metaloide sólido utilizado en semiconductores debido a su pequeña banda prohibida. El galio es un metal blando grisáceo que se funde cerca de la temperatura ambiente y flota en su forma líquida.
Este documento trata sobre la gestión ambiental de desechos electrónicos como computadoras. Explica que la rápida obsolescencia de estos dispositivos genera grandes cantidades de basura electrónica contaminante. También discute posibles efectos de salud asociados con el uso de celulares como cáncer, y métodos para reciclar computadoras de manera responsable como desmontar piezas y clasificar materiales.
Este documento descreve a história dos computadores desde a era mecânica até a quinta geração. Começa com as primeiras máquinas mecânicas de calcular do século 17 e descreve as cinco gerações de computadores, desde as primeiras máquinas eletrônicas baseadas em válvulas até os sistemas modernos baseados em circuitos integrados e inteligência artificial. Também compara as capacidades dos computadores versus os seres humanos.
Este documento describe la tarea de realizar una búsqueda en la base de datos Pubmed sobre cómo los blogs y wikis contribuyen a la docencia y el aprendizaje en enfermería. Se enumeran las estrategias de búsqueda utilizadas y cómo la información recopilada se exportó a Refworks para crear una bibliografía completa en formato uniforme, incluidos dos textos completos.
Comparative Study of Spatial Domain Image Steganography TechniquesEswar Publications
Steganography is an important area of research in information security. It is the technique of disclosing information into the cover image via. text, video, and image without causing statistically significant modification to the cover image. Secure communication of data through internet has become a main issue due to several passive and active attacks. The purpose of stegnography is to hide the existence of the message so that it becomes difficult for attacker to detect it. Different steganography techniques are implemented to hide the information effectively also researchers contributed various algorithms in each technique to improve the technique’s efficiency. In this paper we do a brief analysis of different spatial domain image stegnography techniques and their comparison. The modern secure image steganography presents a challenging task of transferring the embedded information to the destination without being detected.
Steganography is a best method for in secret communicating information during the transference of data. Images are an appropriate method that used in steganography can be used to protection the simple bits and pieces. Several systems, this one as color scale images steganography and grayscale images steganography, are used on color and store data in different techniques. These color images can have very big amounts of secret data, by using three main color modules. The different color modules, such as HSV-(hue, saturation, and value), RGB-(red, green, and blue), YCbCr-(luminance and chrominance), YUV, YIQ, etc. This paper uses unusual module to hide data: an adaptive procedure that can increase security ranks when hiding a top secret binary image in a RGB color image, which we implement the steganography in the YCbCr module space. We performed Exclusive-OR (XOR) procedures between the binary image and the RGB color image in the YCBCR module space. The converted byte stored in the 8-bit LSB is not the actual bytes; relatively, it is obtained by translation to another module space and applies the XOR procedure. This technique is practical to different groups of images. Moreover, we see that the adaptive technique ensures good results as the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and stands for mean square error (MSE) are good. When the technique is compared with our previous works and other existing techniques, it is shown to be the best in both error and message capability. This technique is easy to model and simple to use and provides perfect security with unauthorized.
Steganography is going to gain its importance due to the exponential growth and secret communication of potential computer users over the internet [5]. It can also be defined as the study of invisible communication that usually deals with the ways of hiding the existence of the communicated message. Generally data embedding is achieved in communication, image, text, voice or multimedia content for copyright, military communication, authentication and many other purposes [2]. In image Steganography, secret communication is achieved to embed a message into cover image (used as the carrier to embed message into) and generate a stego- image (generated image which is carrying a hidden message)[1]. In this paper we have critically analyzed various steganographic techniques and also have covered steganography overview its major types, classification, applications [3]. KEYWORDS: STEGANOGRAPHY, STEGO IMAGE, COVER IMAGE, LSB
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an image retrieval and re-ranking system using both text and visual queries. The system first retrieves images from the web based on a textual query submitted by the user. The user can then select multiple example images from the results to better convey their intent. The system calculates visual similarities between the example images and results based on MPEG-7 descriptors like color and texture. Distances are combined to re-rank the initial text-based search results, aiming to improve relevance by incorporating the visual query. The system is evaluated on queries like "apples", "Paris" and "Console" and shows better results than text-only searches according to the document.
This document discusses fractal image compression based on jointly and different partitioning schemes. It proposes partitioning RGB images into range blocks in two ways: 1) Jointly, where the red, green, and blue channels are partitioned together into blocks of the same size and coordinates. 2) Differently, where each channel is partitioned independently, resulting in different block sizes and coordinates for each channel. The document provides background on fractal image compression and the encoding/decoding processes. It analyzes the two partitioning schemes and argues the different scheme is more effective for encoding by allowing each channel to have customized partitioning.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classi...IJERA Editor
This document proposes and evaluates a near lossless image compression algorithm that divides color images into red, green, and blue channels. It classifies pixels in each channel row-by-row and records the results in mask images. The image data is then decomposed into sequences based on the classification and the mask images are hidden in the least significant bits of the sequences. Different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman, and RLE are applied and compared. Experimental results on test images show the proposed algorithm achieves smaller bits per pixel than simple encoding schemes. PSNR values also indicate very little difference between original and reconstructed images.
This document is a mini project report on digital image processing using MATLAB. It discusses various image processing techniques and applications implemented in MATLAB, including image formats, operations, and tools. Applications demonstrated include text recognition, color tracking, solving an engineering problem using image processing, creating a virtual slate using laser tracking, face detection, and distance estimation. The report provides examples of MATLAB functions used for tasks like importing, displaying, converting and cropping images, as well as analyzing and manipulating them.
histogram equalization of grayscale and color imageSaeed Ullah
This document discusses histogram equalization of grayscale and color images using OpenCV. Histogram equalization is used to enhance contrast in images. It describes how histograms plot the distribution of pixel intensities in an image. The document provides OpenCV code to equalize histograms of grayscale and color images. It shows the original and equalized images, with the equalized images demonstrating enhanced contrast compared to the originals.
COMPARISON OF SECURE AND HIGH CAPACITY COLOR IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES I...ijait
This document compares color image steganography techniques in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces. It summarizes previous related work and then describes a proposed method that hides two grayscale images in a color image. For RGB, the secret images are hidden in the green and blue color channels by matching blocks and storing the locations in encrypted keys. For YCbCr, one secret image is hidden in the Cb channel and the other in the Cr channel in the same way. The keys are extracted during retrieval and used to reconstruct the secret images from the color channels. Experimental results show YCbCr provides better steganography than RGB in terms of security and quality of extracted secret images.
Visual Cryptography using Image ThresholdingIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel visual cryptography algorithm using image thresholding that generates shares of an image without requiring a key. The technique thresholds the secret image to create two shares such that individual shares do not reveal information about the secret image. The original image can be reconstructed by performing an OR operation on the pixel values of the shares using the threshold value, without any loss of quality or information. The algorithm was tested on color images in MATLAB and successfully recovered the original image from the shares.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract Image Segmentation plays a vital role in image processing. The research in this area is still relevant due to its wide applications. Image segmentation is a process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with same label share certain visual characteristics. Sometimes it becomes necessary to calculate the total number of colors from the given RGB image to quantize the image, to detect cancer and brain tumour. The goal of this paper is to provide the best algorithm for image segmentation. Keywords: Image segmentation, RGB
Image Maximization Using Multi Spectral Image Fusion Techniquedbpublications
This paper reports a detailed study of a set of image fusion algorithms for its implementation. The paper explains the theory and implementation of the effective image fusion algorithm and the experimental results. Based on the research and development of some image quality metrics, the fusion algorithm is evaluated. The report is an image fusion algorithm that evaluates and implements image quality metrics that are used to evaluate the implementation. In this study, two different image fusion techniques have been applied to hyperspectral and low spatial resolution satellite images with high spatial and low spectral resolution images to obtain a fusion graph with increased spatial resolution Like, while keeping spectral information as much as possible. These techniques are raw component analysis
(PCA) and wavelet transform (WT) image fusion MATLAB is used to build the GUto
apply and render the results of image fusion algorithms. The subjective (visual) and objective evaluation of the fusion image has been carried out to assess the success of the method. The objective evaluation methods include correlation coefficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), relative global dimension synthesis error (ERGAS) The results show that the PCA method performs better on the top of the spectral information, and is less successful in increasing the spatial resolution. The WT is performed after the IHS transformation to improve the spatial resolution and is performed with respect to the preservation of the spectral information after the PCA and WT methods.
An effective RGB color selection for complex 3D object structure in scene gra...IJECEIAES
Our goal of the project is to develop a complete, fully detailed 3D interactive model of the human body and systems in the human body, and allow the user to interacts in 3D with all the elements of that system, to teach students about human anatomy. Some organs, which contain a lot of details about a particular anatomy, need to be accurately and fully described in minute detail, such as the brain, lungs, liver and heart. These organs are need have all the detailed descriptions of the medical information needed to learn how to do surgery on them, and should allow the user to add careful and precise marking to indicate the operative landmarks on the surgery location. Adding so many different items of information is challenging when the area to which the information needs to be attached is very detailed and overlaps with all kinds of other medical information related to the area. Existing methods to tag areas was not allowing us sufficient locations to attach the information to. Our solution combines a variety of tagging methods, which use the marking method by selecting the RGB color area that is drawn in the texture, on the complex 3D object structure. Then, it relies on those RGB color codes to tag IDs and create relational tables that store the related information about the specific areas of the anatomy. With this method of marking, it is possible to use the entire set of color values (R, G, B) to identify a set of anatomic regions, and this also makes it possible to define multiple overlapping regions.
Steganography is the technique of hiding the fact that communication is taking place,by hiding data in other data. Many different carrier file formats such as image, audio, video, DNA etc can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exist a large variety of steganographic techniques. In this paper different steganographic techniques are described.
Steganography is the technique of hiding the fact that communication is taking place,
by hiding data in other data. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exist a large variety of steganographic techniques. Steganalysis, the detection of this
hidden information, is an inherently difficult problem.In this paper,I am going to cover different
steganographic techniques researched by different researchers.
Keywords — Cryptography, Steganography, LSB, Hash-LSB, RSA Encryption –Decryption
The document discusses several image manipulation techniques:
1) Color quantization reduces the number of colors in an image using algorithms like uniform quantization, popularity algorithm, and median cut algorithm.
2) Image halftoning converts a full color image to a bi-level or multi-level image to be displayed on devices with limited color capabilities using dithering patterns.
3) Digital watermarking embeds copyright information into images invisibly using techniques like least significant bit insertion in the spatial domain.
The document is a project report on image contrast enhancement using histogram equalization and cubic spline interpolation. It discusses image processing and contrast enhancement techniques. It provides details on color models like RGB, HSV, and LAB. It describes converting between color spaces like RGB to HSV and RGB to LAB. It outlines histogram equalization and cubic spline interpolation for contrast enhancement in the spatial domain. The report was conducted as a training project at the Defence Terrain Research Laboratory in India.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique for binarizing images captured of black/green boards using a mobile camera. It begins with an abstract that overviews binarizing degraded images from mobile-captured black/green board images to extract text with 92.589% accuracy. It then reviews existing binarization techniques in the literature and describes common global and local thresholding methods. The proposed technique enhances the input image, segments it into 3x3 parts, computes local thresholds using OTSU for each part, binarizes the parts, and joins them. Experimental results on a database of 50 mobile-captured board images show the technique achieves better accuracy than other algorithms according to evaluation metrics.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
Ba34321326
1. Kranti Burman, Rahul Gedam / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Agu 2013, pp. 321-326
321 | P a g e
Histogram Based Color Image Authentication By Digital Image
Watermark Technique
Kranti Burman1
, Rahul Gedam2
1
Research scholar CEC Bilaspur ,CSVTU Bhilai, Chattishgarh
2
Assistant professor EC deptt. CEC Bilaspur, CSVTU Bhilai,Chattishgarh
Abstract
In the robust digital color image
watermarking for RGB color image
authentication, fragility or sensitivity of the
embedded watermark to malicious attacks is an
important problem. In this work the current
researches propose Least significant bit
substitution (LSB) based watermarking scheme for
authenticating RGB color image.. Embedding
distortion is minimized by adopting least
significant bit (LSB) substitution s c h e m e . The
p r o p o s e d scheme embeds watermark in three
bit planes by changing original pixels with
watermark pixels. The propose method give
histogram of Red, Green, Blue histogram of original
or watermark image separately .And also give the 3D
representation of Red, Green, Blue component of
original and watermark images. The paper presents
the insertion algorithm and extraction algorithm to
calculate the PSNR of original and watermarked
image.
Keywords: Image authentication, watermark
life cycle, histogram, LSB.
I. Introduction
Digital multimedia has been frequently
used for various applications due to easy
transmission, coping, editing and storage.
Subsequent, illegal distribution o f a n d / o r
alteration o f m u l t i m e d i a product are becoming
more and more pervasive and digital watermarking
techniques have been proposed to solve such
types of problems. Watermarking techniques can
be divided into two broad types: robust
watermarking and fragile/semi- fragile
watermarking, which are used for different
application purposes, from copyright protection to
multimedia authentication .Fragile or semi-fragile
watermark is commonly used for image
authentication to verify whether the received image
was modified during transmission or not. One may
hide the watermark imperceptibly in the image
before transmission and detect it after receiving
to make sure that the received image is original
or slightly modified.
Digital image can be manipulated in many
ways. Even in some cases, it is difficult for expert
uses to discern whether an image is genuine. To
address this issue, fragile watermarking has been
developed for authentication and integrity
verification of digital image.
Ibrahim Nasir,Yin g Wen g,Jianmin Jiang
2010 ,proposed a new robust watermarking the
least significant bit (LSB).I [10 ],the least significant
scheme for color image based on a block
probability in spatial domain. A binary watermark
image is permuted using sequence numbers
generated by a secret key and Gray code, and then
embedded four times in different positions by a
secret key. Each bit of the binary encoded
watermark is embedded by modifying the
intensities of a non-overlapping block of 8*8 of
the blue component of the host image. The ex
traction of the watermark is by comparing the in
intensities of a block of 8*8 of the watermarked
and the original images and calculating the
probability of detecting '0' or '1 '.Tested by
benchmark.[2]
Debjyoti Basu , Arindam Sinharay ,
Suryasarathi Barat, 2010 proposed Bit Plane Index
Based Fragile Watermarking Scheme for
Authenticating Color Image. Bit Plane Index
Modulation (BPIM) based fragile watermarking
scheme for authenticating RGB color image. To deal
with counterfeiting attacks block wise division
dependency is established. A content based color
watermark is created. Embedding distortion is
minimized by adopting least significant bit (LSB)
alteration scheme. The proposed scheme embeds
watermark in three bit planes by changing original
pixels with watermark pixels. The proposed method
comprise of encoding and decoding methods that can
provide public detection capabilities in the absences of
original host image and watermark image.[3]
Chuan Qin , Chin-Chen Chang ,, Pei-Yu Chen
,2011 proposed a novel fragile watermarking scheme
with content restoration capability. Authentication-
bits are produced using the image hashing method
with a folding operation. The low frequency
component of the non subsample contour let
2. Kranti Burman, Rahul Gedam / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Agu 2013, pp. 321-326
322 | P a g e
transform (NSCT) used coefficients are used to
encode the restoration-bits for each block by the
adaptive bit allocation mechanism. Two
algorithms are utilized to adjust the block
classification and the binary representations in
order to guarantee that the numbers of the
self-embedding authentication-bits and
restoration-bits are exactly suitable for 1-LSB
embedding capacity[4] RGB host image.
This scheme is capable of detecting any
modification done in any of the three bit plane
individually, as explained in the following
paragraphs. The rest of the paper is organized as
follows. Section 2 give brief of rgb model and
3&4 explain insertion algorithm and extraction
algorithms, section 5 give brief of color histogram and
section 6show the experiment data analysis, section
7 derives the conclusion and finally section 8
indicates the references
II. Tristimulus theory of color
perception
Primary Colors: Red(R), Green(G) and
Blue(B) are referred as the primary colors and when
mixed with various intensity proportions, can produce
all visible colors The primary colors can be mixed to
generate secondary colors such as magenta (red+blue),
cyan( green + blue) and yellow (red+green). Primary
Colors-RGB
This is an additive model, i.e. the colors present in the
light add to form new colors, and is appropriate for the
mixing of colored light for example. The image on the
left of figure shows the additive mixing of red, green
and blue primaries to form the three secondary colors
yellow (red + green), cyan (blue + green) and magenta
(red + blue), and white ((red + green + blue).
Figure 2.1 primary colors model.
The RGB Model
In the RGB model, an image consists of
three independent image planes, one in each of the
primary colors: red, green and blue. (The standard
wavelengths for the three primaries are as shown in
figure. Specifying a particular color is by specifying
the amount of each of the primary components
present. Figure shows the geometry of the RGB
color model for specifying colors using a Cartesian
coordinate system bit.
Figure 2.2: The RGB color cube. The grey scale
spectrum lies on the line joining the black and white
vertices.
III. Insertion Algorithm: Least
Significant Bit Substitution
Watermark Embedding
Symbolic Notations:
is main image
is watermarked image
is the message image (rounded unsigned integer)
W is created watermark
is the size operator
is the modulus operator
is bit set operator; (A,BIT,V) sets the bit at
position BIT to the value V.V must be either 0 or 1.
Start
1. Read in the Main image (x,y)cover object where
watermark to be inserted
2. Read in the message image (x,y)
(x,y) =(x,y)/256
3. Determine size of cover object
Mc= (,1) //Height
Nc= (,2) //Width
4. Determine size of message object
Mm=(,1) //Height
Nm=,2) //Width
5. Title the message object out to cover object
size to generate watermark W
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(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Agu 2013, pp. 321-326
323 | P a g e
Mc
i
Nc
j
NmjMmijiW
1 1
)1)(,1)((),(
6. Set the Least Significant bit of cover object
(i, j) to the value of W(i, j)
Mc
i
Nc
j
NmjMmijiW
1 1
)1)(,1)((),(
7. write the watermarked image out to a file
End
IV. Extraction Algorithm:
is main image
iswatermarked image
is the message image (rounded unsigned integer)
W is created/Recovered watermark
is the size operator
is the modulus operator
is a bit get operator; (A,BIT) returns the
value of the bit at position BIT in A. A must
be an unsigned integer and BIT must be a
number between 1 and the number of bits in
the unsigned integer class of A.
Start
1. Read in watermarked image (x,y)
2. Determine size of watermarked image
Mw= (,1) //Height
Nw= ,2) //Width
3. Use LSB of watermarked image to recover
watermark
Mw
i
Nw
j
jijiW
1 1
)1),,((),(
4. scale the recovered watermark
W(x,y) =256*W(x,y)
5. Read in original watermark
6. scale and display recovered watermark.
End
V. Color Histogram
A color histogram is a 3D entity where each
pixel of an image (rather than each sample) is
placed into a bin.
The color space is divided into volumetric
bins each of which represents a range of
colors.
Each axis of the color space may be divided
independently of the others. This allows the
axes to have different resolutions.
Color histograms are flexible constructs that
can be built from images in various color spaces
whether RGB, rg chromaticity or any other color space
of any dimension. A histogram of an image is
produced first by discretization of the colors in the
image into a number of bins, and counting the number
of image pixels in each bin. For example, a Red–
Bluechromaticity.In image processing and
photography, a color histogram is a representation of
the distribution of colors in an image. For digital
images, a color histogram represents the number of
pixels that have colors in each of a fixed list of color
ranges, that span the image's color space, the set of all
possible colors.
The color histogram can be built for any kind
of color space, although the term is more often used
for three-dimensional spaces like RGB or HSV. For
monochromatic images, the term intensity histogram
may be used instead. For multi-spectral images, where
each pixel is represented by an arbitrary number of
measurements (for example, beyond the three
measurements in RGB), the color histogram is N-
dimensional, with N being the number of
measurements taken. Each measurement has its own
wavelength range of the light spectrum, some of which
may be outside the visible spectrum.[8]
VI. EXRERIMENT
Experiments are done on five different
images for psnr value on red component, green
component, and blue component. A png image
original of 800 x 600 is taken first and represent the
histogram of original image or watermark image to
extract R,G,B component separately. Also give
th3Dhistogram representation of & psnr ratio and
also the detected image clarity can be seen from the
Figures.
Figure (a) & (b) cover image : original scene
(800x600,png)&watermark image( 113x102,jpeg)
4. Kranti Burman, Rahul Gedam / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Agu 2013, pp. 321-326
324 | P a g e
Figure (c) & (d) Recovered Watermark (800x600,png)
& extracted watermark (113x102,jpeg)
(e)
(f)
Figure (e) & (f) Red component of original &
watermarked image
(g)
(h)
Figure (g) & (h) Green component of original
& watermarked image.
(i)
(j)
Figure (i) & (j) Blue component of original &
watermarked image.
6. 1Experimental Data Analysis
The current researchers use peak
s i g n a l to noise ratio of parameter to analyze
the effectiveness of the proposed set of
algorithm.
6.1.1 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)
Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, often
abbreviated PSNR, is term for the ratio between the
maximum possible power of a and the power of
corrupting noise that affects the fidelity of its
representation. Because many signals have a very wide
dynamic range, PSNR is usually expressed in terms of
the logarithmic decibal scale.
PSNR is most commonly used to measure the
quality of reconstruction of lossy compression codecs
(e.g., for image compression). The signal in this case
is the original data, and the noise is the error
introduced by compression. When comparing
compression codecs, PSNR is an approximation to
human perception of reconstruction quality. Although
a higher PSNR generally indicates that the
reconstruction is of higher quality, in some cases the
reverse may be true. One has to be extremely careful
with the range of validity of this metric; it is only
conclusively valid when it is used to compare results
from the same codec (or codec type) and same content
PSNR is most easily defined via the (MSE).
Given a noise-free m×n monochrome image I and its
noisy approximation K, MSE is defined as:
6. Kranti Burman, Rahul Gedam / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Agu 2013, pp. 321-326
326 | P a g e
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