The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation of Disyllabic words in Chineseinventy
In this study, the V-to-V coarticulatory effect in the VCV sequences is investigated. The stimuli are in the form of C1V1.C2V2, which is designed for V1 to affect V2. The subjects are twelve native speakers of standard Chinese, and the F2 onset value, as well as the F2 delta value, is analyzed. Results show that, due to long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the unaspirated ones, the effect of aspiration is obvious, and in the contexts of aspirated stops, the effect of place of articulation is restrained.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of prosody on the temporal realization of segments in Chinese. The study examined how prosodic word boundaries and prosodic phrase boundaries impact the voice onset time (VOT) of consonants and duration of vowels. Key findings include: 1) Vowels preceding prosodic phrase boundaries were longer than those preceding prosodic word boundaries; 2) Place of articulation of the second consonant also impacted vowel duration; 3) VOT of initial consonants was affected by prosody but not place of articulation; 4) VOT of final consonants was impacted by place of articulation but not prosody. The results demonstrate the interaction between prosodic structure and segmental temporal realization
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation of Disyllabic words in Chineseinventy
In this study, the V-to-V coarticulatory effect in the VCV sequences is investigated. The stimuli are in the form of C1V1.C2V2, which is designed for V1 to affect V2. The subjects are twelve native speakers of standard Chinese, and the F2 onset value, as well as the F2 delta value, is analyzed. Results show that, due to long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the unaspirated ones, the effect of aspiration is obvious, and in the contexts of aspirated stops, the effect of place of articulation is restrained.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of prosody on the temporal realization of segments in Chinese. The study examined how prosodic word boundaries and prosodic phrase boundaries impact the voice onset time (VOT) of consonants and duration of vowels. Key findings include: 1) Vowels preceding prosodic phrase boundaries were longer than those preceding prosodic word boundaries; 2) Place of articulation of the second consonant also impacted vowel duration; 3) VOT of initial consonants was affected by prosody but not place of articulation; 4) VOT of final consonants was impacted by place of articulation but not prosody. The results demonstrate the interaction between prosodic structure and segmental temporal realization
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impact of mining operations in the Jamuna Kotma Coal Field region of Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study used participatory field methods and Kendall's ranking coefficient method to categorize villages into different development regions based on social, economic, and demographic indicators. Very high development regions had more schools, electricity access, and agricultural development due to mining activities. However, development was not equal across villages. The study found regional disparities existed in 1991 and 2001, with some villages having very low development. The authors conclude attention must be paid to less developed regions to reduce disparities over time.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1. The document describes the development of an automatic welding and inspection system for nuts welded on support hinges using machine vision. The system aims to improve over manual inspection by reducing variability and costs.
2. The system uses a vision system and conveyor belt to automatically capture images of welded parts and identify defects like missing or eccentrically placed nuts using template matching algorithms. An actuator module transfers parts between welding and inspection stages.
3. The study presents the system design and algorithm development including template creation, matching approaches, and setting inspection thresholds to minimize false acceptance/rejection. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to accurately detect different defect types in welded parts.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In this study, trans-consonantal vowel-to-vowel anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is investigated. The target words are in the form of 'ba.bV2', and the subjects are eight native speakers of standard Chinese. Vowel formants are examined at the offset, middle and onset points of the target vowel. Results show that trans-segmental coarticulation exists in Chinese, especially at the offset point of the target vowel. Coarticulation is more likely to occur on F2, and in Chinese, coarticulatory effect does not extend to the onset point of the vowel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a study that examined anticipatory coarticulation in Mandarin Chinese bi-syllabic words. Eight native Mandarin speakers produced words with the structure "bi.bV2" containing the vowels /i/ or /a/. Vowel formants were analyzed at the offset, middle, and onset of the first vowel /i/ and compared across vowel contexts. Results showed anticipatory coarticulation exists at the offset point, as formant values differed significantly between vowel contexts. However, coarticulation did not extend to the middle or onset points of the vowel. Therefore, anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is strongest at the offset of the target vowel.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested how the frequency of vowels in different contexts affects listeners' perceptual compensation for coarticulation. Participants were exposed to speech stimuli that varied the frequency of vowels before /i/ or /a/. Their ability to compensate for coarticulation on a vowel identification task was then tested. The results showed that perceptual compensation was affected by the relative frequency of vowels in different contexts, either being exaggerated or ameliorated depending on the exposure condition. This suggests frequency information influences speech perception and could lead to systematic sound changes through misperception over time.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how modifying the duration of acoustic cues in fricative consonants affects perception of voicing and place of articulation. The study synthesized fricative-vowel syllables with selective time expansions of fricative noise duration and vowel formant transition duration. Listeners then identified voicing and place of articulation in the syllables in quiet and noise conditions. Results showed that lengthening formant transitions significantly improved place of articulation identification, while lengthening noise duration had little effect on voicing or place cues. The study aimed to determine how clear speech production features like expanded durations can enhance perception of fricatives.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Comparative Analysis of Vowels, Diphthongs and Glides of Sindhisipij
Sindhi language is primarily spoken in the Sindh province of Pakistan, and in some parts of India. Languages phonemic inventory include vowels, consonants and diphthongs. This paper presents acoustic analysis and properties of the glide consonants of Sindhi. Glides are considered having stable and predictable formant structure and associated acoustic properties like vowels and diphthongs. Understanding the corresponding acoustic similarities, differences and relationship between three types of these sounds is the subject of discussion of this paper.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impact of mining operations in the Jamuna Kotma Coal Field region of Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study used participatory field methods and Kendall's ranking coefficient method to categorize villages into different development regions based on social, economic, and demographic indicators. Very high development regions had more schools, electricity access, and agricultural development due to mining activities. However, development was not equal across villages. The study found regional disparities existed in 1991 and 2001, with some villages having very low development. The authors conclude attention must be paid to less developed regions to reduce disparities over time.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1. The document describes the development of an automatic welding and inspection system for nuts welded on support hinges using machine vision. The system aims to improve over manual inspection by reducing variability and costs.
2. The system uses a vision system and conveyor belt to automatically capture images of welded parts and identify defects like missing or eccentrically placed nuts using template matching algorithms. An actuator module transfers parts between welding and inspection stages.
3. The study presents the system design and algorithm development including template creation, matching approaches, and setting inspection thresholds to minimize false acceptance/rejection. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to accurately detect different defect types in welded parts.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In this study, trans-consonantal vowel-to-vowel anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is investigated. The target words are in the form of 'ba.bV2', and the subjects are eight native speakers of standard Chinese. Vowel formants are examined at the offset, middle and onset points of the target vowel. Results show that trans-segmental coarticulation exists in Chinese, especially at the offset point of the target vowel. Coarticulation is more likely to occur on F2, and in Chinese, coarticulatory effect does not extend to the onset point of the vowel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a study that examined anticipatory coarticulation in Mandarin Chinese bi-syllabic words. Eight native Mandarin speakers produced words with the structure "bi.bV2" containing the vowels /i/ or /a/. Vowel formants were analyzed at the offset, middle, and onset of the first vowel /i/ and compared across vowel contexts. Results showed anticipatory coarticulation exists at the offset point, as formant values differed significantly between vowel contexts. However, coarticulation did not extend to the middle or onset points of the vowel. Therefore, anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is strongest at the offset of the target vowel.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested how the frequency of vowels in different contexts affects listeners' perceptual compensation for coarticulation. Participants were exposed to speech stimuli that varied the frequency of vowels before /i/ or /a/. Their ability to compensate for coarticulation on a vowel identification task was then tested. The results showed that perceptual compensation was affected by the relative frequency of vowels in different contexts, either being exaggerated or ameliorated depending on the exposure condition. This suggests frequency information influences speech perception and could lead to systematic sound changes through misperception over time.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how modifying the duration of acoustic cues in fricative consonants affects perception of voicing and place of articulation. The study synthesized fricative-vowel syllables with selective time expansions of fricative noise duration and vowel formant transition duration. Listeners then identified voicing and place of articulation in the syllables in quiet and noise conditions. Results showed that lengthening formant transitions significantly improved place of articulation identification, while lengthening noise duration had little effect on voicing or place cues. The study aimed to determine how clear speech production features like expanded durations can enhance perception of fricatives.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Comparative Analysis of Vowels, Diphthongs and Glides of Sindhisipij
Sindhi language is primarily spoken in the Sindh province of Pakistan, and in some parts of India. Languages phonemic inventory include vowels, consonants and diphthongs. This paper presents acoustic analysis and properties of the glide consonants of Sindhi. Glides are considered having stable and predictable formant structure and associated acoustic properties like vowels and diphthongs. Understanding the corresponding acoustic similarities, differences and relationship between three types of these sounds is the subject of discussion of this paper.
Energy distribution in formant bands for arabic vowelsIJECEIAES
The acoustic cues play a major role in speech segmentation phase; the extraction of these indexes facilitates the characterization of the speech signal. In this work, we aim to study Arabic vowels (/a/, /a:/, /i/, /i:/, /u/ and /u:/), especially the long ones. We are interested in characterizing this type of vowels in terms of time, frequency and energy. The cues extracted and analyzed in this work are: segment length, voicing degree and formants values.
A comparative acoustic study of Hanoi Vietnamese and general American English...NuioKila
This document provides a literature review on descriptions of the Hanoi Vietnamese and General American English monophthong systems. For Hanoi Vietnamese, there is debate around the articulatory descriptions of certain vowels like ư and ơ. Acoustic analyses are needed to better characterize the vowel qualities. Thompson (1965) describes the Hanoi Vietnamese vowel system as having upper and lower subsystems based on tongue height. For English, formant frequencies are now used to characterize the monophthongs acoustically rather than just articulatory descriptions. The study aims to acoustically analyze the Hanoi Vietnamese vowels and compare them to General American English vowels.
This document provides a literature review on descriptions of the Hanoi Vietnamese and General American English monophthong systems. It discusses the inconsistent descriptions of some Hanoi Vietnamese monophthongs like ư and ơ in the literature due to differences in phonetic vs. phonological goals and acoustic similarities between features. It summarizes Thompson's (1965) description of the Hanoi Vietnamese vowel system as consisting of upper and lower subsystems. The review then discusses acoustic description attempts and formant analysis for characterizing vowel qualities. Finally, it provides an overview of the traditional and acoustic descriptions of monophthongs in General American English.
Characterization of Arabic sibilant consonants IJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop an automatic speech recognition system in order to classify sibilant Arabic consonants into two groups: alveolar consonants and post-alveolar consonants. The proposed method is based on the use of the energy distribution, in a consonant-vowel type syllable, as an acoustic cue. The application of this method on our own corpus reveals that the amount of energy included in a vocal signal is a very important parameter in the characterization of Arabic sibilant consonants. For consonants classifications, the accuracy achieved to identify consonants as alveolar or post-alveolar is 100%. For post-alveolar consonants, the rate is 96% and for alveolar consonants, the rate is over 94%. Our classification technique outperformed existing algorithms based on support vector machines and neural networks in terms of classification rate.
Efficiency of the energy contained in modulators in the Arabic vowels recogni...IJECEIAES
The speech signal is described as many acoustic properties that may contribute differently to spoken word recognition. Vowel characterization is an important process of studying the acoustic characteristics or behaviors of speech within different contexts. This current study focuses on the modulators characteristics of three Arabic vowels, we proposed a new approach to characterize the three Arabic vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/. The proposed method is based on the energy contained in the speech modulators. The coherent subband demodulation method related to the spectral center of gravity (COG) was used to calculate the energy of the speech modulators. The obtained results showed that the modulators energy help characterize the Arabic vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ with an interesting recognition rate ranging from 86% to 100%.
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Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (Ijes)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 11||Pages|| 17-22||2013||
Issn(E): 2319 – 1813 Issn(P): 2319 – 1805
Effect of Vowel-To-Vowel Coarticulation of Disyllabic Sequences
in Chinese
Maolin Wang, Wei Xiong
College of Chinese Language and Culture, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------In this study, the Vowel-to-Vowel (V-to-V) coarticulatory effect in the Vowel-Consonant-Vowel (VCV) sequences
is investigated. The stimuli are in the form of C1V1.C2V2, which is designed for V1 to affect V2. The subjects are
twelve native speakers of standard Chinese, and the F 2 onset value, as well as the F2 delta value, is analyzed.
Results show that, due to long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the
unaspirated ones, the effect of aspiration is obvious, and in the contexts of aspirated stops, the effect of place of
articulation is restrained.
KEYWORDS : Coarticulation, formant, speech, stop, vowel
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission:. 6 November, 2013
Date of Acceptance: 20 November 2013
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The realization of a segment may be influenced by the neighboring segments, which is called
‗coarticulation‘. For example, all else being equal, the back vowel [u] in ‗two‘ is produced farther forward than the
same vowel in ‗who‘ due to the influence of the adjacent coronal consonant. Coarticulation effect may vary with its
specific context or the phonological system of a language. In his classic spectrographic study of VCV sequences in
three languages, Öhman [1] found that F2 values of target vowels varied more due to vowel context in English and
Swedish than in Russian. He attributed the coarticulatory differences to the languages‘ consonant systems, arguing
that the requirements on the tongue body imposed by contrastive palatalization in Russian, but not in English or
Swedish, restricted transconsonantal coarticulation in Russian.
Consonant restrictions on V-to-V coarticulation have also been reported by Recasens [2], who found less
V-to-V coarticulation across the velarized lateral of Catalan than across the ‗clear‘ lateral of Spanish and German.
He and his colleagues ascribed the coarticulatory differences to different lingual constraints for these laterals.
Phonetic segments possess inherent properties, referred to as ‗coarticulatory resistance‘, that limit the extent to
which they can be influenced by neighboring segments [3]. Using this concept within a coarticulatory approach to
speech production, Recasens [4] developed the ‗degrees of articulatory constraint‘ (DAC) model to account for
coarticulatory effects of both vowels and consonants. Recasens‘ model predicts that the more a specific region of
the tongue is involved in the occlusion for the C, the more the C affects V, but the less it can be shaped by the
vowel, and the less the transconsonantal V-to-V coarticulation. There have been a number of studies on the
coarticulatory effect of segments in Chinese, including the analysis of the acoustic coarticulatory patterns of
voicelese fricatives in CVCV [5], the study of vowel formant pattern and the coarticulation in the voiceless stop
initial monosyllables [6], the acoustic study of intersyllabic anticipatory coarticulation of three places of
ariculation of C2 in CVCV [7], vowel segmental coarticulation in read speech in Standard Chinese [8], and
anticipatory coarticulation in V1#C2V2 sequences [9]. It is found that coarticulation exists in segment adjacent and
trans-segmental contexts in Chinese. Coarticulation affects the smoothness and naturalness of the synthesized
speech in Text-to-Speech. Therefore, the naturalness of synthesized speech will be greatly improved if speech
coarticulation is properly solved [10]. The research presented in this paper aims to investigate the V-to-V
coarticulation in VCV sequences in Chinese. Coarticulation may be generally classified as carry-over (left-to-right)
or anticipatory (right-to-left) ones [11], and the present study will focus on carry-over coarticulation.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
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2. Effect Of Vowel-To-Vowel Coarticulation…
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Speakers, Stimuli and Recording
Twelve native speakers of Standard Chinese, six male and six female, participated in the recording.
Regarding the stimuli, disyllabic words, in the form of C1V1.C2V2, are used, with V1 providing the ‗changing‘
vowel context, V2 the ‗fixed‘ vowel, which is designed for the changing vowels to affect the fixed vowel. The fixed
vowel is /u/, and for the changing vowel context, vowels /i/ vs. /u/ is used to influence the onset of the F 2
frequencies of the fixed vowel. The intervocalic consonant C2 includes /b, p, d, t/, two unaspirate stops /b/, /d/ and
two aspirated ones /p/, /t/. All the words used are in normal stress, without neutral tone syllables. An example of a
pair of words used is ‗jidu‘ and ‗sudu‘, which means ‗extremely‘ and ‗speed‘ respectively. Two sets of words of
identical combinations are used, so there are 16 words in the word list (4 stops × 2 changing vowel contexts × 2
sets). Recording was done in a sound-treated room and the acoustic data were recorded directly into the computer
at a sampling rate of 16 kHz using the recording software of Cool Edit Pro.
2.2 Procedure and Measurements
The speakers were asked to read the word list three times, in random order for each repetition, in normal
pace, so each speaker produced 48 tokens: 16 words × 3 repetitions. In total, 576 tokens were acoustically analyzed
(48 tokens × 12 speakers).
1) F2 onset value: This study aims at investigating the extent of V-V coarticulation in VCV sequences, and
vowel formant is examined. Formant values are extracted using Praat [12], and the effect of trans-consonantal
coarticulation is analyzed by measuring the F2 onset value of the fixed vowel. F2 onset frequency is taken at the
onset of the fixed vowel V2, both for unaspirated and aspirated stop contexts. Fig. 1 displays the waveform and
spectrogram of ‗idu‘ (Fig. 1a) and ‗itu‘ (Fig. 1b), as in the sequences of ‗jidu‘ (extremely) and ‗ditu‘ (map), with the
former an example of unaspirated stop context, and the latter of aspirated context. For both of the two cases, F2
onset values are taken at the onset points of the vowels, that is, point ‗A‘ on both graphs.
(a) ‗idu‘
(b) ‗itu‘
Fig. 1. Waveform and spectrogram of (a) ‗idu‘ and (b) ‗itu‘
www.theijes.com
The IJES
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3. Effect Of Vowel-To-Vowel Coarticulation…
2) F2 delta: In order to compare the extent of coarticulatory effects under various consonant contexts,
besides the F2 onset values, their differences caused by the changing V1 contexts are also calculated. Coarticulation
effects due to changing V1 contexts are indexed by F2 delta values obtained at the V2 F2 onset, and F2 delta (Hz) is
derived by calculating the difference in onset frequencies of the fixed vowel in each sequence pair. Fig. 2 displays
the F2 contours of the sequence pair ‗jidu‘ (extremely) and ‗sudu‘ (speed), with the contour of ‗jidu‘ in solid line,
and that of ‗sudu‘ in dashed line. In this sequence pair, for the changing vowel context, F2 of /i/ is high and that of
/u/ is low. If V2 F2 onsets differ in this pair, then it is reasonable to attribute the frequency difference to the high vs.
low F2 contexts in V1. The greater the F2 delta value is, the greater the coarticulatory effect of V1 is on V2.
Fig. 2. F2 contours of the sequence pair ‗jidu‘ and ‗sudu‘, with the former in solid line, and the latter in
dashed line
A repeated measures ANOVA was performed with two within-subjects factors— aspiration (unaspirated,
aspirated) and place of articulation (labial, alveolar). F2 delta was the dependent variable in all ANOVA analyses.
III. RESULTS
3.1 F2 VALUE
Fig. 3 graphs the F2 onset values for male speakers (Fig. 3a) and female speakers (Fig. 3b), broken down
by the contexts of aspiration, place of articulation and changing vowels. The changing vowel contexts are indicated
by /i/ and /u/, which refer to changing vowel context of /i/ and /u/ respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA results
show that, as far as main effect is concerned, the effects of aspiration, place of articulation, and changing vowel are
all significant, aspiration: F(1, 71) = 446.9, p < 0.001; place of articulation F(1, 71) = 661.8, p < 0.001; changing
vowel F(1, 71) = 127.4, p < 0.001, with F 2 onset values in the unaspirated context greater than the aspirated
context, in the alveolar context greater than the labial context, in the /i/ context greater than in the /u/ context.
Frequency (Hz)
/i/
/u/
1200
950
700
450
200
Labial
Alveolar
Unaspirated
Labial
Alveolar
Aspirated
(a) F2 values of male speakers
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Page 19
4. Effect Of Vowel-To-Vowel Coarticulation…
Frequency (Hz)
/i/
/u/
1400
1000
600
200
Labial
Alveolar
Labial
Unaspirated
Alveolar
Aspirated
(b) F2 values of female speakers
Fig. 3. F2 onset values for male speakers (a) and female speakers (b), broken down by the contexts of aspiration,
place of articulation and changing vowel
For the purpose of elaborating the coarticulatory effect under various consonant contexts in detail, F2
delta value will be analyzed in the next section. To be specific, the extent under the contexts of place of articulation
and aspiration will be presented.
3.2 F2 Delta Value
Table 1 presents the F2 delta means and significance results for the main effects. From Table 1 it can be
seen that, in terms of overall main effect, there is significant effect for both place of articulation and aspiration, with
the effect in the alveolar contexts greater than that of labial, and the effect of unaspirated stop contexts much
greater than that of the aspirated ones. When interactive effect is examined, it is shown that the place of
articulation × aspiration interaction is significant: F(1, 71) = 6.02, p = 0.017, which is attributable to the
disproportional effect of place of articulation and aspiration. The effect of place of articulation is not consistant
under different aspirational condition. In the next subsection the effects of the factors will be described in detail to
help inform and elaborate on the main effects.
Table 1 F2 delta means (in Hz) and statistical results for the main effects
Labial
Aspiration
111.9
F(1, 71) = 7.47, p =
0.008
Unaspirated
Aspirated
articulation
Mean
71.7
Alveolar
Place of
Statistical result
138.7
44.9
F(1, 71) = 43.0, p <
0.001
3.2.1 The effect of place of articulation
a) The unaspirated stop contexts: Fig. 4 shows the F2 delta under the effects of place of articulation and
aspiration. Result from repeated measures ANOVA shows that, in the unaspirated stop contexts, the effect of place
of articulation is significant: F(1, 71) = 9.03, p = 0.004, with the extent of alveolar context exceeding that of labial
context.
F2 delta (Hz)
200
150
Labial
Alveolar
100
50
0
Unaspirated
Aspirated
Fig. 4. F2 delta under the effects of place of articulation and aspiration
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 20
5. Effect Of Vowel-To-Vowel Coarticulation…
b) The aspirated stop contexts: When the intervocalic stops are aspirated, there is no significant difference: F(1,
71) = 0.000, p = 0.985. No significant difference exists in the coarticulatory effect of the contexts of place of
articulation in the case of aspirated stop context.
3.2.2 The effect of aspiration
a) The contexts of labial: It is shown from repeated measures ANOVA result that the difference between
unaspirated and aspirated stop contexts is significant: F(1, 71) = 5.49, p = 0.022, with greater extent of
coarticulation for unaspirated stop context than the aspirated one.
b) The contexts of alveolar: In the context of alveolar stops, the difference between unaspirated and aspirated
stop contexts is also significant: F(1, 71) = 43.8, p < 0.001. The unaspirated stop context exceeds the aspirated one
in the extent of coarticulation.
IV. DISCUSSION
Analysis in the previous section shows that, when F2 onset value is investigated, the effect of the changing
vowel context is significant, with F2 onset value following vowel /i/ higher than that following /u/. This implies that
trans-consonantal carry-over vowel to vowel effect exists in Chinese. In regard to the F2 delta values, when main
effects are examined, there is significant effect for both place of articulation and aspiration, with the effect in the
alveolar contexts greater than that of labial, and the effect of unaspirated stop contexts greater than that of the
aspirated ones. The DAC model [13] predicts that obstruents, particularly alveolopalatals, that maximally engage
the tongue dorsum for the occlusion gesture would reduce V effects, that is, stops like /d/ and /t/ exhibite reduced
extents of V-V coarticulation. In this study, regarding the main effect of place of articulation, the result is not in
accordance with the DAC prediction. This implies that the pattern of ‗degrees of articulatory constraint‘ is not
consistent among languages. For consonants of similar place of articulation, it is possible that their degrees of
articulatory constraint diverse among languages. The articulators for labials are the lips, and that for the alveolar is
the tongue tip. The tongue tip is small and flexible, so in the production of alveolars, its contacting area with the
gingiva might not be quite large. On the other hand, when producing the labials, the contacting area of the lips is
larger than that of the tongue tip, so the degree of articulatory constraint is high for labial, and low for alveolar in
Chinese.
As for the effect of aspiration, analysis in the previous section shows a general tendency for coarticulation
effect to be greater for unaspirated stops than the aspirated ones, regardless of the context of place of articulation.
From this a conclusion can be drawn that aspiration can be taken as one of the important factors in blocking
coarticulatory effect, and an explanation for the great effect of aspiration might be due to the long temporal
separation of the aspirated stops relative to their unaspirated counterparts. Table 2 displays the mean temporal
intervals between V1 and V2 for different stop contexts. From Table 2 it is shown that the intervals for aspirated
stops are much longer than the unaspirated ones. Result from a one-way ANOVA shows that there is significant
difference between them (F(1, 575) = 581.9, p<0.001). Therefore, it is shown that long temporal separation
between V1 and V2 reduces the coarticulation effect. Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that the long time interval
between measurement points for aspirated stops account for the low coarticulatory effects.
Table 2 Mean intervals (in ms) between V1 and V2 for various stop contexts
Place of articulation
Mean
Labial Alveolar
Unaspirated 118.6 116.3
117.5
Aspiration
Aspirated 186.4 187.9
187.2
Detailed examination on the coarticulatory effect under various consonant conditions shows that, the
effect of place of articulation exists in the unaspirated stop contexts, with the extent of alveolar exceeding that of
labial. As is mentioned above, this is due to the greater degree of involvement of lips in articulating labial than that
of alveolar. However, when the intervocalic stops are aspirated, the effect of place of articulation disappears. We
speculate that this is also because of the long temporal separation between V1 and V2 in the aspirated stop context.
In this context, the time intervals between the vowels are longer than those of the unaspirated ones, as is shown in
Table 2. The long intervals reduce and interfere with the coarticulation effect, as a result, the effect of place of
articulation is restrained in these contexts.
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6. Effect Of Vowel-To-Vowel Coarticulation…
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, the V-to-V coarticulation in the VCV sequences is investigated, and it is found that, due to
long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the unaspirated ones, the effect of
aspiration is obvious, with the extent in the unaspirated stop contexts exceeding the aspirated ones. Long temporal
separation between V1 and V2 reduces and interferes with the coarticulation effect, and aspiration is a prominent
factor in blocking coarticulation effect. Regarding the effect of place of articulation, the result is not in accordance
with the DAC prediction, which implies that the pattern of ‗degrees of articulatory constraint‘ is not consistent
among languages. In the contexts of aspirated stops, due to the long intervals between the vowels, the effect of
place of articulation is restrained.
This study is significant in speech engineering. In speech synthesis, the effect of trans-consonantal
coarticulation must be taken into consideration, as this effect exists in all of the consonant contexts, labial, alveolar,
unaspirated and aspirated. The extent of coarticulation in the unaspirated stop contexts exceeds that in the aspirated
contexts, so much attention should be paid in these contexts. However, when the intervening consonants are
aspirated, the difference of coarticulatory effects between labial and alveolar can be neglected, as it disappears.
Therefore, this study is helpful in speech engineering technology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported in part by the Social Science Research Project of Guangdong Province, Grant
No. GD11CWW04, as well as the Humanity and Social Science Research Project for Colleges in Guangdong
Province, Grand No. 11WYXM012.
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