The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
NC machine tools are controlled by programmed instructions without a human operator. The NC program contains a set of instructions that controls axis motion. The main components of an NC machine are the part program, programming tape, machine control unit, and machine tool. The MCU reads and interprets the program to control the machine tool's functions like spindle speed, tool positioning, and feed rate. NC machines offer benefits like high accuracy, reduced scrap, and increased productivity compared to conventional machining.
A project report of map of india made by the CNC SIMULATOR PRO software Mech...Jayant Tailor
The document is a project report on making a map of India using CNC simulator pro software. It includes an introduction to CNC machines and the CNC simulator pro software. It then describes the 2D design of the map of India, the steps taken in the CNC simulator, selecting an appropriate CNC machine, and includes the programming code used to create the design.
CNC (computerized numerical control) systems use motors and feedback devices to precisely control machine tools based on programmed instructions. A CNC system consists of elements like a control unit, machine tool, drives, and feedback devices. CNC tools can be classified by their motion control as either point-to-point for operations like drilling or continuous path for multi-axis work. Closed-loop CNC systems use feedback to monitor output and correct any deviations from the program in real-time, improving accuracy.
This document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses what NC and CNC are, the history of NC machines, the typical elements of a CNC system including the part program and control unit. It also describes different types of CNC machines such as lathes, mills, drills, and lasers. Advantages of CNC machines include precision, efficiency, and reducing waste, while disadvantages include higher costs.
Design and Fabrication of Electronic Pen PlotterAbhishek Mittal
This project deals with the designing and fabrication of an electronic pen plotter using control theory approach. Derivation of dynamic equation and trajectory potting are done usin control theory. Arduino is used as platform for the controlling the joints in the real world. Reduction of nonlinear characteristics of the serial manipulator has been observed.
This document provides an introduction to computer numerical control (CNC) technology and metal cutting. It discusses the history of CNC development from the first numerically controlled machine in 1949 to modern CNC machines found in many industries today. The key components of a CNC system are described, including the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. Common CNC machine tools and their applications in industries like automotive and aerospace are also outlined.
This document discusses different modes and control systems for CNC machines. It describes point-to-point control which involves individual axis motions like drilling. Continuous-path control allows simultaneous multi-axis motion for contouring. Interpolation methods compute intermediate positions to smoothly connect points, including linear, circular, helical, parabolic and cubic forms. Open-loop systems use stepper motors while closed-loop systems add feedback control for greater accuracy.
The document discusses various interpolation methods used in numerical control (NC) machining including linear, circular, helical, and higher order curve interpolation methods. It provides details on circular interpolation approaches and defines machine axes configurations. It also includes tables of important G and M codes used for CNC programming and examples of CNC milling part programs.
NC machine tools are controlled by programmed instructions without a human operator. The NC program contains a set of instructions that controls axis motion. The main components of an NC machine are the part program, programming tape, machine control unit, and machine tool. The MCU reads and interprets the program to control the machine tool's functions like spindle speed, tool positioning, and feed rate. NC machines offer benefits like high accuracy, reduced scrap, and increased productivity compared to conventional machining.
A project report of map of india made by the CNC SIMULATOR PRO software Mech...Jayant Tailor
The document is a project report on making a map of India using CNC simulator pro software. It includes an introduction to CNC machines and the CNC simulator pro software. It then describes the 2D design of the map of India, the steps taken in the CNC simulator, selecting an appropriate CNC machine, and includes the programming code used to create the design.
CNC (computerized numerical control) systems use motors and feedback devices to precisely control machine tools based on programmed instructions. A CNC system consists of elements like a control unit, machine tool, drives, and feedback devices. CNC tools can be classified by their motion control as either point-to-point for operations like drilling or continuous path for multi-axis work. Closed-loop CNC systems use feedback to monitor output and correct any deviations from the program in real-time, improving accuracy.
This document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses what NC and CNC are, the history of NC machines, the typical elements of a CNC system including the part program and control unit. It also describes different types of CNC machines such as lathes, mills, drills, and lasers. Advantages of CNC machines include precision, efficiency, and reducing waste, while disadvantages include higher costs.
Design and Fabrication of Electronic Pen PlotterAbhishek Mittal
This project deals with the designing and fabrication of an electronic pen plotter using control theory approach. Derivation of dynamic equation and trajectory potting are done usin control theory. Arduino is used as platform for the controlling the joints in the real world. Reduction of nonlinear characteristics of the serial manipulator has been observed.
This document provides an introduction to computer numerical control (CNC) technology and metal cutting. It discusses the history of CNC development from the first numerically controlled machine in 1949 to modern CNC machines found in many industries today. The key components of a CNC system are described, including the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. Common CNC machine tools and their applications in industries like automotive and aerospace are also outlined.
This document discusses different modes and control systems for CNC machines. It describes point-to-point control which involves individual axis motions like drilling. Continuous-path control allows simultaneous multi-axis motion for contouring. Interpolation methods compute intermediate positions to smoothly connect points, including linear, circular, helical, parabolic and cubic forms. Open-loop systems use stepper motors while closed-loop systems add feedback control for greater accuracy.
The document discusses various interpolation methods used in numerical control (NC) machining including linear, circular, helical, and higher order curve interpolation methods. It provides details on circular interpolation approaches and defines machine axes configurations. It also includes tables of important G and M codes used for CNC programming and examples of CNC milling part programs.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. The document describes the development of an automatic welding and inspection system for nuts welded on support hinges using machine vision. The system aims to improve over manual inspection by reducing variability and costs.
2. The system uses a vision system and conveyor belt to automatically capture images of welded parts and identify defects like missing or eccentrically placed nuts using template matching algorithms. An actuator module transfers parts between welding and inspection stages.
3. The study presents the system design and algorithm development including template creation, matching approaches, and setting inspection thresholds to minimize false acceptance/rejection. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to accurately detect different defect types in welded parts.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impact of mining operations in the Jamuna Kotma Coal Field region of Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study used participatory field methods and Kendall's ranking coefficient method to categorize villages into different development regions based on social, economic, and demographic indicators. Very high development regions had more schools, electricity access, and agricultural development due to mining activities. However, development was not equal across villages. The study found regional disparities existed in 1991 and 2001, with some villages having very low development. The authors conclude attention must be paid to less developed regions to reduce disparities over time.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Project Didactic of a Mini CNC Milling MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a mini CNC milling machine prototype. Key aspects include:
- The machine has 3 axes (X, Y, Z) controlled by stepper motors and an Arduino/CNC shield.
- Design was done in SolidWorks and the machine can mill wood, copper and iron plates.
- Universal G-Code Sender software is used to send G-Code instructions to the Arduino/shield to control motor movement.
- Testing showed the prototype operated correctly at different programmed speeds and could be used to make simple circuits or designs for student projects. Areas for improvement included enhancing accuracy.
IRJET- A Sequential Control for Full Size Converter Wind Turbine Generating S...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a mini CNC milling machine prototype. Key aspects include:
- The prototype was built with 3 axes controlled by stepper motors and a CNC Shield/Arduino control board.
- Programming is done using Universal G-Code Sender to send instructions to the control board for machining operations like engraving copper tracks for electronic circuits.
- Solidworks was used to design the mechanical structure, which includes wood bases and plates for the X, Y, and Z axes along with other components like screws and bearings.
- Assembly and calibration of the axes is described to ensure smooth movement without friction. Control is provided by an Arduino UNO board
This document provides an overview of mechatronics and then details an investigation into controlling the speed and direction of a DC motor. It begins with introductions to mechatronics, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and microcontrollers. It then describes building a system to provide fixed speed bi-directional control of a DC motor using a PLC and microcontroller. The system is controlled first by a PLC through ladder logic programming, then by a PIC16F84 microcontroller through assembly language programming. Code snippets and diagrams are provided to illustrate the logic and programming used.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. The document describes the development of an automatic welding and inspection system for nuts welded on support hinges using machine vision. The system aims to improve over manual inspection by reducing variability and costs.
2. The system uses a vision system and conveyor belt to automatically capture images of welded parts and identify defects like missing or eccentrically placed nuts using template matching algorithms. An actuator module transfers parts between welding and inspection stages.
3. The study presents the system design and algorithm development including template creation, matching approaches, and setting inspection thresholds to minimize false acceptance/rejection. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to accurately detect different defect types in welded parts.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impact of mining operations in the Jamuna Kotma Coal Field region of Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study used participatory field methods and Kendall's ranking coefficient method to categorize villages into different development regions based on social, economic, and demographic indicators. Very high development regions had more schools, electricity access, and agricultural development due to mining activities. However, development was not equal across villages. The study found regional disparities existed in 1991 and 2001, with some villages having very low development. The authors conclude attention must be paid to less developed regions to reduce disparities over time.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Project Didactic of a Mini CNC Milling MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a mini CNC milling machine prototype. Key aspects include:
- The machine has 3 axes (X, Y, Z) controlled by stepper motors and an Arduino/CNC shield.
- Design was done in SolidWorks and the machine can mill wood, copper and iron plates.
- Universal G-Code Sender software is used to send G-Code instructions to the Arduino/shield to control motor movement.
- Testing showed the prototype operated correctly at different programmed speeds and could be used to make simple circuits or designs for student projects. Areas for improvement included enhancing accuracy.
IRJET- A Sequential Control for Full Size Converter Wind Turbine Generating S...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a mini CNC milling machine prototype. Key aspects include:
- The prototype was built with 3 axes controlled by stepper motors and a CNC Shield/Arduino control board.
- Programming is done using Universal G-Code Sender to send instructions to the control board for machining operations like engraving copper tracks for electronic circuits.
- Solidworks was used to design the mechanical structure, which includes wood bases and plates for the X, Y, and Z axes along with other components like screws and bearings.
- Assembly and calibration of the axes is described to ensure smooth movement without friction. Control is provided by an Arduino UNO board
This document provides an overview of mechatronics and then details an investigation into controlling the speed and direction of a DC motor. It begins with introductions to mechatronics, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and microcontrollers. It then describes building a system to provide fixed speed bi-directional control of a DC motor using a PLC and microcontroller. The system is controlled first by a PLC through ladder logic programming, then by a PIC16F84 microcontroller through assembly language programming. Code snippets and diagrams are provided to illustrate the logic and programming used.
Robots play important roles in day to day
activities of human endeavour and can perform
complex tasks speedily and accurately. Robots are
employed to imitate human behaviours and then
apply these behaviours to the skills that lead to
achieving a certain task in solving the challenges
faced by impaired people in society. This robotic arm
was achieved using light-weight steel iron for the
frames, a moderate torque MG995 Towerpro, and
servo motor. Two Atmega328 Arduino
microcontroller was employed to control the motors
through the use of pulse width modulation
technique. Mathematical models were developed for
the mechanism to represent the kinematics involved
at each joint with mathematical variables. Then, the
stability of the system was carried out using a step
input signal being a type zero system.
IRJET- Material Dimension Analyzing in ConveyorIRJET Journal
This document describes a material dimension analysis machine that uses sensors on a conveyor system to measure the dimensions of materials and display the results. Key components include a conveyor belt powered by a DC motor to transport materials, sensors to detect the length and width, a microcontroller to process the sensor readings and display the results, and an LCD screen to output the dimension measurements in mm. The system is designed to automate dimensional inspection and reduce manual inspection errors and time for quality control purposes in manufacturing industries.
This document provides an overview and summary of a term project report on approximation in 2D CNC motion. The report discusses the history and basic components of numerical control machines, including lathes, mills, and 3D printers. It describes how 2D motion is achieved through stepper motors and algorithms for linear and circular interpolation. Examples are provided and references are listed at the end.
IRJET- Mini CNC Drawing Machine for PCB PrintingIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a mini CNC drawing machine for PCB printing. The machine uses an Arduino Uno, CNC shield V3, stepper motors for X and Y axis movement, and a servo motor to control the pen. An image is processed using Benbox software and sent as G-code commands to the Arduino board. The stepper motors convert rotational motion to linear motion using threaded shafts, plain shafts, bearings, and sliders. The servo motor controls pen movement for drawing. The mini CNC machine was designed to be low-cost and can accurately print circuit board layouts for prototyping. Future work may include scaling up the design and adapting it for other applications
The document summarizes a project to modify an existing 3-axis CNC wood carving machine into a 5-axis CNC machine. It details the project goals, components, implementation process, budget, and timeline. Key points include:
- The project aims to add 2 additional rotational axes to enable 5-axis carving/milling capabilities.
- Components include NEMA 23 stepper motors, a breakout board, stepper drivers, and Mach3 interfacing software.
- Implementation involved mechanical adjustments, electronic circuit design, and software integration over 12 months.
- The budget totals ~Rs. 65,000 with largest costs for the mechanical structure, stepper motors, and electronic circuits
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an article that describes automating a milling machine using an electro-pneumatic system. Milling is a common metal cutting process where a rotating cutting tool removes material. The article discusses automating the milling process using pneumatic devices like cylinders, valves, and sensors combined with electrical components like relays and switches. It provides an overview of milling machines and their components. It also discusses the general concepts of designing and developing pneumatic control systems, including functional diagrams, circuit diagrams, and documentation. Finally, it analyzes the costs of manual versus automated milling machines and their production times.
This document provides an overview of CNC (computer numerical control) machines. It discusses the history and development of NC (numerical control) and CNC machines, how they work, common components like actuators and sensors, and types of CNC machines. The document also covers numerical control system types like point-to-point and continuous control, as well as programming methods for CNC machines.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It defines NC and CNC, describes the history and typical elements of a CNC system, and discusses different types of CNC machines and their applications. The key components of a CNC system are the part program, program input device, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. Common types of CNC machines include lathes, mills, drills, boring machines, and grinders, which are used across industries like automotive, aerospace, and machinery manufacturing. Advantages of CNC include precision, reduced waste, and the ability to operate machines continuously.
Comparison of neural network narma l2 model reference and predictive controll...Mustefa Jibril
The document compares NARMA-L2, model reference, and predictive controllers for a nonlinear quarter car active suspension system. It begins by developing the mathematical model of the suspension system and hydraulic actuator. It then describes the bump and sine pavement road profiles used as inputs. The controller designs are presented, including the NARMA-L2 neural network architecture, model reference design using two neural networks, and predictive design training a neural network to model the plant dynamics. Simulation results show the body travel, acceleration, and suspension deflection outputs for each controller under bump and sine road disturbances. The NARMA-L2 controller performed best in minimizing body travel and acceleration.
Fuzzy and Pid Based Pitch Angle Control of Variable Speed Wind TurbinesIRJET Journal
The document presents a comparison of PID and fuzzy logic control systems for controlling the pitch angle of variable speed wind turbines to regulate turbine speed. It describes the modeling of a wind turbine system and implementation of PID and fuzzy logic controllers in Simulink. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller provides better speed regulation with zero overshoot compared to the PID controller.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 11||Pages|| 44-53||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
Mechatronics – A New Trend In Machine Control
Emmanuel I. Igweonu1 And Ikenna U. Mbabuike2 And Kalu K. Okwara3
1
Department Of Electrical/Electronic Engineering.
2
Department Of Mechanical Engineering.
3
Department Of Computer Science.
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana. Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
---------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------Mechatronics has now become a relatively new trend in the design of systems, devices and products aimed at
achieving an optimal balance between basic mechanical structures and its overall control. In fact, the
mechatronic idea would rightly be adjudged to be a product of persistency, innovativeness and excellence. This
paper describes a laboratory theory-proving-system (TPS-3920) mechatronic command set; the system’s
programming method and language, and a chosen example. The TPS-3920 system is accompanied with the SESLATHE software.
KEYWORDS: Mechatronics, Engineering, Machine Tool, G & M-Code Program
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------Date of Submission: 25 October 2013
Date of Acceptance: 30 November 2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
I.
INTRODUCTION
The term `mechatronics’ is coined out from two words; mechanics and electronics. Integrated
mechanical – electronic systems emerged from suitable combination of mechanics, electronics and control or
information processing. Mechatronics in its fundamental form can be regarded as the fusion of mechanical and
electrical disciplines in modern engineering processes.
In the IEEE/ASME Transactions on mechatronics a preliminary definition is given as, “the synergetic
integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and intelligent computer control in the design and
manufacturing of industrial products and processes”,(Rolf Isermann,2005) (see figure 1).
This integration is between the computers (hardware) and the information driven function (soft ware), resulting
in the integrated systems. Their development involves finding an optimal balance between the basic mechanical
structure, sensor and actuator implementation, automatic digital information processing and overall control.
II.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The word “mechatronics” was probably first created by a Japanese engineer; Kyura Oho in 1969. On or
before 1900, pure mechanical systems like; the steam engines of 1860s, DC motors of 1870s, circular pumps
and combustion engines of 1880s, AC motors of 1889, mechanical typewriters, and tool machines were all
associated with the era of increasing electrical drives. By 1920, electro-mechanical systems with electrical
drives like; relays, solenoids, hydraulic and pneumatic pumps, electric amplifiers, the PI-controllers of 1930s
were associated with the era of increasing automatic control (Rolf I., 2005). By 1935, mechanical systems with
automatic control like; the transistors of 1948, thyristors of 1955, steam turbines and aircrafts were also
associated with the era of increasing automatic control.Between 1955 and 1975, mechanical systems with
analog electronic and sequential control like; the digital computers of 1955, process computers of 1971, realtime software of 1966, micro-computers of 1971, digital decentralized automations of 1975, and electronic
controlled lifts were associated with the era of increasing automation with process computers and
miniaturization.By 1985, mechatronic systems like; mobile robots, Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM),
magnetic bearings, automotive control (ABS/ESP) were also associated with the era of increasing integration of
processes and microcomputers.
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS
The design of mechatronic systems requires a systematic development and utilization of modern
software design tools. As with any design, mechatronic design is also an iterative procedure. Figure 2 shows that
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2. Mechatronics – A New Trend In…
in addition to the traditional domain specific engineering, an integrated simultaneous (concurrent) engineering is
required.
A CASE FOR MACHINE TOOL
The Lathe is a machine tool. From history, it was among the pure mechanical systems of the 19th
century that were associated with the era of increasing electrical drive. Hence, with mechatronic ideas, the
integration with intelligent computer control makes the modern Lathe machine, a wonderful engineering master
piece for mass productions with high levels of accuracy and automation.
THE MODERN LATHE MACHINE
The CNC Lathe 225 for instance, is a mechatronic system. It is a computerized and numerically
controlled turning machine system for sliver processing of metallic products. Now, what makes a mechatronic
system is the integration between the hardware and the software as earlier stated. Therefore, to build a software,
a special programming language is created for CNC machines. This is the G & M-code which is peculiar to each
machine.
THE SES-LATHE G-code COMMAND SET
1)
G0 Xxx Zzz:
Idle movement on straight line (in a Cartesic axes system) to point xx,zz at maximum speed.
Examples:
G0 X2 Z-30
G0 Z15.2
2)
G1 Xxx Zzz Fff:
Turning movement on straight line (in a Cartesic axes system) to point xx,zz at ff speed.
Examples:
G1 X1 Z-30
G1 Z15.2
3)
G10 Rrr Ccc Iii Kkk:
Idle movement on straight line (in a Polar axes system) to point on a circle's perimeter at maximum
speed.
R is the circle radius.
C is the angle (in degrees) of the point.
I and K are the X,Z coordinates of the center of the circle.
R
Examples:
o
I,K
4)
0
G10 R10 C30 I25 K20
G10 C180
G11 Rrr Ccc Iii Kkk Fff:
Turning movement on straight line (in a Polar axes system) to point on a circle's perimeter at ff speed.
R is the circle radius.
C is the angle of the point.
I and K are the X,Z coordinates of the center of the circle.
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R
C
o
I,K
o
0
Examples:
G11 R10 C30 I25 K20 F2000
G11 C180
5)
6)
7)
G02 Iii Kkk Rrr Ccc Eee Fff:
Clockwise turning circular movement (arch) at ff feed.
R is the circle radius.
C is the angle (in degrees) of the starting point.
E is the angle (in degrees) of the ending point.
Note:
The instruction G02 means move in a straight line to the arch starting point (indicated by C) and
then to the arch ending point (indicated by E).
Examples:
G1 X-5
G1 Z-30
G2 K-30 I-6 C90 E0 R1
G2 Z2 X-6
G03 Iii Kkk Rrr Ccc Eee Fff:
Counter clockwise turning circular movement (arch) at ff feed.
Examples:
G1 X-5
G1 Z-30
G3 I-5 K-31 C180 E220 R1 F150
G3 Z2 X-6
G4: "Wait" instruction, usually applied for stopping in order to replace the turning tool or the processed
material.
A message appears on the screen and the PC waits for clicking OK to continue.
THE SES-LATHE M-code COMMAND SET
1)
2)
M4 Sss - Command to start the spindle Motor CCW at ss speed in RPM.
M5 - Command to stop the spindle Motor.
III.
SYSTEM PROGRAMMING METHOD
The G-Code language is a very simple programming language and this is the secret of its popularity.
The programming file is a text file written by a text editor (a simple word processing).The programming rules
are as follows:
Every instruction to the machine should start with the letter G or M (this is the reason for the name
G&M-Code).
The software ignores lines that do not start with the letter G or M.
For example, G1 X10 Z-35 F250 meaning:
Move in straight line (on X-Z plane) to point X,Z = 10,-35 from the current location at feed of 250
millimeters per minute.
All the parameters should be given in millimeters.
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SES-LATHE software allows using the decimal point. i.e.: G1 X10.5 Z20.7
The parameters are optional. It means that the current value of a parameter that is not indicated in an
instruction
remains
without
change.
We use the '/' sign to indicate relative values.
i.e.: G1 X/7.3 Z/-5 which means:
move 7.3 millimeters forward on X and 5 millimeters backward on Z from the current location at
previous feed.
A CHOSEN EXAMPLE
A 80 x 20mm rod is to be turned into the pattern as shown on figure 3
Aim: To process the rod mechatronically
Objective: 1. Understanding the turning process.
2. Writing the turning program according to a scaled drawing.
3. Running the program on simulation.
UNDERSTANDING THE TURNING PROCESS
In turning we have several processing types: Turning, Grooving and Threading.
The processed material (a rod of metal, plastic or wood) is installed in the spindle bore and rotates fast.
When the turning tool goes on Z dimension, it removes slivers from the perimeter of the rod (like peeling).
The turning tool speed on Z direction should not be faster than the spindle rotation.
When the Z movement is faster than the spindle rotation we get a thread.
When the turning tool goes on X direction only into the rod, it creates a groove along its perimeter.
15
The turning drawing shows only half of the part projection. This is enough because of the complete symmetry.
The drawing includes a symmetry axis.
14
13
12
3
1
2
4
5
6
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
0
-1 -2
-3
-4
-5 -6
-7
-8
-9
11
Z
1
-70 -66
-50
-38 -36
-26
-16
-6
-2
Face (Forehead)
Figure 3: Half part projection of the pattern
The symbol
indicates the project home position. It is also the origin of the axes. The X,Z absolute values
relate to this point.
The numbers on the right show the distance from the home project on X axis.
The processing is done as by turning one millimeter at a time as described in the figure 3.
With a special turning tool and on grooving process we cut off the required processed material from its base.
The rod is cut when the groove depth is equal to the rod's radius.
We define the starting point outside the main material.
We turn an extra part in front of the required processing area. This part is called 'Face' or 'Forehead'.
Usually, we use a rod with a diameter greater than required and we turn it to the required diameter, in order to
ensure straight and symmetrical rod.
Important note: Because the setup of the turning tool can be done only on the unprocessed rod, the program is
run on simulation until a complete turning program is achieved. This is a gradual and painstaking process
whereby only 1mm of rod is cut at a time to avoid breaking the tool and/or jamming the machine.
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WRITING THE G & M-Code PROGRAM ACCORDING TO THE SCALED DRAWING OF FIGURE 4
M4
G0
G1
G1
G0
G0
G1
G1
G0
G0
G0
G1
G3
G0
G0
G1
G1
G3
G0
G0
G0
G1
G1
G0
G0
G1
G1
G0
G0
G1
G2
G0
G0
G1
G1
G2
G0
G0
G1
G1
G2
G0
G0
G1
G1
G2
G0
G0
M5
S2000
X-9
Z-66 F200
X-10 Z-70
Z0
X-8
Z-38
X-9 Z-50
X-10
Z0
X-7
Z-36
R2 I-8 K-36 C150 E180
X-8
Z0
X-6
Z-36
R2 I-8 K-36 C90 E150
X-8
Z0
X-5
Z-26
X-7
Z0
X-4
Z-16
X-7
Z0
X-3
Z-2
R4 I0 K-6 C-48.6 E-90
X-4
Z0
X-2
Z-2
R4 I0 K-6 C-30 E-48.6
X-4
Z0
X-1
Z-2
R4 I0 K-6 C-14 E-30
X-4
Z0
X0
Z-2
R4 I0 K-6 C0 E-14.5
X-4
Z0
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; range 1
; range 2
;range 3
;range 4
;range 5
;range 6
;start spindle motor at 2000 RPM
move to 9mm from the rod center
;move to point 2
;move to point 1
;return
move to 8mm from the rod center
;move to point 4
;move to point 3
;move out
;return
move to 7mm from the rod center
;move to point 5
;move to point 4
;move out
;return
;move to 6mm from the rod center
;move to point 6
;move to point 5
;move out
;return
move to 5mm from the rod center
;move to point 8
;move out
;return
move to 4mm from the rod center
;move to point 10
;move out
;return
move to 3mm from the rod center
;turning the forehead
;move to point 11
;move out
;return
;move to point 12
;return
;move to point 13
;return
;move to point 14
;move out
;return
;stop spindle motor
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THE PROGRAM SIMULATON PROCEDURE
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M
Select FILE NAME and OPEN
Simulation
option?
N
K
Y
Simulation mode
Run?
N
Stop
Y
Execute program
Is simulation graph
correct?
N
K
Y
Save FILE finally
Stop
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PROSPECTS OF MECHATRONICS
In this age of human population boom, mechatronics has greatly proved to be
the latest trend of modern engineering endeavors. Programmed files saved in the computer’s disk enables the
engineer to manufacture the exact amount of products required, at the same level of accuracy. All it takes for
mechatronic systems is to load the computer with the appropriate file and run the program. This process turns
manufacturing activities significantly flexible hence; mechatronic machines are otherwise regarded as flexible
manufacturing systems (FMS).
IV.
CONCLUSION
Admittedly, despite the issues, problems and challenges in developing mechatronic systems, there are
prospects of: sustainable design and pattern benefits for manufacturing industries and governments, which can
be derived, beyond what has been reviewed by this paper. However, the key points to note are;
1. Flexibility in manufacturing, and optimum utilization of raw materials.
2. Unwavered automation with attendant advantages like:
- High speed of operation
- Increased quality control (less wastage)
- Improved accuracy
- Safety assurance and so on.
Figure 1: Mechatronics- synergetic integration of different disciplines (Isremann, 2005)
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9. Mechatronics – A New Trend In…
System
Definition
Traditional
Engineering
(Domain specification)
Mechanical and
electrical engineering
Process
Design
Requirements &
Engineering Specification
Electronic
Engineering
Information
And
Control
Engineering
Info. Processing
And
Control Engineering
Electronic
Hardware Design
Operating
Engineering
Human-machine
interface design
Integration of Components
(hardware)
Integration by information
Processing (software)
System integration
(Hard- & Software)
Integrated(simultaneous)
engineering
Integrated mechatronic system
System Testing
Manufacturing
Engineering
Mechatronic
system
Fig. 2: Design procedure for Mechtronic systems.( Isremannn, 2005)
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Isremann, R. (2005): Mechatronic Systems Fundamentals. Spring-verlag London Ltd.
Craig, J. (1989): Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control, 2nd edn. Addison-wesley, Reading.
AIM IEEE/ASME Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Atlanta (1999), Como (2001), Kobe(2003)
Dorf, R.C., Bishop, R.H. (2000): Modern control systems, 9th edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff.
Science and Technical Education Training Manual: CAD – CAM with SOLIDCAM for Turning.
http://www.mechatronicconcept/turning.com Date accessed: 09/01/2013
http://www.mechatronics/edu.com Date accessed: 09/01/2013
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