In this study, the V-to-V coarticulatory effect in the VCV sequences is investigated. The stimuli are in the form of C1V1.C2V2, which is designed for V1 to affect V2. The subjects are twelve native speakers of standard Chinese, and the F2 onset value, as well as the F2 delta value, is analyzed. Results show that, due to long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the unaspirated ones, the effect of aspiration is obvious, and in the contexts of aspirated stops, the effect of place of articulation is restrained.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of prosody on the temporal realization of segments in Chinese. The study examined how prosodic word boundaries and prosodic phrase boundaries impact the voice onset time (VOT) of consonants and duration of vowels. Key findings include: 1) Vowels preceding prosodic phrase boundaries were longer than those preceding prosodic word boundaries; 2) Place of articulation of the second consonant also impacted vowel duration; 3) VOT of initial consonants was affected by prosody but not place of articulation; 4) VOT of final consonants was impacted by place of articulation but not prosody. The results demonstrate the interaction between prosodic structure and segmental temporal realization
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for the 1st year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for the CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Lab and ICS (Interactive Communication Skills) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics - it describes vowels, consonants, and provides the phonetic chart and transcription of example words.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
In this study, trans-consonantal vowel-to-vowel anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is investigated. The target words are in the form of 'ba.bV2', and the subjects are eight native speakers of standard Chinese. Vowel formants are examined at the offset, middle and onset points of the target vowel. Results show that trans-segmental coarticulation exists in Chinese, especially at the offset point of the target vowel. Coarticulation is more likely to occur on F2, and in Chinese, coarticulatory effect does not extend to the onset point of the vowel.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of prosody on the temporal realization of segments in Chinese. The study examined how prosodic word boundaries and prosodic phrase boundaries impact the voice onset time (VOT) of consonants and duration of vowels. Key findings include: 1) Vowels preceding prosodic phrase boundaries were longer than those preceding prosodic word boundaries; 2) Place of articulation of the second consonant also impacted vowel duration; 3) VOT of initial consonants was affected by prosody but not place of articulation; 4) VOT of final consonants was impacted by place of articulation but not prosody. The results demonstrate the interaction between prosodic structure and segmental temporal realization
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for the 1st year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for the CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Lab and ICS (Interactive Communication Skills) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics - it describes vowels, consonants, and provides the phonetic chart and transcription of example words.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
In this study, trans-consonantal vowel-to-vowel anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is investigated. The target words are in the form of 'ba.bV2', and the subjects are eight native speakers of standard Chinese. Vowel formants are examined at the offset, middle and onset points of the target vowel. Results show that trans-segmental coarticulation exists in Chinese, especially at the offset point of the target vowel. Coarticulation is more likely to occur on F2, and in Chinese, coarticulatory effect does not extend to the onset point of the vowel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a study that examined anticipatory coarticulation in Mandarin Chinese bi-syllabic words. Eight native Mandarin speakers produced words with the structure "bi.bV2" containing the vowels /i/ or /a/. Vowel formants were analyzed at the offset, middle, and onset of the first vowel /i/ and compared across vowel contexts. Results showed anticipatory coarticulation exists at the offset point, as formant values differed significantly between vowel contexts. However, coarticulation did not extend to the middle or onset points of the vowel. Therefore, anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is strongest at the offset of the target vowel.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested how the frequency of vowels in different contexts affects listeners' perceptual compensation for coarticulation. Participants were exposed to speech stimuli that varied the frequency of vowels before /i/ or /a/. Their ability to compensate for coarticulation on a vowel identification task was then tested. The results showed that perceptual compensation was affected by the relative frequency of vowels in different contexts, either being exaggerated or ameliorated depending on the exposure condition. This suggests frequency information influences speech perception and could lead to systematic sound changes through misperception over time.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how modifying the duration of acoustic cues in fricative consonants affects perception of voicing and place of articulation. The study synthesized fricative-vowel syllables with selective time expansions of fricative noise duration and vowel formant transition duration. Listeners then identified voicing and place of articulation in the syllables in quiet and noise conditions. Results showed that lengthening formant transitions significantly improved place of articulation identification, while lengthening noise duration had little effect on voicing or place cues. The study aimed to determine how clear speech production features like expanded durations can enhance perception of fricatives.
Energy distribution in formant bands for arabic vowelsIJECEIAES
The acoustic cues play a major role in speech segmentation phase; the extraction of these indexes facilitates the characterization of the speech signal. In this work, we aim to study Arabic vowels (/a/, /a:/, /i/, /i:/, /u/ and /u:/), especially the long ones. We are interested in characterizing this type of vowels in terms of time, frequency and energy. The cues extracted and analyzed in this work are: segment length, voicing degree and formants values.
This study analyzed the effect of focus on the intensity of disyllabic words in Mandarin Chinese. The results show that:
1) The average intensity of rhymes is significantly greater than that of onsets in both syllables.
2) Under focused conditions, the average intensity of the first syllable rhyme is significantly greater than the second syllable rhyme.
3) Focus has a significant effect of increasing average intensity across onsets and rhymes in both syllables.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses issues with using nasalance to measure nasal speech problems. It argues that nasalance only measures nasal resonance in vowels, not nasal emission in consonants. It examines using nasalance with different types of test materials: those rich in nasal consonants, those rich in pressure consonants, those with no nasal/pressure consonants, and phonetically balanced materials. For each type, it discusses effects of coarticulation and how nasalance may be interpreted. It suggests nasal emission can indicate VPI but nasalance is difficult to norm due to various confounding factors. Intrasubject nasalance measurements can still be useful clinically and for biofeedback.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Comparative Analysis of Vowels, Diphthongs and Glides of Sindhisipij
Sindhi language is primarily spoken in the Sindh province of Pakistan, and in some parts of India. Languages phonemic inventory include vowels, consonants and diphthongs. This paper presents acoustic analysis and properties of the glide consonants of Sindhi. Glides are considered having stable and predictable formant structure and associated acoustic properties like vowels and diphthongs. Understanding the corresponding acoustic similarities, differences and relationship between three types of these sounds is the subject of discussion of this paper.
A comparative acoustic study of Hanoi Vietnamese and general American English...NuioKila
This document provides a literature review on descriptions of the Hanoi Vietnamese and General American English monophthong systems. For Hanoi Vietnamese, there is debate around the articulatory descriptions of certain vowels like ư and ơ. Acoustic analyses are needed to better characterize the vowel qualities. Thompson (1965) describes the Hanoi Vietnamese vowel system as having upper and lower subsystems based on tongue height. For English, formant frequencies are now used to characterize the monophthongs acoustically rather than just articulatory descriptions. The study aims to acoustically analyze the Hanoi Vietnamese vowels and compare them to General American English vowels.
This document provides a literature review on descriptions of the Hanoi Vietnamese and General American English monophthong systems. It discusses the inconsistent descriptions of some Hanoi Vietnamese monophthongs like ư and ơ in the literature due to differences in phonetic vs. phonological goals and acoustic similarities between features. It summarizes Thompson's (1965) description of the Hanoi Vietnamese vowel system as consisting of upper and lower subsystems. The review then discusses acoustic description attempts and formant analysis for characterizing vowel qualities. Finally, it provides an overview of the traditional and acoustic descriptions of monophthongs in General American English.
Efficiency of the energy contained in modulators in the Arabic vowels recogni...IJECEIAES
The speech signal is described as many acoustic properties that may contribute differently to spoken word recognition. Vowel characterization is an important process of studying the acoustic characteristics or behaviors of speech within different contexts. This current study focuses on the modulators characteristics of three Arabic vowels, we proposed a new approach to characterize the three Arabic vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/. The proposed method is based on the energy contained in the speech modulators. The coherent subband demodulation method related to the spectral center of gravity (COG) was used to calculate the energy of the speech modulators. The obtained results showed that the modulators energy help characterize the Arabic vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ with an interesting recognition rate ranging from 86% to 100%.
Characterization of Arabic sibilant consonants IJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop an automatic speech recognition system in order to classify sibilant Arabic consonants into two groups: alveolar consonants and post-alveolar consonants. The proposed method is based on the use of the energy distribution, in a consonant-vowel type syllable, as an acoustic cue. The application of this method on our own corpus reveals that the amount of energy included in a vocal signal is a very important parameter in the characterization of Arabic sibilant consonants. For consonants classifications, the accuracy achieved to identify consonants as alveolar or post-alveolar is 100%. For post-alveolar consonants, the rate is 96% and for alveolar consonants, the rate is over 94%. Our classification technique outperformed existing algorithms based on support vector machines and neural networks in terms of classification rate.
This document summarizes the speaker's PhD research on the prosody of initial geminate consonants in Kelantan Malay. It outlines several stages of the research process, including an initial literature review on prosody and geminate consonants in other languages. It then describes a preliminary production experiment analyzing acoustic correlates of singleton-geminate contrasts in Kelantan Malay, finding significant differences in closure duration. Future plans include fieldwork in Kelantan to collect more spontaneous speech data and conduct perception experiments.
The document summarizes the research proposal and preliminary findings of a PhD study investigating the prosody of initial geminate consonants in Kelantan Malay. The study conducted production experiments with native speakers, analyzing acoustic correlates like closure duration. Results showed significant differences in duration between singleton and geminate consonants. Gender and vowel height also influenced duration. Further experiments on spontaneous speech and perception are planned to provide more robust analysis of initial geminates in Kelantan Malay prosody.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
STUDY OF ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF NASAL AND NONNASAL VOWELS IN TEMPORAL DOMAINcscpconf
There has been considerable amount of work done in exploring the acoustic correlates of nasalized and non-nasalized vowels in the frequency domain. Nasalized vowels are characterized by the presence of extra pole-zero pairs near the first formant region and across thespectrum. Several other automatically extractable acoustic features have been proposed by researchers across the globe. This area has not been explored much in the temporal domain. In this study we have tried to find quantifiable differences/similarities between the nasal and non-nasal vowel /a/ in the temporal domain at the pitch synchronous level. The results show significant differences between nasalized and non-nasalized vowel /a/
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a study that examined anticipatory coarticulation in Mandarin Chinese bi-syllabic words. Eight native Mandarin speakers produced words with the structure "bi.bV2" containing the vowels /i/ or /a/. Vowel formants were analyzed at the offset, middle, and onset of the first vowel /i/ and compared across vowel contexts. Results showed anticipatory coarticulation exists at the offset point, as formant values differed significantly between vowel contexts. However, coarticulation did not extend to the middle or onset points of the vowel. Therefore, anticipatory coarticulation in Chinese is strongest at the offset of the target vowel.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested how the frequency of vowels in different contexts affects listeners' perceptual compensation for coarticulation. Participants were exposed to speech stimuli that varied the frequency of vowels before /i/ or /a/. Their ability to compensate for coarticulation on a vowel identification task was then tested. The results showed that perceptual compensation was affected by the relative frequency of vowels in different contexts, either being exaggerated or ameliorated depending on the exposure condition. This suggests frequency information influences speech perception and could lead to systematic sound changes through misperception over time.
This document summarizes a study that investigated how modifying the duration of acoustic cues in fricative consonants affects perception of voicing and place of articulation. The study synthesized fricative-vowel syllables with selective time expansions of fricative noise duration and vowel formant transition duration. Listeners then identified voicing and place of articulation in the syllables in quiet and noise conditions. Results showed that lengthening formant transitions significantly improved place of articulation identification, while lengthening noise duration had little effect on voicing or place cues. The study aimed to determine how clear speech production features like expanded durations can enhance perception of fricatives.
Energy distribution in formant bands for arabic vowelsIJECEIAES
The acoustic cues play a major role in speech segmentation phase; the extraction of these indexes facilitates the characterization of the speech signal. In this work, we aim to study Arabic vowels (/a/, /a:/, /i/, /i:/, /u/ and /u:/), especially the long ones. We are interested in characterizing this type of vowels in terms of time, frequency and energy. The cues extracted and analyzed in this work are: segment length, voicing degree and formants values.
This study analyzed the effect of focus on the intensity of disyllabic words in Mandarin Chinese. The results show that:
1) The average intensity of rhymes is significantly greater than that of onsets in both syllables.
2) Under focused conditions, the average intensity of the first syllable rhyme is significantly greater than the second syllable rhyme.
3) Focus has a significant effect of increasing average intensity across onsets and rhymes in both syllables.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses issues with using nasalance to measure nasal speech problems. It argues that nasalance only measures nasal resonance in vowels, not nasal emission in consonants. It examines using nasalance with different types of test materials: those rich in nasal consonants, those rich in pressure consonants, those with no nasal/pressure consonants, and phonetically balanced materials. For each type, it discusses effects of coarticulation and how nasalance may be interpreted. It suggests nasal emission can indicate VPI but nasalance is difficult to norm due to various confounding factors. Intrasubject nasalance measurements can still be useful clinically and for biofeedback.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Comparative Analysis of Vowels, Diphthongs and Glides of Sindhisipij
Sindhi language is primarily spoken in the Sindh province of Pakistan, and in some parts of India. Languages phonemic inventory include vowels, consonants and diphthongs. This paper presents acoustic analysis and properties of the glide consonants of Sindhi. Glides are considered having stable and predictable formant structure and associated acoustic properties like vowels and diphthongs. Understanding the corresponding acoustic similarities, differences and relationship between three types of these sounds is the subject of discussion of this paper.
A comparative acoustic study of Hanoi Vietnamese and general American English...NuioKila
This document provides a literature review on descriptions of the Hanoi Vietnamese and General American English monophthong systems. For Hanoi Vietnamese, there is debate around the articulatory descriptions of certain vowels like ư and ơ. Acoustic analyses are needed to better characterize the vowel qualities. Thompson (1965) describes the Hanoi Vietnamese vowel system as having upper and lower subsystems based on tongue height. For English, formant frequencies are now used to characterize the monophthongs acoustically rather than just articulatory descriptions. The study aims to acoustically analyze the Hanoi Vietnamese vowels and compare them to General American English vowels.
This document provides a literature review on descriptions of the Hanoi Vietnamese and General American English monophthong systems. It discusses the inconsistent descriptions of some Hanoi Vietnamese monophthongs like ư and ơ in the literature due to differences in phonetic vs. phonological goals and acoustic similarities between features. It summarizes Thompson's (1965) description of the Hanoi Vietnamese vowel system as consisting of upper and lower subsystems. The review then discusses acoustic description attempts and formant analysis for characterizing vowel qualities. Finally, it provides an overview of the traditional and acoustic descriptions of monophthongs in General American English.
Efficiency of the energy contained in modulators in the Arabic vowels recogni...IJECEIAES
The speech signal is described as many acoustic properties that may contribute differently to spoken word recognition. Vowel characterization is an important process of studying the acoustic characteristics or behaviors of speech within different contexts. This current study focuses on the modulators characteristics of three Arabic vowels, we proposed a new approach to characterize the three Arabic vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/. The proposed method is based on the energy contained in the speech modulators. The coherent subband demodulation method related to the spectral center of gravity (COG) was used to calculate the energy of the speech modulators. The obtained results showed that the modulators energy help characterize the Arabic vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ with an interesting recognition rate ranging from 86% to 100%.
Characterization of Arabic sibilant consonants IJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop an automatic speech recognition system in order to classify sibilant Arabic consonants into two groups: alveolar consonants and post-alveolar consonants. The proposed method is based on the use of the energy distribution, in a consonant-vowel type syllable, as an acoustic cue. The application of this method on our own corpus reveals that the amount of energy included in a vocal signal is a very important parameter in the characterization of Arabic sibilant consonants. For consonants classifications, the accuracy achieved to identify consonants as alveolar or post-alveolar is 100%. For post-alveolar consonants, the rate is 96% and for alveolar consonants, the rate is over 94%. Our classification technique outperformed existing algorithms based on support vector machines and neural networks in terms of classification rate.
This document summarizes the speaker's PhD research on the prosody of initial geminate consonants in Kelantan Malay. It outlines several stages of the research process, including an initial literature review on prosody and geminate consonants in other languages. It then describes a preliminary production experiment analyzing acoustic correlates of singleton-geminate contrasts in Kelantan Malay, finding significant differences in closure duration. Future plans include fieldwork in Kelantan to collect more spontaneous speech data and conduct perception experiments.
The document summarizes the research proposal and preliminary findings of a PhD study investigating the prosody of initial geminate consonants in Kelantan Malay. The study conducted production experiments with native speakers, analyzing acoustic correlates like closure duration. Results showed significant differences in duration between singleton and geminate consonants. Gender and vowel height also influenced duration. Further experiments on spontaneous speech and perception are planned to provide more robust analysis of initial geminates in Kelantan Malay prosody.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
STUDY OF ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF NASAL AND NONNASAL VOWELS IN TEMPORAL DOMAINcscpconf
There has been considerable amount of work done in exploring the acoustic correlates of nasalized and non-nasalized vowels in the frequency domain. Nasalized vowels are characterized by the presence of extra pole-zero pairs near the first formant region and across thespectrum. Several other automatically extractable acoustic features have been proposed by researchers across the globe. This area has not been explored much in the temporal domain. In this study we have tried to find quantifiable differences/similarities between the nasal and non-nasal vowel /a/ in the temporal domain at the pitch synchronous level. The results show significant differences between nasalized and non-nasalized vowel /a/
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The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation of Disyllabic words in Chinese
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.5, Issue 8 (August 2015), PP -13-20
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
13
The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation of Disyllabic words in
Chinese
Qi Gong
(College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China)
ABSTRACT - In this study, the V-to-V coarticulatory effect in the VCV sequences is investigated. The stimuli
are in the form of C1V1.C2V2, which is designed for V1 to affect V2. The subjects are twelve native speakers of
standard Chinese, and the F2 onset value, as well as the F2 delta value, is analyzed. Results show that, due to
long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the unaspirated ones, the effect of
aspiration is obvious, and in the contexts of aspirated stops, the effect of place of articulation is restrained.
Keywords - Coarticulation, formant, speech, vowel
I. INTRODUCTION
Coariticulation refers to the articulatory modification of a speech sound under the influence of adjacent
segments. For example, all else being equal, the back vowel [u] in ‗two‘ is produced farther forward than the
same vowel in ‗who‘ due to the influence of the adjacent coronal consonant. Coarticulation effect may vary
with its specific context or the phonological system of a language. In his classic spectrographic study of VCV
sequences in three languages, Öhman [1] found that F2 values of target vowels varied more due to vowel
context in English and Swedish than in Russian. He attributed the coarticulatory differences to the languages‘
consonant systems, arguing that the requirements on the tongue body imposed by contrastive palatalization in
Russian, but not in English or Swedish, restricted transconsonantal coarticulation in Russian. Consonant
restrictions on V-to-V coarticulation have also been reported by Recasens [2], who found less V-to-V
coarticulation across the velarized lateral of Catalan than across the ‗clear‘ lateral of Spanish and German. He
and his colleagues ascribed the coarticulatory differences to different lingual constraints for these laterals.
Bladon and Al-Bamerni [3] originated the concept of ‗coarticulatory resistance‘ that claimed phonetic segments
possess inherent properties that limit the extent to which they can be influenced by neighboring segments.
Using this concept within a coarticulatory approach to speech production, Recasens [4] developed the ‗degrees
of articulatory constraint‘ (DAC) model to account for coarticulatory effects of both vowels and consonants.
Recasens‘ model predicts that the more a specific region of the tongue is involved in the occlusion for the C, the
more the C affects V, but the less it can be shaped by the vowel, and the less the transconsonantal V-to-V
coarticulation.
There have been a number of studies on the coarticulatory effect of segments in Chinese, including the analysis
of the acoustic coarticulatory patterns of voicelese fricatives in CVCV [5], the study of vowel formant pattern
and the coarticulation in the voiceless stop initial monosyllables [6], the acoustic study of intersyllabic
anticipatory coarticulation of three places of ariculation of C2 in CVCV [7], vowel segmental coarticulation in
read speech in Standard Chinese [8], and anticipatory coarticulation in V1#C2V2 sequences [9]. It is found that
coarticulation exists in segment adjacent and trans-segmental contexts in Chinese.
Coarticulation is a common phenomenon in languages, and it is believed that coarticulation affects the
smoothness and naturalness of the synthesized speech in Text-to-Speech. Therefore, the naturalness of
synthesized speech will be greatly improved if speech coarticulation is properly solved [10]. The research
presented in this paper aims to investigate the V-to-V coarticulation in VCV sequences in Chinese.
Coarticulation may be generally classified as carry-over (left-to-right) or anticipatory (right-to-left) ones [11],
and the present sudy will focus on carry-over coarticulation.
II. EXPERIMENT 1
2.1. Methodology
2.1.1. Speakers, Stimuli and Recording
Twelve native speakers of Standard Chinese, six male and six female, participated in the recording. Regarding
the stimuli, disyllabic words, in the form of C1V1.C2V2, are used, with V1 providing the ‗changing‘ vowel
context, V2 the ‗fixed‘ vowel, which is designed for the changing vowels to affect the fixed vowel. The fixed
vowel is /a/, and for the changing vowel context, vowels /i/ vs. /u/ are used to influence the onset of the F2
2. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
14
frequencies of the fixed vowel. The intervocalic consonant C2 includes /b, p, d, t/, two unaspirate stops /b/, /d/
and two aspirated ones /p/, /t/. All the words used are in normal stress, without neutral tone syllables.
An example of a pair of words used are ‗dida‘ and ‗cuda‘, which means ‗to arrive‘ and ‗thick‘ respectively.
Two sets of words of identical combinations are used, so there are 16 words in the word list (4 stops × 2
changing vowel contexts × 2 sets).
Recording was done in a sound-treated room in Jinan University. The acoustic data were recorded directly into
the computer at a sampling rate of 16 kHz using the recording software of Cool Edit Pro.
2.1.2.Procedure and measurements
The speakers were asked to read the word list three times, in random order for each repetition, in normal pace,
so each speaker produced 48 tokens: 16 words × 3 repetitions. In total, 576 tokens were acoustically analyzed
(48 tokens × 12 speakers).
1) F2 onset value: This study aims at investigating the extent of V-V coarticulation in VCV sequences, and
vowel formant is examined. Formant values are extracted using Praat [12], and the effect of trans-consonantal
coarticulation is analyzed by measuring the F2 onset value of the fixed vowel. F2 onset frequency is taken at the
onset of the fixed vowel V2, both for unaspirated and aspirated stop contexts.
Fig. 1 displays the waveform and spectrogram of ‗ida‘ (Fig. 1a) and ‗ita‘ (Fig. 1b), as in the sequences of ‗dida‘
(to arrive) and ‗qita‘ (other), with the former an example of unaspirated stop context, and the latter of aspirated
context. For both of the two cases, F2 onset values are taken at the onset points of the vowels, that is, point ‗A‘
on both graphs.
(a) Waveform and spectrogram of ‗ida‘
(b) Waveform and spectrogram of ‗ita‘
Fig. 1 Waveform and spectrogram of ‗ida‘ (a) and ‗ita‘ (b)
2) F2 delta: In order to compare the extent of coarticulatory effects under various consonant contexts, besides
the F2 onset values, their differences caused by the changing V1 contexts are also calculated. Coarticulation
effects due to changing V1 contexts are indexed by F2 delta values obtained at the V2 F2 onset, and F2 delta (Hz)
is derived by calculating the difference in onset frequencies of the fixed vowel in each sequence pair. Fig. 2
displays the F2 contours of the sequence pair ‗dida‘ (to arrive) and ‗cuda‘ (thick), with the contour of ‗dida‘ in
solid line, and that of ‗cuda‘ in dashed line. In this sequence pair, for the changing vowel context, F2 of /i/ is
high and that of /u/ is low. If V2 F2 onsets differ in this pair, then it is reasonable to attribute the frequency
3. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
15
difference to the high vs. low F2 contexts in V1. The greater the F2 delta value is, the greater the coarticulatory
effect of V1 is on V2.
Fig. 2 F2 contours of the sequence pair ‗dida‘ and ‗cuda‘, with the former in solid line, and the latter in dashed
line
A repeated measures ANOVA was performed with two within-subjects factors— aspiration (unaspirated,
aspirated) and place of articulation (labial, alveolar). F2 delta was the dependent variable in all ANOVA
analyses.
2.2. Results
2.2.1.F2 value
Fig. 3 graphs the F2 onset values for male speakers (Fig. 3a) and female speakers (Fig. 3b), broken down by the
contexts of aspiration, place of articulation and changing vowels. The changing vowel contexts are indicated by
/i/ and /u/, which refer to changing vowel context of /i/ and /u/ respectively. From Fig. 3 it is shown that the
effect of changing vowel context is obvious. Repeated measures ANOVA results show that there are significant
effects of changing vowel context under all the conditions, unaspirated labial: F(1, 71) = 113.8, p < 0.001;
unaspirated alveolar: F(1, 71) = 393.9, p < 0.001; aspirated labial: F(1, 71) = 10.37, p = 0.002; aspirated
alveolar: F(1, 71) = 13.67, p < 0.001. F2 onset values following vowel /i/ are higher than those following /u/.
4. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
16
Fig. 3 F2 onset values for male speakers (a) and female speakers (b), broken down by the contexts of
aspiration, place of articulation and changing vowel
For the purpose of elaborating the coarticulatory effect under various consonant contexts in detail, F2 delta
value will be analyzed in the next section. To be specific, the extent under the contexts of place of articulation
and aspiration will be presented.
2.2.2 F2 delta value
Table 1 presents the F2 delta means and significance results for the main effects. From Table 1 it can be seen
that, in terms of overall main effect, there is significant effect for both place of articulation and aspiration, with
the effect in the alveolar contexts marginally greater than that of labial, and the effect of unaspirated stop
contexts much greater than that of the aspirated ones.
Table 1 F2 delta means (in Hz) and statistical results for the main effects
Mean Statistical result
Place of Labial 101.5 F(1, 71) =4.45, p =
articulation Alveolar 124.6 0.038
Aspiration Unaspirated 174.7 F(1, 71) =87.9, p <
Aspirated 51.4 0.001
When interactive effects are examined, it is shown that the place of articulation × aspiration interaction is
significant (F(1, 71) = 5.02, p = 0.028), which is attributable to the disproportional effect of place of articulation
and aspiration. The effect of aspiration is great, and that of place of articulation comparatively small. In the next
subsection the effects of the factors will be described in detail to help inform and elaborate on the main effects.
1) The effect of place of articulation
a) The unaspirated stop contexts: Fig. 4 shows the F2 delta under the effects of place of articulation and
aspiration. Result from repeated measures ANOVA shows that, in the unaspirated stop contexts, the effect of
place of articulation is significant: F(1, 71) = 10.6, p = 0.002, with the extent of alveolar context exceeding that
of labial context. The average F2 delta values across /b/ and /d/ are 150.4 Hz and 199.1 Hz respectively.
b) The aspirated stop contexts: When the intervocalic stops are aspirated, there are no significant difference:
F(1, 71) = 0.023, p = 0.881. The average F2 delta values across /p/ and /t/ are 52.6 Hz and 50.1 Hz respectively.
There is no significant difference in the coarticulatory effect of the contexts of place of articulation in the case
of aspirated stop context.
2) The effect of aspiration
a) The contexts of labial: It is shown from repeated measures ANOVA result that the difference between
unaspirated and aspirated stop contexts is significant: F(1, 71) = 33.2, p < 0.001, with greater extent of
coarticulation for unaspirated stop context than the aspirated one. The average F2 delta values across /b/ and /p/
are 150.4 Hz and 52.6 Hz respectively.
5. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
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b) The contexts of alveolar: In the context of alveolar stops, the difference between unaspirated and aspirated
stop contexts is also significant: F(1, 71) = 66.9, p < 0.001. The average F2 delta values across /d/ and /t/ are
199.1 Hz and 50.1 Hz respectively. The unaspirated stop context greatly exceeds the aspirated one in the extent
of coarticulation.
III. EXPERIMENT 2
In experiment 2, the speakers are the same as in Experiment 1. The stimuli are also disyllabic words, in the
form of C1V1.C2V2. However, the fixed vowel is changed to /u/, instead of /a/. The procedure and measurements
are the same as that of Experiment 1.
3.1 F2 Value
Fig. 5 graphs the F2 onset values for male speakers (Fig. 5a) and female speakers (Fig. 5b), broken down by the
contexts of aspiration, place of articulation and changing vowels. The changing vowel contexts are indicated by
/i/ and /u/, which refer to changing vowel context of /i/ and /u/ respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA results
show that, as far as main effect is concerned, the effects of aspiration, place of articulation, and changing vowel
are all significant, aspiration: F(1, 71) = 446.9, p < 0.001; place of articulation F(1, 71) = 661.8, p < 0.001;
changing vowel F(1, 71) = 127.4, p < 0.001, with F2 onset values in the unaspirated context greater than the
aspirated context, in the alveolar context greater than the labial context, in the /i/ context greater than in the /u/
context.
Fig. 5. F2 onset values for male speakers (a) and female speakers (b), broken down by the contexts of aspiration,
place of articulation and changing vowel
For the purpose of elaborating the coarticulatory effect under various consonant contexts in detail, F2 delta
value will be analyzed in the next section. To be specific, the extent under the contexts of place of articulation
and aspiration will be presented.
3.2 F2 Delta Value
Table 2 presents the F2 delta means and significance results for the main effects. From Table 2 it can be seen
that, in terms of overall main effect, there is significant effect for both place of articulation and aspiration, with
the effect in the alveolar contexts greater than that of labial, and the effect of unaspirated stop contexts much
greater than that of the aspirated ones.
6. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
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Table 2 F2 delta means (in Hz) and statistical results for the main effects
Mean Statistical result
Place of Labial 71.7 F(1, 71) =7.47, p =
articulation Alveolar 111.9 0.008
Aspiration Unaspirated 138.7 F(1, 71) =43.0, p <
Aspirated 44.9 0.001
When interactive effect is examined, it is shown that the place of articulation × aspiration interaction is
significant: F(1, 71) = 6.02, p = 0.017, which is attributable to the disproportional effect of place of articulation
and aspiration. The effect of place of articulation is not consistant under different aspirational condition. In the
ext subsection the effects of the factors will be described in detail to help inform and elaborate on the main
effects.
3.2.1 The effect of place of articulation
a) The unaspirated stop contexts: Fig. 6 shows the F2 delta under the effects of place of articulation and
aspiration. Result from repeated measures ANOVA shows that, in the unaspirated stop contexts, the effect of
place of articulation is significant: F(1, 71) = 9.03, p = 0.004, with the extent of alveolar context exceeding that
of labial context.
7. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
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b) The aspirated stop contexts: When the intervocalic stops are aspirated, there is no significant difference: F(1,
71) = 0.000, p = 0.985. No significant difference exists in the coarticulatory effect of the contexts of place of
articulation in the case of aspirated stop context.
3.2.2 The effect of aspiration
a) The contexts of labial: It is shown from repeated measures ANOVA result that the difference between
unaspirated and aspirated stop contexts is significant: F(1, 71) = 5.49, p = 0.022, with greater extent of
coarticulation for unaspirated stop context than the aspirated one.
b) The contexts of alveolar: In the context of alveolar stops, the difference between unaspirated and aspirated
stop contexts is also significant: F(1, 71) = 43.8, p < 0.001. The unaspirated stop context exceeds the aspirated
one in the extent of coarticulation.
IV. GENERAL DISCUSSION
Analysis in the previous section shows that, for both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, when F2 onset
value is analyzed, the effect of the changing vowel context is significant, with F2 onset value following vowel
/i/ higher than that following /u/. This implies that trans-consonantal carry-over vowel to vowel effect exists in
Chinese.
In regard to the F2 delta values, when main effects are examined, there is significant effect for both place of
articulation and aspiration, with the effect in the alveolar contexts marginally greater than that of labial, and the
effect of unaspirated stop contexts much greater than that of the aspirated ones.
The DAC model [13] predicts that obstruents, particularly alveolopalatals, that maximally engage the tongue
dorsum for the occlusion gesture would reduce V effects, that is, stops like /d/ and /t/ exhibite reduced extents
of V-V coarticulation. In this study, regarding the main effect of place of articulation, the result is not in
accordance with the DAC prediction. This implies that the pattern of ‗degrees of articulatory constraint‘ is not
consistent among languages. For consonants of similar place of articulation, it is possible that their degrees of
articulatory constraint are diverse among languages. The articulators for labials are the lips, and that for the
alveolar is the tongue tip. The tongue tip is small and flexible, so in the production of alveolars, its contacting
area with the gingiva might not be quite large. On the other hand, when producing the labials, the contacting
area of the lips is larger than that of the tongue tip, so the degree of articulatory constraint is high for labial, and
low for alveolar in Chinese.
As for the effect of aspiration, analysis in the previous section shows a general tendency for coarticulation
effect to be greater for unaspirated stops than the aspirated ones, regardless of the context of place of
articulation. From this a conclusion can be drawn that aspiration can be taken as one of the important factors in
blocking coarticulatory effect, and an explanation for the great effect of aspiration might be due to the long
temporal separation of the aspirated stops relative to their unaspirated counterparts.
Table 3 displays the mean temporal intervals between V1 and V2 for different stop contexts. From Table 3 it is
shown that the intervals for aspirated stops are much longer than the unaspirated ones. Result from a one-way
ANOVA shows that there is significant difference between them (F(1, 575) = 581.9, p<0.001). Therefore, it is
shown that long temporal separation between V1 and V2 reduces the coarticulation effect. Hence, it is
reasonable to suggest that the long time interval between measurement points for aspirated stops account for the
low coarticulatory effects.
8. The Effect of Carry-over Coarticulation…
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Detailed examination on the coarticulatory effect under various consonant conditions shows that, the effect of
place of articulation exists in the unaspirated stop contexts, with the extent of alveolar exceeding that of labial.
As is mentioned above, this is due to the larger contacting area of the lips than that of the tongue tip.
However, when the intervocalic stops are aspirated, the effect of place of articulation disappears. We speculate
that this is also because of the long temporal separation between V1 and V2 in the aspirated stop context. In this
context, the time intervals between the vowels are longer than those of the unaspirated ones, as is shown in
Table 3. The long intervals reduce and interfere with the coarticulation effect, as a result, the effect of place of
articulation is restrained in these contexts.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, the V-to-V coarticulation in the VCV sequences is investigated, and it is found that, due
to long temporal separation between vowels for the aspirated stops relative to the unaspirated ones, the effect of
aspiration is obvious, with the extent in the unaspirated stop contexts exceeding the aspirated ones. Long
temporal separation between V1 and V2 reduces and interferes with the coarticulation effect, and aspiration is a
prominent factor in blocking coarticulation effect. Regarding the effect of place of articulation, the result is not
in accordance with the DAC prediction, which implies that the pattern of ‗degrees of articulatory constraint‘ is
not consistent among languages. In the contexts of aspirated stops, due to the long intervals between the vowels,
the effect of place of articulation is restrained.
This study is significant in speech engineering. In speech synthesis, the effect of trans-consonantal
coarticulation must be taken into consideration, as this effect exists in all of the consonant contexts, labial,
alveolar, unaspirated and aspirated. The extent of coarticulation in the unaspirated stop contexts exceeds that in
the aspirated contexts, so much attention should be paid in these contexts. However, when the intervening
consonants are aspirated, the difference of coarticulatory effects between labial and alveolar can be neglected,
as it disappears. Therefore, this study is helpful in speech engineering technology.
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