1. Automotive is derived from the
Greek autos (self) and the Latin
motivus (of motion), and it
refers to any type of self-
powered vehicle.
Energy
Consumption
Emission Of
Greenhouse
Gases
AISYAH HAZIDIN
KHADIJAH ABD HALIM
POK HUI TING
ANIS NAZIRAH AB KARIM
FAKULTI SAINS KESIHATAN
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA KAMPUS
KUALA LUMPUR ,
JALAN RAJA MUDA ABDUL AZIZ,
50300 KUALA LUMPUR
FEDERAL TERITORY OF KUALA LUMPUR.
INTRODUCTION
The automotive industry is a vital
global sector involved in:
designing, producing, and
selling vehicles.
PREPARED BY:
A182354
A180427
A158102
A181126
Environmental Issues
AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
The automotive industry significantly
contributes to economic growth,
gross domestic product (GDP), and
job creation.
44% natural gas is used and the majority
of this consumption is centered on the
manufacturing of plastics.
Coal (82%) is consumed in steel
production and electricity in alumina
reduction.
The increase use of energy that comes
from non-renewable energy can
contribute greater in resources depletion
& habitat destruction.
Environmental
Issues
Important to consider that the higher
energy consumption means higher
carbon dioxide production.
Although electric vehicles produce 17 -
30% less carbon emissions than fossil
fuel vehicles when in operation, they
emit 25% more CO in the
manufacturing process due to their
production of batteries.
2
IN
2. Air & water
pollution
Hazardous
Waste
Generation
Production and assembly of cars often
involve in using chemicals which are
categorise in hazardous waste.
Inadequate management of this waste
can lead to water & soil contamination,
and pose risk to human health &
environment.
CLEANER
MODIFICATIONS&
PRODUCTIONS
Reduce the environmental
footprint
Initiatives. Example :
Retrofitting
Maximize use of resources.
Use renewable raw materials
WASTEWATER
GAS EMISSIONS
SOLID
WASTE
Greenhouse gases, criteria air
pollutants, and hazardous air
pollutants.
Emission control: combustion process
optimization, low-emission coatings,
and exhaust gas after-treatment.
BY-PRODUCT
Contains heavy metals such as lead,
solvents, oils, and lubricants.
Treatment includes physical, biological,
and chemical processes.
Types: metal scraps, hazardous
waste, paper, and plastic packaging.
Management: source reduction,
recycling, reuse, and waste-to-
energy
Sustainable
Production
Additive
Manufacturing
Reduce transportation
Use Bio-based materials
(Eco-friendly Car)
Environmental
Issues
During manufacturing, the use of
paints and solvents can release VOCs
into the sir, contributing to air
pollution.
Improper disposal or accidental spills
of chemicals can lead to water
pollution to the nearby river affecting
aquatic ecosystems.
END-OF-LIFE DISPOSAL
Hazardous waste generation, fluid
leakage& soil contamination, battery
disposal, electronic waste
Vehicle recycling program
Eco-friendly disposal methods
Impact
Mitigation
3. Fibre
Spinning
Weaving
Wet processing
Garment Manufacturing
Garment
Knitting
According to Department of
Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH) It was
concerning to see that out of
the 2,042 cases of
occupational disorders that
were recorded in the first five
months of 2023, 1,273 cases
(62.3%) experienced hearing
loss caused by noise exposure
at work.
TEXTILE
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
PREPARED BY:
NOISE-
INDUCED
HEARING LOSS
IN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
NURUL ASIQIN BINTI SYAHARBUDIN (A179676)
FATIN KHAIRUNNISYA BINTI HAMDAN (A180583)
FATIN NORAQILAH NATASHA BINTI RAMZAN
(A179967)
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
KAMPUS KUALA LUMPUR,JALAN RAJA MUDA ABDUL
AZIZ, 50300 KUALA LUMPUR, FEDERAL TERRITORY
OF KUALA LUMPUR
CURRENT ISSUE IN
MALAYSIA
Yarn
Fabric
Finished Fabric
4. ENGINEERING CONTROL
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PPE
SPEAK LOUDLY
LEGISLATION
According to Occupational Safety and
Health (Noise Exposure) Regulation of
2019, all employers need to ensure
that:
Daily noise exposure level < 85
dB(A)
NOISE EFFECTS
Exposure to loud noise can result
in permanent hearing damage
such as noise-induced hearing
loss
NOISE IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
RINGING IN THE
EAR OR HEAD
CANNOT HEAR
HIGH PITCHED
SOUND
Workers might
exposed to noise from
machinery during task
such as:
spinning
SIGN OF NOISE-
INDUCED HEARING
LOSS
MITIGATION
METHODS
Proper maintenance
Changing and replacing operating
procedures
Modifications of buildings and machinery
Installing quieter equipment
MISUNDERSTAND
PEOPLE
Receive training regarding noise and its
effects
Job rotation
implement occupational safety policies
Periodic audiometric assessments
Follow-up evaluation for hearing threshold
shift
Ear plugs
Earmuffs
Ear canal caps
WHAT IS
NOISE ??
Noise is defined as any unwanted
sound that is considered unpleasant,
loud, or disruptive to hearing.
weaving machinery
5. MARITIME INDUSTRY
AWARENESS
OF CARGO
HANDLING
INTRODUCTION
Cargo handling is a pivotal
aspect of the maritime industry
under ports and terminal activity
as it involves the efficient and
safe loading and unloading plus
with the management of goods
transported by ships.
In this cargo handling, some
factors will be focused on such as
cargo types, cargo operation, port
facilities and equipment,
efficiency and technology, safety
and security, environmental
considerations and lastly
regulations and compliance.
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Kampus Kuala Lumpur
Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz,
50300 Kuala Lumpur,
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
Prepared by:
Assoc. Prof. ChM. Dr. Normah Awang
Nurhannah Binti Azlan Hisham
Nurul Zahidah Binti Zainirizal
Sholehatul Husna Binti Zulkipli
Nurizzati Fadhilah Binti Ahmadi Azwar
6. Preparation
Loading
Trimming
Securing & Ventilating
Monitoring During Transit
Unloading
Post-unloading Inspection
& Cleaning
Safe Confined Space
Entry Procedures
Safe Handling Equipment
Training and Procedures
Safe Lifting
and Riggging
Cargo Inspection
and Securing
Chemical Hazardous
Materials Handling
Personal Protective
Equipment
Safety and Security
Measures
4
Falls from Height
Struck-By Hazards
Use of machinery
and equipment lead
to entanglement and
crush injuries.
Working on elevated
platforms or decks
without proper fall
protection measures
Struck by moving
cargo, equipment, or
vehicles during the
operations.
Proactive efforts and strict
adherence to safety protocol
are required to ensure the well-
being of workers and safe
transport of the goods
2
6
Mechanical Hazards
Chemical Exposure
Ergonomic Hazards
Lifting, carrying, and
moving cargo manually
lead to
musculoskeletal
disorders and injuries.
Handling hazardous
materials with chemical
substances
Poorly designed
workstations and
repetitive manual
handling tasks
3
BULK CARGO
HANDLING PROCESS
Confine Space Hazards Manual Handling Hazards
Limited ventilation
or the presence of
hazardous gases.
HAZARDS PREVENTION
IN CARGO HANDLING
Radiation Hazards
Cargo containing
radioactive materials
can pose risks of
radiation exposure.
TYPE OF HAZARDS
Cargo Handling
8
1 5
7
7. Global warming > The long-term increase in
Earth’s average surface temperature.
It is a component of climate change.
It is primarily driven by the increase in
greenhouse gas concentrations in the
Earth’s atmosphere > Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Methane (CH4), & Nitrous oxide (N20).
Rice paddy cultivation is known to produce
Methane & Nitrous oxide gases that cause
the global warming.
PREPARED BY:
THERESA TANTIANI TAN (A182453)
NUR FATINI BINTI NORDIN (A184412)
SITI NUR AZ LIYANA BINTI NOR AZHAR (A182196)
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT OF THE RICE
IMPACT OF THE RICE
PADDY PRODUCTION
PADDY PRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa) playes a crucial role in
ensuring food security for more than half of
the global population.
Rice holds the position of the second most
important food crop globally > its
affordability, nutritional value, & its ability
to meet the average calorie needs of
individuals.
Cultivation of rice > plays a pivotal role in
advancing the development of economies,
societies, & cultural heritage.
Alas, cultivation of paddy rice is recognized
for causing a range of environmental
issues:
Global warming
1.
Climate change
2.
Deforestation
3.
INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse gas:
Methane (CH4)
Methane (CH4) - a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Rice paddy cultivation > a significant
source of CH4 emissions, & the process by
which CH4 is produced in rice paddies is
called “methanogenesis anaerobic
decomposition”.
CH4 - a potent greenhouse gas > it has a
high ability to trap heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
While its atmospheric concentration is
much lower than Carbon dioxide (CO2),
CH4 is significantly more effective at
trapping heat on a per molecule basis.
The presence of CH4 in the atmosphere
enhances the greenhouse effect, leading
to an increase in global temperatures.
GLOBAL WARMING
DUE TO
GREENHOUSE GASES
8. Contributes to the increase
in greenhouse gas (GHG)
levels, potentially harming
human health and worsening
environmental issues.
Possibly reduce rice
output, leading to
significant consequences
for food security.
EUTROPHICATION
PROCESS
Eutrophication is the excessive presence
of nutrient such as nitrate and phosphate
in water bodies. This occurs both natural
and human activities.
Death of aquatic plants and animals also
increase nutrient content of water.
Rapid production of phytoplanton, algal
blooms and aquatic plants.
Discharge of high nutrient content in
effluent into water bodies by human
activities leads to eutrophication.
Alga bloom prevent penetration of
sunlight, depletion of oxygen level and
increase in carbon dioxide level in water
cause aquatic organism die.
Water bodies such as lake is inhabitable
for any aquatic organism.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
IMPACTS ON
RICE FARMING
Changes in planting
and harvesting dates
Its impact on hydrological
processes leading to changes
in precipitation, evaporation,
groundwater levels, runoff, &
evapotranspiration
Greenhouse gas:
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Nitrogen fertilizers used in rice paddy
cultivation can contribute to global
warming through a process > “Nitrogen
cycle”, which involves the transformation
of nitrogen in various forms.
The key mechanism by which nitrogen
fertilizers contribute to global warming is
through the production of N2O, a potent
greenhouse gas.
Common nitrogen fertilizers used to
enhance rice paddy crop growth: urea,
ammonium nitrate, & ammonium sulfate.
In the atmosphere, N2O contributes to the
greenhouse effect by trapping heat.
N2O > a potent greenhouse gas with a
much higher warming potential than
CO2 on a per molecule basis, over a
specific time frame - although its
concentration in the atmosphere is lower.
9. FROM STRAIN TO STRENGTH
CHANGE MATERIALS OR WORK PROCESSES
1
Use materials, building components, or work methods
that are less labor-intensive.
CHANGE TOOLS AND/OR EQUIPMENT
2
Substitute a power tool for a manual tool and use
ergonomically improved tools. Use mechanical lifts or
hoists to raise and position building materials rather
than lifting them manually.
CHANGE WORK RULES AND PROVIDE TRAINING
Site rules can limit the amount of time that workers do
overhead work, manual handling and hand-intensive
jobs without a break. A training may help workers
identify potential problems and find effective solutions.
3
HAND-INTENSIVE
WORK
The term hand-intensive work means tasks
performed with persistent rapid wrist
movements combined with force.
Worker’s ability to use hands and wrists may be reduced,
and worker may even become permanently disabled.
INJURIES AND
DISORDERS
TENDINITIS CARPAL TUNNEL
SYNDROME
ERGONOMICS
ISSUES IN
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
PROBLEMS
It put stress on hand, wrist, and/or elbow, causing
discomfort and pain.
.
Worker can develop a serious muscle or joint injury.
Construction workers usually spend a lot of time gripping
tools or materials with one or both hands.
TRIGGER
FINGER
HAND-ARM
VIBRATION
SYNDROME
PREPARED BY:
PROF MADYA CHM DR. NORMAH AWANG
CHE ENGKU KHAIRUNNISA BINTI CHE
ENGKU SHOPIAN
NUR AQILAH BINTI MUHAMMAD BADRUDDIN
NURALIA SYAHIDA BINTI MOHD SHARIF
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, THE NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA
10. Repetitive
motion
ERGONOMICS
RISK FACTORS
Awkward
posture
Static
posture
Forceful
exertion
Contact
stress
Vibration
Environmental
factors
PROBLEMS
HERNIATED
DISC
Squeezed of discs and pressed on the
spine including nerve, may lead to rupture
or herniation.
TENDINITIS
Inflammation of the shoulder tendons
resulting in tendinitis due to continual
stress on shoulder.
CARPAL
TUNNEL
SYNDROME
1
2
3
Frequently hold tools, equipment, or materials above the
height of shoulders for long period of time
The process of building or assembling
infrastructure, buildings, or other structures.
It involves the planning, designing, and
execution of a project
CONSTRUCTION
OVERHEAD WORK
The study of designing and arranging things
people use so that the people and things
interact most efficiently and safely
ERGONOMIC
Overhead work generally refers to tasks,
activities, or operations that are performed
above ground level
Workers need to work overhead, reaching up with one
or both arms raised above the shoulders.
Overhead work usually put stress on shoulder and neck
Twist body while arms are in an awkward or raised
position can lead to injury
SHOULDER
When keep arm raised above the
shoulder or stretched out, the
shoulder begins to ache leading to
shoulder pain and injuries.
Continual stress on shoulder can cause
the bursa (small sacs of fluid between
tendons and bones) to get squeezed,
swollen, stiff, and inflamed (bursitis).
Bursitis
NECK
When keep neck bent forward or
backward frequently, the muscles
work harder, and ligaments flex
and stretch.
Eventually will resulting in a neck
sprain, tension neck syndrome, and
arthritis.
Arthritis
MANUAL HANDLING
Manual Handling can be defined as any
activity requiring the use of force exerted by a
person in lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling,
carrying, holding, or restraining a person,
animal or objects.
May develop a serious muscle or joint injury
It causing constant stress on the back and
shoulders.
The risk is higher when the body twists while
handling heavy objects.
INJURIES AND DISORDER
Carrying objects that are hard to grip and
holds will force hand or wrist into
awkward, stressful positions.
PROBLEMS
INJURIES AND DISORDER
